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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOLUME 67
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WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1926
ADVERTISEMENT
The scientific publications of the National Museum include two
series, known, respectively, as Proceedings and Bulletin.
The Proceedings, begun in 1878, is intended primarily as a medium
for the publication of original papers, based on the collections of the
National Museum, that set forth newly acquired facts in biology,
anthropology, and geology, with descriptions of new forms and
revisions of limited groups. Copies of each paper, in pamphlet form,
are distributed as published to libraries and scientific organizations
and to specialists and others interested in the different subjects.
The dates at which these separate papers are published are recorded
in the table of contents of each of the volumes.
The present volume is the sixty-seventh of this series.
The Bulletin, the first of winch was issued in 1875, consists of a
series of separate publications comprising monographs of large
zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occasionally
in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, catalogues
of type-specimens, special collections, and other material of similar
nature. The majority of the volumes are octavo in size, but a
quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large plates
were regarded as indispensable. In the Bulletin series appear vol-
umes under the heading Contributions from the United States National
Herbarium, in octavo form, published by the National Museum since
1902, which contain papers relating to the botanical collections of
the Museum.
Alexander Wetmore,
Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution.
Washington, D. C, May 26, 1926.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Article
Am aral, Afranio do. South American snakes in the collec-
tion of the United States National Museum. No. 2596, pp.
1-30. December 23, 1925 1 24
Bartsch, Paul. Three new land shells from Mexico. No.
2594, pp. 1-5. December 14, 1925 * 22
New species: Holospira (Holospira) orcutti, H. (H.) monclovana, H.
{Eudistemma) picta.
Bassler, Ray S. and Ferdinand Canu. (See Ferdinand
Canu) '. 21
Canu, Ferdinand, and Ray S. Bassler. Studies on the
Cyclostomatous Bryozoa. No. 2593, pp. 1-124. March
29, 1926 1 21
New genera: Chartecytis, Multigated, Diplocava.
New species: Proboscina coarctata, Berenicea parvula, B. grandipora,
B. faringdonensis, B. filifera, Clinopora quadripartita, Heteropora
nummularia, Multicrescis galaefera, M. parvipora, M. lamellosa, M.
mammillosa, M. pulchella, M. (Acanthopora) formosa, Ceriopora
tenuis, C. ovoidea, C. angustipedis, C. aequipedis, C. solida, C.
parvipora, C. nummularia, C. lobifera, C. fallax, C. spongioides,
C. dimorphocella, Defranciopora neocomiensis, Neuropora ramosa,
N. arbuscula, N. micropora, N. tenuinervosa, Neuroporella hemi-
spherica, Spinopora neocomiensis, Trigonoecia semota, Cardioeciea
verticellata, C. faringdonensis, C. pauper, Nematifera incrustans,
N. reticuloides, Cea granulata, Diaper oecia(f) simplex, D. orbifera,
Plethopora aptensis, Chartecytis compressa, Multigalea marginata,
Meliceritites transversa, Ceriocava grandipora, C. junctata, C.
multilamellosa, C. ingens, C. tenuirama, Diplocava incondita, D.
inordinata, D. orbiculifera, D. globulosa, Leiosoecia aequiporosa,
L. grandipora, L. proxima, Clausa cranei, C. zonifera, Repto-
clausa denticulata, Tretocycloecia(f) multiporosa, T. densa, Latero-
cavea intermedia, Siphodictyum irregulare, Zonopora compressa.
New varieties: Stomatopora granulata, var. neocomiensis, Cardioecia
neocomiensis parvula, C. n. entalophoroides.
Casanowicz, I. M. The dragon god (Dai-Ja) in Idzumo,
Japan. A Japanese Tale. No. 2587, pp. 1-4. May 23,
1925 x 15
• Date of publication.
v
VI TABLE OF CONTENTS
Article
Cushman, Joseph A. Foraminifera of the genera Siphogene-
rina and Pavonina. No. 2597, pp. 1-24. March 9, 1926 l. 25
New species: Siphogenerina mexicana, Pavonina mexicana.
New varieties: Siphogenerina raphanus, var. tropica, S. striata, var.
curta, S. dimorpha, var. pacifica.
Cushman, R. A. Ten new North American Ichneumon-flies.
No. 2595, pp. 1-13. February 2, 1926 » 23
New species: Neotypus americanus, Anisobas nearcticus, A. bicolor,
Apaeleticus americanus, Polycyrtus neglectus Brachycryptus niger,
Syzeuctus sigmoidalis, S. epischniae, Campoplex digitatus, Cre-
mastus (Cremastus) sinuatus.
Gardner, Leon L. The adaptive modifications and the
taxonomic value of the tongue in birds. No. 2591, pp. 1-49.
September25, 19251. 19
Howell, A. Brazier. Asymmetry in the skulls of mam-
mals. No. 2599, pp. 1-18. December 31, 1925 l 27
Hyman, O. W. Studies on the larvae of crabs of the family
Xanthidae. No. 2575, pp. 1-22. June 1, 1925 l 3
Kellogg, Remington. Supplementary observations on the
skull of the fossil porpoise Zarhachis flagellator Cope. No.
2600, pp. 1-18. February 24, 1926 * 28
MacCallum, G. A. Eggs of a new species of nematoid worm
from a shark. No. 2588, pp. 1-2. May 9, 1925 * 16
McAtee, W. L., and J. R. Malloch. Revision of bugs of
the family Cryptostemmatidae in the collection of the
United States National Museum. No. 2585, pp. 1-42.
June 12, 1925 l 13
New genera: C eratoconiboides, Hoplonannus, Membracioides.
New species: Ceratocombus (Ceratocombus) areolatus, C. (C.) hes-
perus, C. (Xylonannus major, C. (X.) cuneatus, C. (X.) vagans,
Cryptostemma pedunculatum, C. smithi, C. uhleri, Ceratocom-
boides prima, Schizoptera (Orthorhagus) plana, S. (Odontorhagus)
bipartita, S. (0.) repetita, S. (0.) clodius, S. (0.) decius, S. (0.)
commodus, S. (0.) drusus, S. (Kophaegis) cubensis, S. (K.)
similis, S. (Zygophleps) unica, S. (Cantharocoris) reuteri, S. (C.)
uhleri, S. (C.) elmis, S. (C.) scymnus, S. (Schizoptera) reticulata,
S. {S.) hirta, S. (S.) caudata, S. (S.) mexicana, S. (S.) paraguayana,
S. {S.) pilosa, S. (S.) nigrita, S. (S.) apicipunctata, S. (S.) licinius,
S. (»S.) vitellius, S. (Lophopleurum) sulcata, S. (L.) bispina, S. (L.)
tenuispina, Corixidea crassa, C. major, Membracioides parallela,
Nannocoris cavifrons, N. nasua, N. schicarzi, N. flavomarginata,
Hoplonannus brunnea, Hypselosoma boops.
New variety: Ceratocombus areolatus, var. accola.
i Date of publication.
TABLE OF CONTENTS VII
McAtee, W. L., and J. R. Malloch. Revision of the Ameri-
can bugs of the Reduviid subfamily Ploiariinae. No. 2573,
pp. 1-153. April 16, 1925 x 1
New genus: Polauchenia.
New species: Empicoris orthoneuron, E. winnemana, E. reticulatus,
E. subparallelus, E. nudus, Stenolemus pristinus, S. pallidipennis,
S. variatus, S. inter stitialis, S. hirtipes, S. mexicanus, S. spiniger,
S. perplexus, Deliastes stramineipes, Emesa (Emesa) marmoratus, E.
(Myiagreutes) minor, E. teslaceus, E. (Rothbergia) testaceus, E.
(R.) rapax, E. (R.) diffinis, Polauchenia protentor, P. biannulata,
Ploiaria brunnea, P. sicaria, P. setulifera, P. varipennis, P. granu-
lata, P. bispina, P. albipennis, P. umbrarum, P. pilicornis, P. un-
iseriata, P. punctipes, P. similis, P. denticauda, P. aptera, Gardena
caesonia, G. crispina, G. domitia, G. eutropia, G. marcia, G. messali-
na, G. pipara, G. pyrallis, G. aggripina, G. faustina, G. poppaea,
Emesaya banksi, E. incisa, E. lineata, E. modica, E. apiculata, E.
pollex, E. manni, Metapterus aberrans, M. neglectus, Ghilianella
bicaudata, G. simillima, G. persimilis, G. longula, G. alveola, G.
minimula, G. succincta, G. aliena, G. alterata, G. maculata, G. per-
sonata, G. perversa, G. apiculata, G. ica, G. pachitea, G. colona, G.
aracataca, G. cuneata, G. gladiator, G. stipitata, G. simi ata, G.
pendula, G. approximata, G. globulata, G. patruela, G. recondita, G.
perigynium, G. signata, G. strigata, G. subglobulata, G. uncinata,
G. mirabilis, G. peruviana, G. annectens, G. truncata, G. (Ploeo-
donyx) amicula, G. (P.) glabrata.
New name: Emesaya.
New subgenera: Stenolemoides, Rothbergia.
New subspecies: Emesaya brevvpennis australis, E. b. occidentalis.
Malloch, J. R. (See McAtee, W. L.) 1,13
Marshall, William B. Microscopic sculpture of pearly
fresh-water mussel shells. No. 2576, pp. 1-14. March 23,
1925 * 4
Mason, Preston W. A revision of the insects of the aphid
genus Amphorophora. No. 2592, pp. 1-92. September 23,
1925 * 20
New species: Amphorophora alni, A. azaleae, A. borealis, A. braggi,
A. davidsoni, A. hayhursti, A. laingi, A. maxima, A. minima, A.
mitchelli, A. pallida, A. pergandei, A. reticulata, A. rhododendronia,
A. takahashii, A. vaccinii.
New names: Amphorophora cosmopolitana, A. essigwanai.
Merrill, George P. A new meteoric stone from Baldwyn,
Mississippi. No. 2578, pp. 1-2. May 22, 1925 x 6
Notes on the meteoric stone of Colby, Wisconsin. No.
2574, pp. 1-3. May 23, 19251 2
i Date of publication.
VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS
Article
Muesebeck, C. F. W. A revision of the parasitic wasps of
the genus Microbracon occurring in America north of
Mexico. No. 2580, pp. 1-85. May 25, 1925 x 8
New species: Microbracon punctatus, M. sphenophori, M. pyralidi-
phagus, M. rudbeckiae, M. tenuiceps, M. tychii, M. pini, M. sesiae,
M. thurberiphagae, M. pityophthori, M. laemosacci, M. oenotherae,
M. tachypteri, M. geraei, M. cerambycidiphagus.
New names: Microbracon cushmani, M. ashmeadi.
Notman, Howard. A review of the beetle family Pseudo-
morphidae, and a suggestion for a rearrangement of the
Adephaga, with descriptions of a new genus and new
species. No. 2586, pp. 1-34. May 25, 1925 * 14
New genus: Cainogenion.
New species: Adelotopus niger, A. puncticollis, A. serie-punctatus,
Pseudomorpha falli, P. hubbardi, P. tenebroides, P. alutacea,
P. vicina, P. van dykei, P. consanguinea, P. vindicata, P. arrowi,
P. confusa, P. champlaini, P. schwarzi.
A synoptic review of the beetles of the tribe Osoriini
from the western hemisphere. No. 2583, pp. 1-26. April
30, 1925 x 11
New genera: Ouloglene, Oryssomma.
New species: Ouloglene barberi, Oryssomma schwarzi, Osorius
hubbardi, O. parviceps, O. breviceps, 0. schwarzi, 0. minor, 0
brevipennis, O. laeviceps, 0. carinicollis, 0. exiguus, 0. variolatus
0. difflcilis, 0. crenulifrons, 0. manni, 0. buscki, O. confusus,
O. morio.
Ross, Clarence S., and Earl V. Shannon. The origin, oc-
currence, composition, and physical properties of the mineral
iddingsite. No. 2579, pp. 1-19. May 15, 1925 K. 7
Schwartz, Benjamin. A new species of hookworm from a
North American raccoon. No. 2598, pp. 1-4. December 2,
1925 * .- 26
New species: Uncinaria lotoris.
Two new larval nematodes belonging to the genus Por-
rocaecum from mammals of the order Insectivora. No.
2589, pp. 1-8. May 23, 1925 ' 17
New species : Porrocaecum encapsulatum, P. americanum.
Shannon, Earl V. (See Clarence S. Ross) 7
Springer, Frank. Occurrence of the crinoid genus Apiocri-
nus in America. No 2590, pp. 1-5. April 8, 1925 l 18
New species: Apiocrinus tehuantepec.
The genus Pentacrinus in Alaska. No. 2577, pp. 1-7.
May 22, 1925 l 5
1 Date of publication.
TABLE OF CONTENTS IX
Article
Springer, Frank. Unusual forms of fossil crinoids. No.
2581, pp. 1-137. February 15, 1926 J 1 9
New genera: Ammonicrinus, Paradichocrinus, Ulrichicrinus.
New species: Myelodactylus brevis, M. extensus, M. keyserensis, M,
schucherti, Ammonicrinus wanner i, Camptocrinus praenuntius , C.
crawfordsvillensis, C. plenicirrus, C. midticirrus, Macrostylocrinus
recumbens, Acrocrinus praecursor, A. intermedins, Paradichocrinus
planus, Ulrichicrinus Oklahoma, Zeacrinus girtyi.
Treadwell, A. L. A list of the annelids collected by Captain
R. A. Bartlett in Alaska, 1924, with description of a new
species. No. 2601, pp. 1-3. November 18, 1925 * 29
New species: Enipo cirrata.
A new species of polychaetous annelid from Uruguay,
Aphrodita magna. No. 2584, pp. 1-3. April 11, 1925 x. .. 12
New species: Aphrodita magna.
Whitebread, Charles. The Indian medical exhibit of the
Division of Medicine in the United States National Mu-
seum. No. 2582, pp. 1-26. July 22, 1925 l 10
i Date of publication.
92069—26 2
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATES
Revision of the American bugs of the Redtjviid subfamily Ploiariinae
By W. L. McAtee and J. R. Malloch
Facing page
1. Structural details of Emesopsis, Empicoris, and Stenolemus 136
2. Structural details of Stenolemus and Myiophanes 139
3. Structural details of Deliastes, Panamia, Lutevopsis, and Emesa 140
4. Structural details of Emesa, Polauchenia, and Ploiaria 143
5. Structural details of Ploiaria and Gardena 144
6. Structural details of Gardena and Emesaya 147
7. Structural details of Metapterus and Ischnonyctes 148
8. Structural details of Ghilianella 151
9. Structural details of Ghilianella 152
Notes on the meteoric stone of Colby, Wisconsin
By George P. Merrill
1 . Meteoric stone from Colby, Wisconsin 4
Studies on the larvae of crabs of the family Xanthidae
By O. W. Hyman
1-2. Larvae of crabs of the family Xanthidae 22
3-5. Xanthid larvae of the genus Neopanope 22
6-7. Appendages of larvae of the genus Neopanope 22
8. Xanthid larvae of the genus Neopanope 22
9. Xanthid larvae of the genus Eurypanopeus 22
10. Xanthid larvae of the genus Panopeus 22
1 1 . Xanthid larvae of the genus Xantho 22
12. Larvae of crabs of the family Xanthidae 22
13. Xanthid larvae of the genus Menippe £2
14. Xanthid larvae of the genus Pilumn us 22
Microscopic sculpture of pearly fresh-water mussel shells
By William B. Marshall
1-4. Microscopic sculpture of fresh-water mussels 14
The genus Pentacrinus in Alaska
By Frank Springer
1. The crinoid genus Pentacrinus in Alaska 8
A new meteoric stone from Baldwyn, Mississippi
By George P. Merrill
1. The Baldwyn, Mississippi, meteoric stone 2
XII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
The origin, occurrence, composition, and physical properties
OP THE MINERAL IdDINGSITE
By Clarence S. Ross and Earl V. Shannon
Facing page
1-2. Photomicrographs of Iddingsite-bearing rocks 20
A REVISION OF THE PARASITIC WASPS OF THE GENUS MlCROBRACON
OCCURRING IN AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO
By C. F. W. Muesebeck
1 . Details of Microbracon 84
2. Wings of species of Microbracon 84
Unusual forms of fossil crinoids
By Frank Springer
1-26. Unusual forms of fossil crinoids 98
The Indian medical exhibit of the Division of Medicine in
the United States National Museum
By Charles Whitebread
1. History of medicine exhibits — East gallery 1
2. Indian medicine exhibit 1
Revision of bugs of the family Cryptostemmatidae in the
collection of the United States National Museum
By W. L. McAtee and J. R. Malloch
1. Structural characters of Cryptostemmatinae 42
2. Structural characters of Schizopterinae 42
3. Wings of Schizopterinae 42
4. Hypopygial characters of Schizopterinae 42
The dragon god (Dai-Ja) in Idzumo, Japan (A Japanese Tale)
By I. M. Casanowicz
1. The dragon god (Dai-Ja) in Idzumo, Japan. 1
Eggs of a new species of nematoid worm from a shark
By G. A. MacCallum
1. Eggs of Capillaria carcharhini, new species 2
TWO NEW LARVAL NEMATODES BELONGING TO THE GENUS POR-
ROCAECUM FROM MAMMALS OF THE ORDER INSECTIVORA
By Benjamin Schwartz
1. New larval nematodes of the genus Porrocaecum 8
Occurrence of the crinoid genus Apiocrinus in America
By Frank Springer
1. Apiocrinus and other crinoid genera 6
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XIII
The adaptive modifications and the taxonomic value of
the tongue in birds
By Leon L. Gardner
Facing page
1. Series illustrating multiple tubular tongues, modifications of a general-
ized type pattern 34
2. Tongues adaptively modified for an omnivorous diet, fish fare, rap-
torial feeding, or food strained from water 35
3. Spearing tongues, tongues of seed and fruit feeders, flower frequenters,
and rudimentary types 36
4. Tongues of various water birds 37
5. Tongues of various birds 38
6. Tongues of various birds 39
7. Tongues of Gruiformes and Charadriiformes 40
8. Tongues of various birds 41
9. Tongues of various birds 42
10. Tongues of Caprimulgi 43
11. Tongues of Passeriformes 44
12. Tongues of Passeriformes 45
13. Tongues of Passeriformes 46
14. Tongues of Passeriformes 47
15. Tongues of Passeriformes 48
16. Tongues of Passeriformes 49
A REVISION OF THE INSECTS OF THE APHID GENUS AMPHOROPHORA
By Preston W. Mason
1-18. Aphids of the genus Amphorophora 74-91
Studies on the Cyclostomatous Bryozoa
By Ferdinand Canu and Ray S. Bassler
1-31. Lower Cretaceous Cyclostomatous Bryozoa 94-124
Three new land shells from Mexico
By Paul Bartsch
1. New land shells from Mexico 6
FORAMINIFERA OF THE GENERA SlPHOGENERINA AND PAVONINA
By Joseph A. Cushman
1-5. Species of Siphogenerina 24
6. Species of Pavonina 24
Asymmetry in the skulls of mammals
By A. Brazier Howell
1. Skull of monkey, Lasiopyga griseoviridis 18
2. Skull of monkey, Lasiopyga griseoviridis 18
3. Skull of gorilla 18
4. Teeth and skull of gorilla 18
5. Skulls of gorilla and sea lion 18
XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Facing page
6. Mandibles of gorilla and sea lion 18
7. Skull of male sea lion 18
8. Skull of female sea lion _ _ 18
Supplementary observations on the skull op the fossil por-
poise Zarhachis plaqellator Cope
By Remington Kellogg
1 . Dorsal view of skull of Zarhachis flagellator 18
2. Frontal view of skull of Zarhachis flagellator 18
3. Posterior view of skull of Zarhachis flagellator 18
4. Lateral view of skull of Zarhachis flagellator 18
5. Ventral view of skull of Zarhachis flagellator 18
TEXT FIGURES
Unusual forms of fossil crinoids
By Frank Springer
1. Analysis of calyx of Agassizocrinus 62
2. (1-9 Zeacrinus; variations in anal area. 1. Z. elegans; 2. Z. comma-
ticus; 3. Z.girtyi; 4,5. Z. magnoliaejormis; 6,7,8,9. Z. wortheni-. 83
The Indian medical exhibit of the Division of Medicine in
the United States National Museum
By Charles Whitebread
1 . Priest-doctor's lodge 3
2. A Blackfoot priest-doctor 4
3. Indian prophet's lodge 5
4. Medicine man removing disease 6
5. Herbalist doctor preparing medicine 7
6. Medicine man administering to patient 8
7. Sioux medicine man 11
8. Animal mask and rattles 12
9. Amulets and charms 14
10. Talisman 15
11. Fetiches 16
12. Bone tube 17
13. Maidenhair fern 18
14. Medicine bowl 19
15. Indian mortar and pestle 20
16. Wild-cherry bark 21
17. Horns 23
18. Sudatory (sweat) bath 24
19. Lancets and scarificator 25
20. Moxa 25
A new species of polychaetous annelid from Uruguay,
Aphrodita magna
By A. L. Treadwell
1 and 2. (1) Anterior end X 7.5. The large facial tubercle is shown
under the median tentacle. (2) Fourth parapodium X 2. The elytron
is bent so as to lie parallel with the vertical face of the parapodium 2
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XV
Studies on the Cyclostomatous Bryozoa
By Ferdinand Canu and Ray S. Bassler
Facing page
1. Clinopora quadripartite/,, new species. A, B, longitudinal and trans-
verse sections, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) : Faringdon,
England 12
2. Genus Multicrescis D'Orbigny, 1881. A. Multicrescis lamellosa, new
species. Portion of a transverse section, X 16, with two lamellae.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. B. M.
galaefera, new species. Meridian section, X 16. The subcolonies
grow from a lateral tube of an inferior subcolony. Lower Creta-
ceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland 14
3. Genus Multicrescis D'Orbigny, 1852. A, B. Multicrescis landrioti
Michelin, 1841. A. Portion of a meridian section, X 16, showing
two superposed lamellae. B. Sketch, X 30, exhibiting annular
structure of the tubes. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-
Croix, Switzerland. C. Multicrescis parvipora, new species. Meri-
dian section, X 16. The tubes of the enveloping lamellae are per-
pendicular to the tubes of the primitive zoarium. Each lamella is
formed of a variable number of subcolonies. Lower Cretaceous
(Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland 15
4. Multicrescis pulchella, new species. A. Transverse section, X 16, of
a hollow zoarium. The external lamella seems to have had only
one tube of origin. B. Longitudinal section through the same
zoarium, X 16, showing the tube of origin which gave rise to the
external lamella. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix,
Switzerland 17
5. Ceriopora ovoidea, new species. A. Meridian section, X 16, through
a zoarium with definite zonal lines. Lower Cretacious (Valangian) :
Sainte-Croix, Switzerland 20
6. Ceriopora ovoidea, new species. B. Meridian section of another zoa-
rium, X 16, in which the zonal lines have been transformed into
basal lamellae. The main zoarial tubes are oriented in a different
direction from those of the primitive zoarium. Lower Cretaceous
(Valangian): Sante-Croix, Switzerland 22
7. Ceriopora angustipedis, new species. Meridian section, X 16, en-
tirely across a zoarium. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-
Croix, Switzerland 23
8. Ceriopora aequipedis, new species. Meridian section, X 16. Lower
Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzerland 24
9. Ceriopora solida, new species. Meridian section, X 16. Lower Cre-
taceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland 25
10. Ceriopora parvipora, new species. Meridian section, X 16. Lower
Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland 26
11. Ceriopora nummularia, new species. Longitudinal section, X 16,
exhibiting the moniliform tubes with large vesicles and the zonal
lines. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzerland, . 26
12. Ceriopora lobifera, new species. A meridian section, X 16. The
zonal lines are transformed sometimes into basal lamellae. Lower
Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland 27
13. Ceriopora fallax, new species. A meridian section, X 16. The zonal
lines are transformed into basal lamellae. Lower Cretaceous
(Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzerland 28
XVI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Pacing page
14. Ceriopora dimorphocella, new species. Portion of a meridian section, X
16. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) : Faringdon, England 29
15. Reptomulticava fungiformis Gregory, 1909. Meridian section, X 16,
showing superposed cellular lamellae, and the thick walls with large
vesicles. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) : Faringdon, England 30
16. Defranciopora neocomiensis , new species. Meridian section through a
characteristic specimen, X 16, with potential zonal lines. Lower
Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzerland 31
17. Mecynoecia icaunensis D'Orbigny, 1850. A-B. Transverse and longi-
tudinal sections, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-
Croix, Switzerland 36
18. Genus Trigonoecia Canu and Bassler, 1922. A, B. Trigonoecia tubu-
losa D'Orbigny, 1851. A. Longitudinal section, X 16, of the hollow
zoarium, showing cylindrical tubes with dorsal gemmation. B.
Transverse section of a branch, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Valan-
gian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. C, D. Trigonoecia neocomiensis
D'Orbigny, 1853. Portion of a longitudinal section, X 16, showing
the triparietal gemmation and the club-shaped tubes. D. Trans-
verse section, X 16, exhibiting the polygonal form of the tubes.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland 38
19. Genus Cardioecia Canu and Bassler, 1922. A, B. Cardioecia neocomi-
ensis D'Orbigny, 1853. Longitudinal and transverse sections, X 16.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. C, D.
Cardioecia verticillata, new species. Longitudinal and transverse
sections, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix,
Switzerland. E, F, G. Cardioecia faring donensis, new species.
E, F. Two transverse sections, X 16, with the median lamella short
and curved in the second. G. Portion of a meridian section, X 16,
showing the form of the tubes. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) : Far-
ingdon, England 41
20. Nematifera reticulata D'Orbigny, 1853. Longitudinal and transverse
sections, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix,
Switzerland 45
21. Mesenteripora marginata D'Orbigny, 1853. Transverse section, X 16.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland 48
22. N otoplagioecia faringdonensis Canu and Bassler, 1922. A, B. Two
transverse sections, X 16. C. Longitudinal section, X 16, showing
the club-shaped tubes, the pseudofacettes, and the vesicular walls.
Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England 49
23. Cea gramdata, new species. A, B. Longitudinal and transverse sec-
tions, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England 50
24. Fasciculipora flabellata D'Orbigny, 1853. A. Longitudinal thin sec-
tion, X 16. B. Meridian thin section, X 16, in the vicinity of a
bifurcation. C. Zooecial walls, X 35, showing the arrangement of
vesicles. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzerland- 51
25. Genus Plethopora Hagenow, 1851. A, B. Plethopora malmi Hennig,
1894. A. Zoarium, X 2.6. B. Longitudinal section magnified,
showing zooecial tubes (z) and the nematopores (/) (A, B, after
Hennig, 1894). Upper Cretaceous of Sweden. C, D. Plethopora
aptensis, new species. C. Longitudinal section, X 16, showing the
nematopores with thickened walls and the large axial tubes. D.
Transverse section, X 16, exhibiting the base of the salient fascicles
with open tubes and the thin zone of nematopores. Lower Creta-
ceous (Aptian): Faringdon, England 52
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XVII
Facing page
26. Plethoporella ramulosa D'Orbigny, 1853. A. Longitudinal section,
X 8, in a zoarium containing a partially enveloping subcolony, the
initial tube of which is at r. B. Portion of fig. A, X 16. C. Part
of longitudinal section, X 16, through a tuberosity where the tubes
are broader. D. Portion of a transverse section, X 16. E. Tan-
gential section, X 16, showing the larger tubes of the tuberosities
and the other smaller tubes. Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) :
Royan, France 54
27. Chartecytis compressa, new species. A meridian section, X 16, show-
ing the special method of ramification of the branches. B. Longi-
tudinal section, X 16, illustrating the peripheral gemmation. C.
Transversal thin section, X 16. D. Zooecial walls, X 45, showing
the minute central vesicles. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-
Croix, Switzerland 55
28. Relenoa campicheana D'Orbigny, 1853. Longitudinal section, X 16,
showing the cylindrical tubes and the intrazoarial gemmation.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland 56
29. Radiofascigera ramosa D'Orbigny, 1853. A. Longitudinal section,
X 16. The tubes are thickened at their extremity. B. Transverse
section, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix,
Switzerland 59
30. Multifascigera campicheana D'Orbigny, 1853. Transverse section, X
4, showing the origin of a superior subcolony. Lower Cretaceous
(Valangian); Sainte-Croix, Switzerland 61
31. Multigalea canui Gregory, 1909. Longitudinal section, X 16. Lower
Cretaceous (Aptian) : Faringdon, England 62
32. Lobosoecia semiclausa Michelin, 1845. A. Transverse section X 16.
B. Longitudinal section, X 16, at the extremity of a branch. The
tubes are widened and have dorsal gemmation. Cretaceous: Le-
mans, France 63
33. Meliceritites transversa, new species. A. Transverse section, X 16,
made between the orifices. The peristomes were in transverse
somewhat oblique rows which causes the helicoidal arrangement of
the peripheral tubes. B. Transverse section, X 16, cutting some
orifices. C. Longitudinal section, X 16. The clear tubes are cut
along the median axis while the shaded ones are cut tangentially to
their walls, this arrangement resulting from the disposition of the
peristomes in transverse rows. At the center is a long tube which
may branch. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) : Faringdon, England 65
34. Ceriocava junctata, new species. Transverse section, X 16, through
a solid cylindrical branch. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-
Croix, Switzerland 68
35. Ceriocava multilamellosa, new species. A. Transverse section of
specimen D, X 16. B. Transverse section, X 16. C. Section
through a branch, X 16, in which the exterior lamella is engendering
an adventitious branch. D. Longitudinal section (see also A), X
16, in which the orifices are arranged in quincunx. E. Longitudinal
section, X 16, at the extremity of a branch. F. Longitudinal sec-
tion, X 16, through a multilamellar branch. Lower Cretaceous
(Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland 69
XVIII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Facing page
36. Diplocava incondita, new species. A. Longitudinal section, X 16,
through a specimen with two joined branches. B. Longitudinal
section, X 16, through the extremity of a branch in which the tubes
have facettes. The walls are hollow and moniliform. Lower Cre-
taceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix, Switzerland 72
37. Diplocava inordinata, new species. Longitudinal section, X 16, ex-
hibiting the variations in diameter of the tubes at their extremity.
Lower Cretaceous (Valangian): Sainte-Croix, Switzerland 73
38. Diplocava globulosa, new species. A. Meridian section, X 16, show-
ing the many enveloping lamellae. B. Tangential thin section, X
16. Dimorphism occurs. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-
Croix, Switzerland 74
39. Genus Leiosoecia Canu and Bassler, 1920. A-B. Leiosoecia proxima,
new species. A. Longitudinal section, X 16, through a specimen
with an extra lamellar layer. B. Transverse section, X 16, of the
same specimen. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix,
Switzerland. C. Leiosoecia aequiporosa, new species. Transverse
thin section, X 16. Lower Cretaceous. D. Leiosoecia grandi-
pora, new species. Longitudinal thin section, X 16, showing the
rarity of mesopores. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix,
Switzerland 76
40. Leiosoecia constanti D'Orbigny, 1850. A. Longitudinal section, X 16,
showing the zonal lines and the undulated tubes with their dia-
phragms. B. Portion of a transverse section, X 16, illustrating
the polygonal form of the tubes. Lower Cretaceous (Valangian) :
Sainte-Croix, Switzerland 78
41. Clausa zonifera, new species. A. Longitudinal section, X 16. The
dactylethrae are produced by dichotomous branching of the walls
(peripheral gemmation). B. Transverse section, X 16. The dis-
persion of the small tubes among the large ones show that gemma-
tion occurs at all distances from the central axis by regular periph-
eral dichotomous branching. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) : Faring-
don, England 80
42. Tretocycloecia densa, new species. A, B. Longitudinal sections, X 16.
The mesopores are almost closed by thick tissue. Lower Cretaceous
(Aptian): Faringdon, England 83
43. Laierocavea dutempleana D'Orbigny, 1853. A. Meridian section, X 16,
through a growing branch, showing the lozenge-shaped areas. B.
Longitudinal section, X 16, with an accessory exterior lamella at
the left. C. Meridian section, X 16, showing mesopores only in
the lateral faces. D. Transverse section, X 16, through a normal
branch. E. Longitudinal section, X 16, illustrating the cylindrical
tubes with triparietal gemmation around a central tube. Lower
Cretaceous (Aptian) : Faringdon, England 84
44. Genus Siphodiclyum Lonsdale, 1849. A-E. Siphodictyum irregidare,
new species. A. Transverse section, X 16, showing the polygonal
tubes. B. Another transverse section, X 16, exhibiting the central
axis. C. Tangential section, X 16, illustrating the arrangement of
the vacuoles around the orifices. D. Longitudinal section, X 16.
The vacuoles perforate the epitheca all around the zoarium. E.
Longitudinal section, X 16, showing the cylindrical tubes and the
vacuoles perforating the epitheca. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) :
Faringdon, England. F-H. Siphodictyum gracile Lonsdale, 1849.
F. Transverse section, X 16. G. Meridian section, X 16. H.
Longitudinal section, X 16, with the vacuoles perforating the thick
epitheca. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) : Faringdon, England 88
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XIX
Facing page
45. Sparsicavea irregularis D'Orbigny, 1851. A. Transverse section, X 16.
B. Longitudinal section, X 16. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) : Far-
ingdon, England 91
46. Genus Corymbopora Michelin, 1845. A. Corymboporaf cupula D'Or-
bigny, 1853. Meridian section, X 16. Cretaceous (Cenomanian)
Le Mans, France. B, C. Corymbopora neocomiensis D'Orbigny,
1853. B. Transverse section, X 8. The tubes are polygonal with
walls adjacent and larger at the zoarial center. C. Longitudinal
section, X 16, in a branch with three pinnules. The walls of the
tubes are moniliform. Cretaceous (Valangian) : Sainte-Croix,
Switzerland 92
A NEW SPECIES OF HOOKWORM FROM A NORTH AMERICAN RACCOON
By Benjamin Schwartz
1-3. Uncinaria lotoris, new species. 1, Anterior end of worm viewed
from the side. 2, Surface view of the anterior end of the worm,
from the side, showing the sutures. 3, Posterior end of female.
a., anus; d., dorsal ray; e. d., externo-dorsal ray; e. L, externo-
lateral ray; gub., gubernaculum; I. v., latero-ventral ray; m. L,
medio-lateral ray; p. I., postero-lateral ray; sp., spicule; v. v.,
ventro-ventral ray 2
4. Uncinaria lotoris, new species. Posterior end of male 3
A LIST OF THE ANNELIDS COLLECTED BY CAPTAIN R. A. BaRTLETT
in Alaska, 1924, with description of a new species
A. L. Tread well
1-4. Enipo cirrata, 1. Anterior end X 12.5; 2, 15th parapodium X 22.5;
3, parapodium from somite 52 X 22.5; 4, ventral seta X 250 2
REVISION OF THE AMERICAN BUGS OF THE REDUVIID
SUBFAMILY PLOIARIINAE.
By W. L. McAtee and J. R. Malloch.
Of the United States Biological Survey.
INTRODUCTION.
Begun in an effort to get additional light on certain problems not
solved by then-existing literature, this study has gradually grown to
the proportions indicated by the title. That we have been able to
go so far is due in large part to generous loans of material for which
we record our great appreciation. The initial basis of the work was
the very good collection of Ploiariinae in the United States Na-
tional Museum, but we have been favored with loans of large num-
bers of specimens by the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia, through E. T. Cresson, jr.; the Carnegie Museum of Pitts-
burgh, through Dr. W. J. Holland; Cornell University, through
Dr. J. C. Bradley ; and the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle de
Paris, through Dr. E. L. Bouvier. Smaller, but none the less appre-
ciated, lots of material have been received from the Universitetets
Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, through William Lundbeck; the
Riksmuseets Entomologiska Afdelning, Stockholm, through Dr. B.
Y. Sjostedt; the American Museum of Natural History, New York,
through Dr. F. E. Lutz; the British Museum of Natural History,
London, through C. J. Gahan; and the Bishop Museum, Hono-
lulu, through O. H. Swezey. Dr. Walther Horn, of the Deutsches
Entomologisches Institut, generously sent us, with other specimens,
the type of Phasmatocoris spectrum Breddin. Individuals who have
kindly loaned us valuable material are Dr. E. Bergroth, who sent us
the types of all his American species; Nathan Banks, H. G. Barber,
J. R. de la Torre Bueno, William T. Davis (including the type of
Ghilianella productilis Barber), W. Downes, Dr. Carl J. Drake,
J. S. Hine, Dr. H. S. Parshley, and Dr. Miles S. Pennington. Assist-
ance in reporting on the characters of specimens in their care has
been given by Nathan Banks, of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge; W. E. China, of the British Museum; and
C. W. Johnson, of the Boston Society of Natural History. The
No. 2573. — Proceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. 67. No. I.
94993—25 1
1
2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
collections of the Boston Society, Museum of Comparative Zoology,
and Field Museum of Natural History have been examined also by
one of the authors during the progress of the work.
THE GROUP TREATED.
(Subfamily Ploiariinae; Family Reduviidae.)
Insects of the subfamily Ploiariinae, in common with all other
Reduviidae, have a longitudinal groove between the fore coxae
which is invariably microscopically transversely striate, and in which
the tip of the beak generally lies when at rest. This groove is called
by some writers a " stridulatory groove " but whether it is really so
we are unable to say. However, it is highly characteristic, as it is
not present in any other family of Heteroptera known to us except
the Phymatidae.
Absence of ocelli, and j)resence of anteriorly opening coxal cavities,
and of usually very elongate fore coxae are the principal distinguish-
ing characters of the Ploiariinae but neither is sufficient in itself for
their recognition. The Saicinae also lack ocelli but the fore coxae
are less elongate than in most Ploiariinae, the beak is armed with
upwardly directed spines and the lower surface of the head is pro-
vided with two or more strong bristles. These spines and bristles
are absent in the Ploiariinae. The Bactrodinae look considerably like
Ploiariinae but differ structurally from them in characters more im-
portant even than do the Saicinae. The Bactrodinae have less elon-
gate coxae than most Ploiariinae, possess ocelli, and the head is in-
serted not on the front or at most on the anterior margin of the
prothorax but on the dorsum of that sclerite distinctly posterior to
the front margin.
Expressing the most characteristic differences between these sub-
families in key form we have :
1. Anterior coxal cavities opening straight downward ; ocelli none ; underside
of head with downwardly projecting, and beak with upwardly projecting,
bristles or spines Saicinae.
Anterior coxal cavities opening forward and downward ; bead and beak
without such armature 2
2. Ocelli absent ; head scarcely pedicillate, lower anterior border of prothorax
scarcely produced beyond upper margin, on which the head is inserted.
Ploiariinae.
Ocelli present ; head pedicillate ; lower anterior border of prothorax produced
distinctly beyond the upper margin, behind which the head is inserted.
Bactrodinae.
The antennae in Ploiariinae are very long and slender, 4-seg-
mented, sometimes with a pseudo-suture near apex of fourth seg-
ment which is often pointed and more or less angulate or curved;
the beak is elongate, curved downward and backward, usually
aut. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 3
swollen at base, and acute at tip, and distinctly 3-segmented. The
thorax is variously formed and the wings may be either large, re-
duced, or absent. The basal abdominal tergite is situated on the
posterior part of thorax and the basal sternite is absent, a fact that
should be borne in mind in counting the abdominal segments. The
male hypopygium opens more or less dorsally, and the apical tergite
sometimes entirely covers the orifice.
The fore wings of the Ploiariinae (as also those of some other
Eeduviidae) constitute an exception to a commonly accepted cri-
terion to the Heteroptera in that they are of uniform texture
throughout. The venation has not been homologized with that of
other insects and the names applied by us to the cells and veins are
arbitrary terms, which however, are clearly defined in the explana-
tion of plate 1.
The fore legs of Ploiariinae are adapted for capture of prey by
closure hinge-wise of the fore tibia and tarsus against the lower
surface of the fore femur. The opposing surfaces of the front fem-
ora and tibia are nearly always armed with spines or setulae, the
arrangement of which is characteristic, as a rule, in each genus,
minor variations in them indicating subgeneric or specific groups.
The fore tibia has a rather conspicuous transverse slit (figs. 13, 18,
136, and 145) on the anterior surface near apex which is surrounded
by dense pilosity. The fore tarsi present a range of differentiation
not found in any group of similarly related forms known to us. In
the case of this strictly predaceous subfamily, it is natural to sup-
pose that evolution has been in the direction of efficiency in the most
important raptorial organs, the front legs. In our opinion, the fore
tarsus in its most generalized form consists of distinctly separated
segments the terminal one with two equal claws. We assume the
course of evolution to be from that condition through forms with
poorly defined, heavily chitinized segments with one large and one
small claw to a highly specialized stage in which the fore tarsus is
thorn-like, the joints entirely fused, and wholly without differenti-
ated claw. The mid and hind tarsi are invariably 3-segmented and
being used in the normal manner, not for grasping prey, are not
specialized.
IS TRIBAL DIVISION OF THE PLOIARIINAE ADVISABLE?
Attempts have been made to define tribes of Ploiariinae. two of the
principal efforts along this line being by Stal1 and by Distant.2
Put in the form of indented dichotomous keys these schemes are
herewith appended.
1 Enum. Hemip., vol. 4, 1S74, pp. 92-94.
2 Fauna Brit. India, Rhynchota, vol. 2, 1904, pp. 201-216.
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
TRIBES OF PLOIARIINAE ACCORDING TO STAI-.
A1. Front femora armed for their whole length beneath with long, slender
spines, all or most of them setiform ; hind femora surpassing apex of
abdomen ; front tibia and tarsus together usually subequal in length to
front femur, rarely distinctly shorter; body usually winged.
B \ Front tarsi short, segmented, flexible or sub-flexible, two-clawed, scarcely
or not at all longer than hind tarsi ; front tibia a little shorter than
femur ; hemelytra of species known to me marked with fuscous ;
scutellum and post-scutellum armed apically with spines.
PLOIARIARIA.
Ploiaria (=Empicoris).
Malacopus.
Stenolemus.
B 2. Front tarsi long, scarcely or not at all shorter than tibia, one segmented
or composed of three connate segments, subcurved, subcompressed, as
seen from the side usually distinctly tapering toward apex, provided
with two unequal contiguous or subcontiguous claws, or with one claw ;
front tibia much shorter than femur, sometimes only about half as
long; first joint of antenna long; hemelytra scarcely or only very
pale fuscous marked.
LEISTARCHARIA.
Orthunga.
Tinna.
Cerascopus.
Luteva.
A8. Front femur unarmed beneath toward the base or in front of middle ; half
or less than half its length, apically, armed with unequal spines ; front
tibia and tarsus together shorter than femur ; body much elongated ;
head with the small eyes scarcely or only slightly wider than apex of
thorax.
C \ Postocular part of head perceptibly tapering posteriorly, quite slender
behind ; hind femur distinctly, sometimes far, surpassing apex of abdo-
men ; legs very long.
EMESARIA.
Gardena.
Ghilianella.
Emesa.
Ischnobaena.
C *. Postocular part of head scarcely or only slightly narrowed posteriorly,
abruptly rotund coarctate at base; hind femur attaining or slightly
surpassing apex of abdomen ; head armed between the antennae with
an usually very distinct tubercle or more often with a spine ; tylus
usually projecting as a spine.
METAPTERARIA.
Barce.
Metapterus.
Ischiionyctes.
Bargylia.
In criticism of the foregoing arrangement we would point out that:
1. The spines of the front femur of numerous species included under
Stal's first major division are not setiform, but on the contrary,
strongly chitinized.
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALAjOGB. 5
2. Failure of the character of relative length of joints of front leg is
admitted in the key.
3. " Usually winged " is an expression not applicable to Cerascopus.
4. Reference to color markings of hemelytra is entirely out of place
in a key to tribes and especially when both sections are the same
in this respect.
5. Ploiaria in the sense of Ploiariola (=Empicoris) is the inex-
plicable but frequent error of using the name of this monobasic
genus for a species not the genotype nor congeneric with it.
6. There are no one-segmented tarsi in the genera named by Stal
in his Leistarcharia.
7. Orthunga and Tinna are Saicinae not Ploiariinae.
8. Cerascopus=Ploiaria and we include Luteva as congeneric.
9. Head with eyes scarcely wider than apex of thorax is a character
not in contrast with that of certain forms in the first division of
key, species of Ploiaria for instance.
10. The attempt to define the tribes Emesaria and Metapteraria is
futile; all gradations in posterior nan-owing of head can be
found in the species of the single genus Ghilianella. Most of the
species of this genus have a spine or tubercle between antennae
which would put the genus in the Metapteraria; and there is
confessedly nothing to depend upon in length of hind femur.
11. Barce=Metapterus. Stal's character for separating them is of
no more than specific importance.
TRIBES OF PLOIARIINAE ACCORDING TO DISTANT.
A.1 Anterior femora spined beneath for their whole length.
B.* Anterior tarsi short, not longer, or a little longer than the posterior tarsi ;
hemelytra present or absent, when present, so far as known, orna-
mented with fuscous ; scutellum and postscutellum frequently spined
at apices.
STENOLAEMARIA.
Stenolaemus.
Ploiariola.
Myiophanes.
Eugubinus.
B.2 Anterior tarsi long, not, or a very little shorter than the tibiae ; hemelytra
either not or sometimes very strongly marked with fuscous.
LEISTARCHARIA.
Bagauda.
Luteva.
Ploearia.
A.2 Anterior femora spined beneath only from about or near middle.
C.1 Head much narrowed at base; posterior femora either almost reaching
or passing abdominal apex.
EMESARIA.
Ghilianella.
Gomesius.
Ischnobaena.
Gardena.
6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
C.2 Head not prominently narrowed posteriorly ; posterior femora nearly
reaching or passing abdominal apex ; head between antenniferous
tubercles distinctly spinous or tuberculous.
METAPTERARIA.
Ischnonyctes.
The criticisms of Stal's definitions of the tribes mostly apply to
Distant's efforts also; and the lack of contrast in the characters as-
signed to the last two tribes is even more apparent. The truth is
that the exact nature of important characters has been overlooked
and an attempt made to define tribes upon criteria not acceptable
even for the differentiation of genera. In our view attempting to
recognize tribes of Ploiariinae is no more likely at the present
moment to elucidate the relationships of the genera, than one would
be led to suppose from the futile attempts of the past.
CHARACTERS USED FOR THE RECOGNITION OF GENERA.
In arriving at decisions as to what groups constitute valid genera
and subgenera we have used as our criteria characters that appear
to us to be of phylogenetic value, and in our arrangement have in-
dicated what are in our opinion evolutionary steps insofar as the
available material has permitted.
We have used the wing venation to a greater extent than has
previously been attempted in this group, and this character has
proved very useful in the alignment of related forms. As noted above
the structure ®f the fore legs and their armatures, and especially the
segmentation and form of the fore tarsi, have been used to an even
greater extent than in preceding works upon this subfamily, but
these characters have invariably been correlated with venational and
other structural characters in the final analysis before assigning any
particular species to a genus or subgenus.
In our work on this and other groups we have endeavored to
utilize as generic indices characters which appear to us to indicate
a common origin for the included species, and slight departures from
the general rule such as we find in Ploiaria and Ghilianella., we have
not considered as sufficient grounds for elevating the divergent forms
to full generic status. Had we failed to find the intermediate sub-
genus Ploeodon.yx, linking GhUianella s.s. and Lissonyx we would
very probably have considered the latter as a valid genus but with
an intermediate form present it is undesirable to give to these closely
related segregates the same rank as we accord to such distinctly
separated genera as Gardena and Emesaya.
In the case of the last two genera there is a striking similarity in
wing venation accompanying a great dissimilarity in the structure
of the fore legs, the tarsi of Gardena being of the generalized simple
type, while those of Einesaya are heavily chitinized and subfused.
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 7
In this case the evidence of the venation of the wings, in our opinion,
outweighs that of the fore tarsal structure as an index to relation-
ship, and we consider the genera as much more closely related to
each other than either is to Stenolemus or Emesa. That such a re-
lationship should be expressed by the use of tribal designation may
be urged, but it should not be forgotten that characters of generic
value are distributed in many intermeshing combinations and that
as a consequence, definition of tribes of phyletic significance becomes
impracticable.
The characters used as generic criteria in this synopsis of the
Ploiariinae may have in allied subfamilies and families either more
or less significance, but in our work we have steadfastly adhered to
the idea that when classifying these insects we were dealing with a
group, which though related to others, is subject to modification
through influences that may or may not have affected these related
groups. Any group of organisms must be classified on the basis of
the characters it possesses, and the value these or other characters
have in other groups, has nothng to do with the case. Classified on
the basis of venation practically all of the vast family of An-
thomyiidae would fall into a single genus, on leg structure the
Jassoidea could be but little divided, nor could Coccidae on the char-
acters of the beak, and so on. A synopsis of a group should be
based on characters inspection proves to be of value for that group.
There has been no greater retarding factor in systematic entomology
than that of grafting supplementary work here and there upon the
old. of using the characters and methods that have been used instead
of seeking something of greater significance. Each new piece of
synoptic work should penetrate as much further into the heart of
things as possible, judiciously noting and using, but neither copying
nor worshipping previous contributions to the study.
Under each genus will be found a discussion of the characters and
a systematic alignment of the included species, the groups being in
all cases distinguished by means of characters that we consider are
of more than specific value, but not of sufficient importance in most
cases to justify the use of a distinctive appellation for the groups
concerned.
METHOD OF DESCRIPTION.
The keynote of descriptions throughout this paper is avoidance of
repetition. In other words characters common to the whole sub-
family are not mentioned in definitions of genera, and it has been our
intention to hold to the minimum, repetition in specific descrptions of
characters noted in descriptions of genera, in the keys to the species,
or in descriptions of very similar forms. As a result, in some cases,
specific descriptions may appear brief and inadequate. Nevertheless
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM vol.67
we believe the method adopted to be the best, not only because it
saves space and therefore cost of printing, but what is more im-
portant it avoids burying in a mass of verbiage, the really essential
points of characterization. Some entomologists insist upon the so-
called full descriptions and while their motive is laudable, a little
consideration of actual entomological practice indicates that the
results are not those hoped for. It seems the almost certain fate,
for instance, when revising a group, to find that no matter how
" full " previous descriptions may be, they contain no mention of the
particular detail about which information is sought. And this defect
is inherent in the very nature of taxonomic practice. In every revision
worthy of the name intensive search is made for new characters that
will aid in classification of the group and the more success attained
in finding them the more will previous descriptions fail to satisfy.
Viewed from this standpoint, it is obvious* that an isolated descrip-
tion, however lengthy, might fail to mention any character essential
to recognition of the species. The moral is that the best method
of describing new forms is in revisions where keys are given, and
other comparisons made with related forms. A few words of de-
scription or comparison in such a connection is likely to be worth
more than pages of description not formulated as a result of re-
visional work.
Statements of length in this paper refer to greatest length from
front of head to tip of abdomen or of hemelytra as the case may be.
PRINCIPAL WORKS CITED.
Because of the frequency with which certain writings on the
Ploiariinae are cited, it seems desirable to adopt much abbreviated
references to them. The shortened forms used and bibliographic
references in full for the papers in point are given in the following
lists :
Banks. Emesidae. 1909.
Banks, Nathan. Notes on our species of Emesidae. Pysehe, vol. 1(5, No.
3, June, 1909, pp. 43-48, 2 figs.
Keys to genera and species of the United States ; 6 species described as new.
Beegkoth. Ploeariinen. 1906.
Bergroth, E. Zur Kenntnis der Ploeariinen. Verhandlungen der kaiser-
lich-koniglichen zoologisch-botanisehen Gesellschaft in Wien, vol. 56,
1906, pp. 305-321.
Original descriptions of 6 American species, and redescription of one of Dohrn's
species.
Champion. Biologia, 2. 1898.
Champion, G. C. [Emesinae.] Biologia Centrali-Amerieana. Insecta.
Rhynchota. Hemiptera-Heteroptera. vol. 2, pp. 162-175, pi. 10. figs
7-24, October, 1898.
Key to the genera, two of which and 9 species are described as new.
abt. 1 - AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE— McATEE AND MALLOCH 9
Dohbn. Emksina. 1860.
Dohkn, Anton. Beitriige zur einer monographischen Bearbeitung der
Familie der Emesina. Linnaea Entomologica, vol. 14. 1860, pp. 206-252,
with Naehtrag, pp. 253-255, pi. 1.
Key to the genera, of which 3 that occur in the Americas, and 15 species are
described as new.
Dohrn. Nachtrage. 1863.
Dohrn, Anton. Same title (Zweites Stuck) and journal, vol. 15, 1863,
pp. 42-63, with Naehtrlige, pp. 64-76.
Redescriptions of a number of genera and species both of Dohrn and other
authors. In the Nachtrage, two genera and 4 species from the Americas are
described as new.
KEY TO THE GENERA.
We have placed in the following key only those genera of which
we have examined authentic material, including a few of extralimital
distribution inserted for comparative purposes. Notes on other
American genera follow the key.
1. Fore tarsi distinctly segmented, sometimes heavily chitinized and the seg-
ments subfused, but the dividing sutures always visible under a high-
power lens ; claws of fore tarsus consisting of an equal sized pair except
in some species of Ploiaria and in Deliastes 2
Fore tarsi without distinguishable segmentation under the highest power
lens (even when cleared), consisting of but one heavily chitinized seg-
ment, with an unequal pair of claws, a single claw, or without distinct
claws 13
2. Fore femur without distinguishable ventral spines or bristles, only fine
hairs present ; third antennal segment as long as second and about -three
times as long as fourth ; mesonotum without, metanotum with a spine ;
venation as in figure 1 3 Emesopsis Uhler (p. 13).
Fore femur with distinct spines or bristles on ventral surface which are
readily distinguishable from any fine hairs which may be present except
in some species of the genus Empicoris ; third antennal segment not
nearly as long as second and frequently shorter than fourth 3
3. Ventral spines on fore femur commencing at or very close to base; fore
tibia very distinctly over half as long as fore femur 4
Ventral spines of fore femur commencing at or very close to middle; fore
tibia not over half as long as fore femur 12
4. Forewing with a closed subtriangular cell at basal extremity of the large
diseal cell, which does not touch margin of wing at any part (fig. 14) ;
adults always winged ; prothorax always with a deep constriction and
distinctly bilobate, often pedunculate 5
Forewing lacking a closed subtriangular cell at basal extremity of the
large diseal cell (fig. 11) ; adults sometimes apterous; prothorax neither
pedunculate nor lobate, never more than slightly constricted 8
5. A longitudinal vein which connects with either the small subtriangular
cell or the base of diseal cell fuses with the vein joining apex of former at
some distance from base of wing so that the disk of wing has 3 closed cells
3 The Oriental species of this genus which we have seen have very weak spines on the
ventral surface of fore femora and the antennae similar to those of Empicoris in general
structure.
94993—25 2
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM - vol. 07
(figs. 45, 46, 47) ; mesonoturn and metanotuui sometimes with tubercles
but without long spines at apices; fore tarsi 3-segmented.
Emesa Fabricius (Westermannia Dohrn) (p. 38).
When there is a vein connecting with the small discal cell it is usually
short and its end is either free or it does not fuse with the other longi-
tudinal vein, i. e., disk of wing with but 2 closed cells (figs. 33, 63,
66) 6
6. Mesonoturn and metanotuui without long spines; fore tarsi 3-segmented.
Myiophanes Reuter (Extralimital).
Mesonoturn and metanotum each with a long spine or thorn 7
7. Fore tarsi 3-segmented ; no short vein emanating from costal margin of basal
discal cell of forewing (fig. 65) Polauchenia, new genus (p. 47).
Fore tarsi 2-segniented ; a short vein emitted from costal margin of basal
discal cell (figs. 21, 23, 26, 29) Stenolemus Signoret (p. 25).
8. Fore tarsi 2-segmented, the segments nearly fused and subequal in length ;
claws unequal Deliastes Dohrn (p. 34).
Fore tarsi either 3-segmented or the segments not as above and claws
equal 9
9. Pronotuni not extending over mesonoturn even in the winged forms ; fore
tarsus long, heavily chitinised, glossy and bare above, the 3 segments
fused so closely that the oblique sutures are visible only under a very
high-power lens ; venation of forewings as in figures 73, 84, 89 ; adults
often apterous Ploriaria Scopoli. (incl. Luteva Dohrn) (p. 48).
Pronotum extending over mesonoturn to base of wings ; adults always
winged ; fore tarsus short, not heavily chitinized nor glossy and bare
above, the segmentation distinct 10
10. Prothorax slightly constricted near anterior margin; mesonoturn, meta-
notum, and basal abdominal tergite each with a long erect spine ; fore
tarsi 2-segniented.
Empicoris Wolff ( =Ploiariodes Buchanan- White) (p. 13).
Prothorax slightly constricted at or near middle ; mesonoturn without a
spine; fore tarsi 3-segmented 11
11. Basal segment of beak shorter than second ; fore tibia with a complete series
of short ventral denticles ; venation of forewing as in figure 43.
Lutevopsis Champion (p. 37).
Basal segment of beak longer than second ; fore tibia with short decumbent
pale setulae on ventral surface ; venation of forewing as in figure 38.
Panamia Kirkaldy (p. 36).
12. Fore tibia almost half as long as fore femur; basal ventral spine of fore
femur not longer than the longest of the others ; fore tarsus with the seg-
ments well defined, not heavily chitinized, hairy above; venation of fore-
wing as in figure 94; mesonoturn highly glossy Gardena Dohrn (p. 06).
Fore tibia not nearly half as long as fore femur ; basal ventral spine of
fore femur very distinctly longer than the longest of the others; fore
tarsus with the segments poorly defined, heavily chitinized, bare above;
venation of forewing as in figure 137 ; mesothorax sericeous.
Emesaya n.n. (for Emesa Authors not Fabricius) (p. 74).
13. Fore tarsus with two longitudinal series of angularly deflected spines which
under a high power appear like elongate knife-like teeth on its ventral
surface (fig. 166) ; head with a more or less pronounced spine or tubercle
between bases of antennae, labrum closely adherent to base of rostrum,
not projecting spine-like (fig. 165) ; adults never winged.
Ghilianella Spinola (p. 90).
Fore tarsus with two series of decumbent setulose hairs on its ventral
surface (fig. 141) ; adults sometimes winged 14
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 11
14. Head normally with two stout tubercles or spines, one between bases of
antennae and the other (labrum) above base of proboscis (fig. 139) ; pro-
notura in winged form overlapping mesonotum to base of wings.
Metapterus Costa (Barce Stal) (p. 83).
Head with neither of the above mentioned tubercles or spines (fig. 140) ;
pronotum in winged forms not overlapping mesonotum except at anterior
extremity Ischnonyctes Stal (Extralimital *).
NOTES ON AMERICAN GENERA NOT INCLUDED IN THE
FOREGOING KEY.
Emesella Dohrn, Emesina. I860, p. 239. [Monobasic, E. ncbulosa, new
species, genotype, Bolivia, pp. 239-240.] From the original description it is
impossible to determine the relationships of this group. If Emesella immitis
(Bergroth, Ploeariinen, 1906, pp. 312-314, Venezuela) really is congeneric,
we should say from inspection of imperfect specimens of this species, that
Emesella probably would place in our classification as a subgenus of Ghilianella
near Lissonyx. Signoret adds a species to this genus, namely E. dohrni
Revision des Hemipteres du Chili, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ser. 4, vol. 3, 1863,
pp. 587-588 [Chili].
Malacopus Stal, C. Bidrag till Rio Janeiro-Traktens Hemipter-Fauna, 1862,
pp. 80-81. [Monobasic, M. cellular is, new species genotype, Brazil.]
Palacus Dohrn, Nachtriige, 1863, pp. 74-75 [Monobasic P. cubensis, new
species genotype, Cuba, p. 75.] See remarks under Dcliastcs p. 34. The species
described by Guerin-Meneville as Ploiaria pallida is put in Palacus by
Lethierry and Severin, Cat. Gen. Hemip., vol. 3, 1896, p. 74. The original de-
scription of the species occurs in Sagni, Ramon de la, Historia Fisica, Politica y
Natural de la Isla de Cuba, vol. 7, Crustaceos, Aragnides e Insectos, 1856 [Cuba].
This name is preoccupied by Ploiaria pallida Montrouzier, P., Essai sur la
Faune de l'lsle de Woodlark ou Moiou, Ann. Sci. Phys. Nat. Lyon, ser. 2, vol. 7,
pt. 1, 1855, p. 110.
SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE AMERICAN GENERA
In connection with this arrangement we would first point out that
in this as in most groups of existing insects there is little to which
the much overworked word " primitive " can legitimately be applied.
Rather we have in the modern insect world the products of speciali-
zation along a multitude of intercrossing lines, any one of which
may be highly specialized in some, and but little specialized in other
respects. The selection of the least specialized form and the tracing
of the probable course of evolution in a group, is, therefore, a sub-
ject upon which opinion may vary greatly, according to the choice
of characters of primary, secondary, and lesser degrees of im-
portance.
Adhering to the idea that development of predatory efficiency is
the course of evolution of the Ploiariinae we believe little objection
can be made to placing Emesopsis at the base of the American series
of genera. While the venation of this genus is more complex and
4 There is a damaged specimen of Ischnonyctes in the National Collection, labelled N. O.,
La., R. H. Browne. We assume this is an accidentally introduced individual, and that it
was collected in New Orleans.
12 PROCEEDINGS OP THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou 67
therefore less specialized according to a prevalent view of the sub-
ject, there can be little doubt that this specialization is secondary,
for there is no probability that an insect participating in the long
course of evolution of so specialized a group as the Ploiariinae could
carry along the whole route a primitive type of venation.
Theoretical considerations are involved also in the question as to
whether the possession of 2-segmented fore-tarsi (a nymphal charac-
ter) is a forward- or a backward-looking specialization. Despite the
fact that it would appear to be a step toward greater predatory
effectiveness we have been obliged to give greater weight to certain
other characters when the whole organization of a genus having
3-segmented fore tarsi seemed to be more perfectly fitted for preda-
tion.
We have endeavored to strike a fair balance among the characters
entitled to consideration in settling upon a systematic arrangement,
and believe we have been in a better position for so doing than our
predecessors because of the much larger amount of material ex-
amined.
Fore tarsi segmented.
Fore femora without spines or bristles ; fore tarsi 2-segmented ; forewing
reticulate toward base, with about 5-6 discal cells. Emesopsis (p. 13).
Fore femora with spines or bristles; forewing (when present) with
fewer discal cells.
Fore femora s-pined for almost their whole length ; fore tibiae rela-
tively long.
Fore tarsi 2-segmented.
Fore tarsi not heavily chitinized, basal segment the shorter, claws
equal; apices of meso- and meta-thoraces, each usually bearing
a spine.
Forewing with one discal cell ; prothorax scarcely constricted.
Empicoris (p. 13).
Forewing with two discal cells ; prothorax deeply constricted or
pedicillate Stenolemus (p. 25).
Fore tarsi heavily chitinized, segments subfused, subequal, claws un-
equaled ; meso- and meta-thoraces without spines ; forewing with
3 discal cells Deliastes (p. 34).
Fore tarsi 3-segmented.
Fore tarsi usually flexible, hairy, at least above, claws equal.
Meso- and meta-notum each with a spine ; fore wing with 2 discal
cells Polauchenia (p. 47).
Meso- and meta-nota unspined.
Fore wing with 3 discal cells Emesa (p. 38).
Fore wing with 1 discal cell Panamia (p. 36).
Lutevopsis (p. 37).
Fore tarsi inflexible, polished, sutures inconspicuous, claws usually
unequal ; fore-wing when present with 1 discal cell.
Ploiaria (p. 48).
Fore femora spined on distal half; fore tibiae relatively shorter; fore
wing with 1 discal cell Gardena (p. 66).
Emesaya (p. 74).
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 13
Fore tarsi not segmented (even in nymphs) ; fore wing (when present) with 2
discal cells Metapterus (p. 83).
Ghilianella (p. 90).
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES.
Genus EMESOPSIS Uhler.
Emesopsis Uhler, P. R. A list of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera collected in the
Island of St. Vincent by Mr. Herbert H. Smith ; with descriptions of New Genera
and Species. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1893, p. 718 [Monobasic, genotype E.
nubilus, new species, St. Vincent: Cuba] .
In addition to the characters in the key the following may be
mentioned for this genus: Head and prothorax similar to those of
Empicoris, the prothorax however, without lateral carinae. The
mesonotum is produced into a backwTardly directed subtriangular
process which is rounded above, the metanotum has a long erect
slender spine at apex, and the basal abdominal tergite has a much
shorter spine. Fore tarsi as in Stenolemus: Basal segment of beak
about twice as long as second, the latter subglobose; the third joint
slender, nearly as long as first. The reticulate venation of corium
is very characteristic (see fig. 1).
EMESOPSIS NUBILUS Uhler.
Emesopsis nubilus Uhler, P. R. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1893, pp. 718-9
[St. Vincent: Cuba].
A testaceous yellow species without distinct markings, the fore
wings with indistinct yellowish brown mottling; eyes ruby red.
Posterior lobe of head convex, distance from posterior margin of
eye to back of head about twice as great as from anterior margin of
eye to front of head and greater than width of eye; hairs of antennae
much shorter than those of mid and hind legs. Fore coxae a little
over half as long as fore tibiae, the latter over four-fifths as long
as femur. Abdomen elongate ovate, the lateral outline smooth, spi-
racles slightly elevated; spical margin of male hypopygium pro-
duced into a subtriangular plate, the apex of which is thorn-like;
claspers long, slender, curved at apices; apex of abdomen of female
without processes, similar to that of females of Emficoris. Vena-
tion of fore wing as in figure 1.
Length 4^5 mm.
Localities. — Mount Gay Estate, and Balthazar, Grenada, West
Indies, H. H. Smith; Cayamas, Cuba, May 31, June 5, E. A.
Schwarz; Cuba, Uhler Collection (U.S.N.M.).
Genus EMPICORIS Wolff.
Empicoris Wolff, J. F. Icones Cimicum Descriptionibus illustratae, Fasc.
5, 1811, p. iv [Monobasic, Gerris vagabundus Linnaeus genotype].
Ploiariodes White, F. Buchanan. Descriptions of new species of Heterop-
terous Hemiptera collected in the Hawaiian Islands by the Rev. T. Blackburn. —
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM vol.67
No. 3, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, ser. 5, vol. 7, 1S81, pp. 58-59. [Monobasic, P.
whitei Blackburn ms., genotype, Mauna Loa.]
Ploiariola Reuter, P. M. Revisio synonymica Heteropterorum palearcti-
corum quae descripserunt Auctores vetustiores (Linnaeus 1758-Latreille 1806).
II. Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicae, vol. 15, 1888, p. 711 [New name for Ploiaria of
Latreille not of Scopoli, the genotype of which, Cimex vagabundus Linnaeus
automatically assumed the same relation to the new name.]
Emendations: Ploeariodcs; Ploeariola.
We are not in ignorance of what has been said5 in favor of re-
garding Ploiariodes and Ploiariola as distinct genera, but we find
the chief character advanced for their separation, namely the lateral
carina of pronotum, showing practically all phases from distinct to
obsolete.6 Even were this character unequivocal we should regard
it of no more than subgeneric value in view of the agreement
throughout the species in general coloration and habitus as well
as in the venation of the forewings and the structure of the fore
legs. All species known to us have the legs and antennae as well
as the beak with blackish spots or annuli, and the wings are in-
variably dark spotted. The head and thorax have silvery hairs, usu-
ally arranged in distinct lines, some of these being almost invaria-
bly evident on pleura and pectus. The pronotum is more or less
distinctly vittate, at least behind the constriction but there are
some differences in this respect which are used in defining a few of
the species; the carina on side of pronotum is nearly always pale.
The abdomen usually is dark, with the spiracles and spots on con-
nexivum pale, the venter finely pubescent, with more or less of
the median line, and sometimes spots about bases of certain
longer hairs, bare.
The radial vein runs to beyond the middle of the fore wing, end-
ing in the costa, the apical portion of it being what we have called
the " stigma " which offers some good distinguishing characters for
the species both in its shape and color. The pronotum is divided into
two parts by a broad constriction, the anterior part being about half
as long as the posterior, but there are no species known to us in
which the pronotum is at all pedicillate. All species have the meso-
notum and metanotum, and usually the basal abdominal tergite with
a slender thorn on the middle of the hind margin; the presence or
absence of a process, on middle of hind margin of the pronotum is a
specific character. The spines or bristles on fore femora are some-
times difficult to see even with a high power lens.
B Especially Bergroth, E. Ploeariodes B. White und Ploeariola Reut. (Hemiptera-He
teroptera, Reduviidae. ) Rev. Russe d'Ent., vol. 9, No. 3, Nov. 1909. p. 324.
• We have examined several species from the Oceanic region in addition to those
treated herein.
akt. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND M ALLOC H 15
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
1. Pronotum with the lateral carinae distinguishable only at anterior and pos-
terior extremities, obsolete in middle; eighth sternite in male with a large
rounded central incision in posterior margin (tig. 2) ; stigma with a red-
dish line along inner or posterior margin from cross-vein to apex.
rubromaculatus (Blackburn) (p. 16).
Pronotum with the lateral carinae complete, pale colored on their entire
length ; eighth sternite in male produced in middle of hind margin ; stigma
without a red line along inner margin apically 2
2. Pronotum with two dorsal linear yellowish carinae similar to the lateral
carinae, extending the entire length of dorsum ; dark markings of forewings
peppered with minute hyaline dots ; lateral carinae of pronotum not capi-
tate at anterior extremity barberi (McAtee and Malloch) (p. 19).
Pronotum without sharp dorsal carinae, with two slight rounded longitudinal
elevations ; dark markings of forewings solid ; lateral carinae more or less
distinctly, produced or capitate at anterior extremities 3
3. Hind wings conspicuously spotted with black apically, or fuscous with white
reticulations 4
Hind wings not spotted apically or very faintly so at extreme tip (cf.
orthoneuron) 5
4. Pronotum with a conspicuous tubercle on middle of hind margin ; anterior ex-
tremity of lateral carina of pronotum with a small capitate process which
projects nearly at right angles to pronotum ; fore wings not perceptibly
honeycombed as in next species; vein closing posterior half of apex of dis-
cal cell much more conspicuously bent than its fellow (tig. 11).
errabundus (Say) (p. 24).
Pronotum without a median tubercle on hind margin; lateral carina of pro-
notum with at most a slight process at anterior extremity which is not
capitate nor at right angles to pronotum ; fore wings microscopically honey-
combed with fine black lines which are most noticeable basad of apex of
discal cell and in the dark spots of membrane (best seen in transmitted
light) ; veins closing discal cell almost symmetrically formed.
reticulatus, new species (p. 20).
5. Both veins closing discal cell of hemelytra at apex nearly straight (fig. 4) ;
posterior lobe of pronotum not narrowed in front, a little broader than long,
without a median process on middle of hind margin, the lateral carina with
a small process at anterior extremity ; wing without microscopic honeycomb-
ing; hind wings may be faintly spotted apically.
orthoneuron, new species (p. 18).
At least the vein closing posterior half of apex of discal cell conspicuously
bent or angulated ; posterior lobe of pronotum as long as or longer than
broad, narrowed anteriorly, the sides not straight ; wings without micro-
scopic honeycombing 0
6. The large fuscous spots on forewings irrorated with minute clear dots ; one
or two of the spines at base of ventral series on fore femur about as long
as the femoral diameter and quite stout ; fore coxa stouter than usual, not
longer than distance from coxal cavity to upper margin of pronotum ; tu-
bercle on hind margin of pronotum small, the lateral carina with a small
process at anterior extremity which projects at nearly right angles to the
pronotum parshleyi (Bergroth) (p. 22).
The large fuscous spots on forewings not irrorated; fore femoral spines
not nearly as long as the femoral diameter; fore coxa longer than dis-
tance from coxal cavity to upper margin of pronotum anteriorly 7
16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
7. Pronotum with a distinguishable tubercle on middle of hind margin 8
Pronotum without a distinguishable tubercle on middle of hind margin- 10
8. Tubercle on middle of hind margin of pronotum very small, the linear white
vittae distinct in front of constriction, almost straight, disk almost bare ;
bases of fore wings spotted with fuscous.
subparallelus, new species (p. 21).
Tubercle on middle of hind margin of pronotum large 9
0. Pronotum with two conspicuously curved linear pilose white vittae which
are distinct in front of constriction ; bases of fore wings white.
nudus, new species (p. 22).
Pronotum with two moderately broad whitish vittae which do not extend
in front of constriction nor to hind margin, the disk with rather con-
spicuous white decumbent hairs; eighth sternite in male with a very
slender apical process (fig. 8) armatus (Champion) (p. 20).
10. Stigma linear, entirely black, forming a conspicuous costal streak centered
on vein closing costal half of discal cell, the latter much longer than that
closing the other half (fig. 6) ; cross-veins in middle of hind wing forming
a straight line (fig. 7) winnemana, new species (p. 19).
Stigma widened beyond vein closing costal half of diseal cell, the latter
not longer than that closing other half (fig. 3) ; cross-veins in middle of
hind wing forming an angulate line 11
11. Stigma with two or three blackish spots beyond the cross-vein; male hy-
popygial claspers knobbed, the knob concave at tip (fig. 9).
culiciformis (DeGeer) (p. 23).
Stigma without dark spots beyond the cross-vein ; claspers not knobbed.
vagabundus (Linnaeus) (p. 17).
SYSTEMATIC ABKANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES.
Lateral carinae of pronotum incomplete ; armature of fore femora consisting of
uniform bristly hairs, none as long as femoral diameter; pronotum without
tubercle on hind margin rubromaculatus.
Lateral carinae of pronotum complete.
Armature of fore femora consisting chiefly of bristly hairs, often with
spine-like bases.
Pronotum without a tubercle on hind margin vagabundus.
orthoneuron.
barberi.
winnemana.
reticulatus.
Prontum with a tubercle on hind margin armatus.
subparallelus.
nudus.
Armature of fore femora more definitely spinous, usually a few spines
at base of series are longer than the others.
Pronotum without a tubercle on hind margin. parshleyi.
culiciformis.
Pronotum with a tubercle on hind margin.
errabundus.
EMPICORIS RUBROMACULATUS (Blackburn).
Ploiariodes rubromaculata Blackburn, T. Notes on the Hemiptera of the
Hawaiian Islands, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 3, 1889, p. 349
[Mauna Loa, Hawaii].
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 17
Ploiariodes cur y ale Kirkaldy, G. W. A Catalogue of the Hemiptera of
Fiji, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., vol. 33, 1908, p. 372 [Kiwa, Fiji].
Ploiariodes calif ornica Banks, N. Emesidae, 1909, p. 46 [Stanford Uni-
versity, Calif.].
Ploiariola froggatti Horvath, G. Miscellanea heuiipterologiea XV, Ann. Mus.
Nac. Hung., vol. 12,' 1914, pp. 643-644, fig. 5 [Sydney, New South Wales].
This species is readily distinguished by the characters cited in the
key. In some cases the anterior rudiment of the lateral carina is
dark in color and therefore inconspicuous. The fore femur is about
as long as the pronotum and the apical antennal segment is not
over one-third as long as the third segment. This species has no
round bare spots at bases of the longer hairs on venter as in erra-
bundus and some others. For the male genitalia, see figure 2.
Length : 5-5.5 mm.
Specimens examined. — Kilauea, Hawaii, 4,000 feet. (Bishop Mus.,
det. Kirkaldy) ; Haleakala, Maui, Hawaii, 5,000 feet, R. C. Perkins
(British Mus.); Mount View, Calif., G. W. Ehrhorn; Alameda
County, Calif., December (U.S.N.M.) ; Salinas, Calif., June 20, 1908,
Riverside, Calif., June 10, 1908, E. D. Ball (Ball) ; Stanford Uni-
versity, Calif., September (Holotype of Ploiariodes californica
Banks, Mus. Comp. Zool.) ; Palo Alto, Calif., Sept., 1908, Bradley
(Van Duzee); Berkeley, Calif., Oct. 31, J. C, Bradley (Cornell
Univ.); Calcedonia, Miss., June 24, 25, 1921, C. J. Drake; Gaines-
ville, Fla., J. R. Watson (Drake) ; Chain Bridge, Va., Sept. 11,
1921, J. R. Malloch. (Biol. Survey) ; Rio Piedras, Porto Rico, July
23, 1916, E. G. Smyth (U.S.N.M.); Tallabao near Ponce, Porto
Rico, July 28, 1914 (Am. Mus.) ; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Carnegie
Mus.).
A male collected at Funchal, Madeira, December 30, by F. Jones
(U.S.N.M.) differs only in having no red streak along inner margin
of the stigma. Since this marking varies in extent and intensity
m the other specimens studied we are not inclined to consider this
form as a distinct species.
EMPICORIS VAGABUNDUS (Linnaeus).
Cimex vagabundus Linnaeus, C. Systema Naturae per Regna tria Naturae,
secundum Ordines, Genera, Species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis,
locis., ed. 10, 1758, p. 450 (Engelmann Reprint 1894) [Europe].
We have examined several European specimens of this species
which agree in all particulars with those from North America.
The armature of fore femora, the lack of pronotal tubercle, and
the shape and color of the stigma are characteristic; the apical
antennal segment is not more than one-third as long as preapical.
Apex of forewing as in figure 3.
Length; 6-7 mm.
18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
KEY TO THE VARIETIES.
A. Antennae and fore femora with very short hairs, those on the former very
little longer than the segmental diameter ; general color usually somewhat
fuscous vagabundus.
AA. Antennae and fore femora with very long hairs, those on the former
about four times as long as the diameter of segments ; general color usu-
ally whitish pilosus.
EMPICORIS VAGABUNDUS, var. VAGABUNDUS (Linnaeus).
Original citation same as for the species.
Ploiariola canadensis Parshley, H. M. On some Hemiptera from West-
ern Canada. Occasional papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of
Michigan, No. 71, Aug. 29, 1919, pp. 25-27 [Victoria, B. C.].
American specimens examined are from Victoria, B. C, August 18,
25, 1919, W. Downes, including type of P. canadensis Parshley
(Downes, Parshley.) ; Washington, D. C, from the breeding cage
of the Division of Entomology, June 10, 1898, F. H. Chittenden
(Cornell Univ.). The scutellar spine is not developed in Parshley's
type and in certain other specimens, but this is a malformation.
EMPICORIS VAGABUNDUS, var. PILOSUS (Fieber).
Ploearia pilosa Fieber, F. X. Die europaischen Hemiptera. Halbfliigler
(Rhynchota Heteroptera ) , 1861, pp. 149-150 [France].
Ploiariodes hirtipes Banks, N. A new species of Emesidae from Vermont
Psyche, vol. 19, No. 3, June 1912, p. 97 [Brattleboro, Vt.].
This variety is represented in North American material by speci-
mens which agree exactly with a European example.
Full data for the specimens examined are: Wisconsin; Pennsyl-
vania no other data (U.S.N.M.) ; Nantucket, Mass., Aug. 21, 1911
(Parshley); Victoria, B. C, Aug. 16, 18, 1919, W. Downes
(Downes) ; Brattleboro, Vt, July 15, 1908, C. W. Johnson, type of
P. hirtipes Banks (Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.).
This form has been recorded also from Gogebic County, Mich.
(Hussey, B. F., Pysche, 28, No. 1, Feb. 1921, p. 10).
EMPICORIS ORTHONEURON. new species.
Male. — Similar to errabundus in color, except that the type shows
no distinct spotting at the apices of the hind wings, but these wings
in this specimen are in poor condition and it is not possible to be.
absolutely sure of this character. The venation of apex of the
discal cell is as in reticulatits, but the minute honeycomb of lines
is absent (fig. 4), the stigma is narrower, fuscous, and there is a
more conspicuous blackish mark on middle of veins closing discal
cell and the base of the vein that emanates from them. The form
of the apical sternite is shown in figure 5.
Length, 4 mm.
aet. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 19
Holotype.— Monterey, Calif., July 12. E. A. Schwarz (U.S.N.M.).
A female from Santa Cruz, Calif., August (Coll. Parshley) also is
in poor condition, the wings being stuck to abdomen, but apparently
the hind pair are faintly spotted apically.
Type.— Cut. No. 27090 U.S.N.M.
KM PI (ORIS BARBERI (McAtee and Malloch).
Ploiariodes barberi McAtee, W. L., and Maixoch, J. R. American Museum
Novitates, No. 75, May 11, 1923, pp. 7-8 [Porto Rico].
Male. — Head with white pruinosity in front of eyes and a white
line from base of each antenna, which connects with another that
runs diagonally from lower hind margin of eye to upper occiput;
faint lines of pruinosity on lower sides of pronotum in front and on
pleura, and posterior and lateral margins, and lateral and dorsal
carinae of pronotum white. Abdominal spiracles white; venter
mottled, each sternite with a large round bare spot on each side on
hind margin. Antennae and legs with narrow annulations, a sub-
apical one on each femur and on first segment of antenna broader.
Dark areas on fore wings profusely areolate with minute pale dots;
apices of hind wings fuscous with white reticulations.
Pronotum without median tubercle on hind margin; submedian
dorsal carinae as sharp as the lateral ones, but little curved ; meso-
notal and metanotal thorns absent in type, the one at base of abdomen
distinct. Apical abdominal sternite not deeply excavated at tip. Fore
femur with very weak ventral spinules. Stigma normal, cross-vein
closing apex of discal cell on its anterior half straight, the other one
curved.
Length (without wings) : 3 mm.
Holotype. — Tallabao, near Ponce, Porto Rico, July 23, 1914, H. G.
Barber (American Museum).
Named in honor of the collector. This is one of the most distinct
species known to us. The submedian dorsal pronotal carinae are
not sharp in any other species, and the only other which has the dark
areas of the forewings with minute hyaline dots is P. parshhyi
Bergroth.
EMPICORIS WINNEMANA, new species.
Male. — This species differs from all the others in having the legs
and antennae almost entirely brownish fuscous, with but faint annuli
except at extreme apices of segments, the fore and mid femora alone
showing distinguishable annuli. The pronotum is almost uniformly
brownish and the thoracic spines are stramineous. The wings are as
in errabwndus, but the linear stigma is entirely black as far before
as beyond the cross-vein.
20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
Antenna with short pubescence, apical segment over one-third as
long as the subapical. Lateral carina of pronotum not sharp. Apical
abdominal sternite subtriangular, hypopygial claspers slender, ta-
pered at apices. Fore femur over twice as long as coxa, rather
densely short haired ventrally, the spines minute. Stigma and veins
closing discal cell as in figure 6. Cross-veins in middle of hind
wing forming a straight line (fig. 7).
Female. — Similar to male, the abdomen broader.
Length, 4.5 mm.
Holotype. — Plummer Island, Md., October 10, 1921, taken at light
in the cabin of the Washington Biologists' Field Club, H. L. Viereck
(U.S.N.M.) , Allotype, Vienna, Va., October 17, 1890, (Cornell Univ.) .
Type.— Male, Cat. No. 26703, U.S.N.M.
EMPICORIS RETICULATUS. new species.
Male and female. — Similar to erraJby/ndus in color, the spots at
apices of hind wings very distinct. Differs as indicated in key, the
reticulation or honeycombing of forewings visible only under a very
high power. The apical abdominal sternite of male is similar to that
of orthoneuron and quite different from that of errabundus (figs. 5
and 12) . As in errabundus and orthoneuron the cross- veins in mid-
dle of hind-wings are angulated and the apices of forewings are
notched where the vein joins the margin. Apical antennal segment
nearly half as long as preapical. Base of abdomen with a much
shorter dorsal thorn than in errabundus.
Length, 5-6 mm.
Holotype. — Male, Cordoba, Mexico, December 25, 1907, F. Knab,
Allotype, found on imported orchids from Port Barrios, Guatemala ;
Paratype male, Natchez, Miss., June 2, 1909, E. A. Schwarz
(U.S.N.M.) ; female, Plummer Island, Md., August, 1903, A. Busck
(Cornell Univ.) ; Plummer Island, Md., Sept. 9, Falls Church, Va.,
Oct. 13, N. Banks; Maiden, Mass., Oct., 1883, F. H. Sprague (Mus.
Comp. Zool.).
Type, allotype, and paratype. — Cat. No. 26704, U.S.N.M.
EMPICORIS ARMATUS (Champion).
Ploiariodes armata Champion, G. C. Biologia, vol. 2. 189S, p. 165 [Guate-
mala ; Panama].
Plocariola mansueta Bergroth, E. The American Species of Ploeariola Reut.
(Hem. Reduviidae). Notulae Entomologicae, vol. 2, 1922, pp. 51, 80-81 [San-
ford, Fla., Mandeville, Jamaica].
Head with white decumbent hairs which form three curved longi-
tudinal lines on each side, one from lower posterior angle of eye, one
from just above middle of eye and a third from upper posterior an-
gle of eye, the latter curved inward at middle. Pronotum with two
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 21
whitish submedian vitlae which do not reach anterior or posterior
margins, the space betwen them yellowish, laterad of these and across
their posterior extremities dark brown, hind margin of pronotum
narrowly pale yellowish in middle, broadly so on each posterior Ma-
terial angle, dorsum with rather dense decumbent white hairs; meso-
notal spine dark brown, pale at tip; mentanotal spine whitish; basal
abdominal spine dark brown. Abdomen brown, venter unspotted,
spiracles and a connexival streak in front of them on each segment,
whitish. Wing spots not irrorate; stigma from cross-vein to near
tip filled with two contiguous or subcontiguous brown or fuscous
spots.
Lateral pronotal carina complete, without anterior process; me-
dian process on hind margin of pronotum stout, conspicuous. Fore
coxa slender, almost as long as pronotum and half as long as femur.
Vein closing posterior half of discal cell much curved. Apical anten-
nal segment fully one-third as long as preapical. Male genitalia as
in figure 8.
Length, 4-5.5 mm.
Localities. — Sanford, Fla., April 26, 1908, Mandeville, Jamaica,
April 1906, E. P. Van Duzee (Type material Ploeariola mansueta
Bergroth, Coll. Van Duzee) ; Aibonito, Porto Rico, July 14-17, 1914
(Am. Mus.) ; Paraiso, Canal Zone, February 10, 1911 E. A. Schwarz;
Cacao Trece Aguas, Guatemala, April 21, E. A. Schwarz and H. S.
Barber; Vega Alta, Porto Rico, February 26, 1917, R. J. Cotton,
Paradise Key, Fla., Feb. 28, 1918, E. A. Schwarz (U.S.N.M.) ; Se-
bastian, Fla., February 11, 1919, A. Wetmore (Biol. Survey) ;
Gainesville, Fla., June 9, 1918, C. J. Drake (Drake.).
We had this species identified as armatus Champion prior to the
appearance of Doctor Bergroth's paper and to settle whether we
were in error we requested W. E. China to supply data from an
examination of the type. The information kindly furnished by that
gentleman confirms our identification and synonymy.
EMPICORIS SUBPARALLELUS, new species.
Male.— Similar to nudus in color and structure, differing as stated
in ke}r. The black spots on antennae are much smaller than in
nudus, and especially apically, the last two segments in nudus be-
ing almost entirely fuscous whereas in subparallelus they are largely
white, the apical segment having a small black spot at base and a
larger one near apex.
Length, 4.5 mm.
Type. — Cayamas, Cuba, March 2, E. A. Schwarz (U.S.N.M.).
A female specimen from Brownville, Texas, May 7, H. S. Barber,
(U.S.N.M.), lacking the head and most of the legs appears to belong
22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. (57
to this species; the pronotal tubercle is better developed than in
the type.
Type.— Male, Cat. No. 26705, U.S.N.M.
EMPICORIS NUDUS, new species.
Female. — Head marked as in armatus; the white lines are not
composed of moderately long decumbent hairs but of microscopic
pile or pruineseence, and the two lines on dorsum are regularly
arcuate, the anterior and posterior extremities being incurved. The
dorsum of pronotum is chocolate brown on disk between the white
lines, the latter are very slender, converge from anterior margin to
constriction, and then arcuately diverge, ending a short distance from
hind margin of pronotum; laterad of the white lines the posterior
half of pronotum is paler brown; there is a slender white Y-shaped
mark extending from constriction over humerus on each side, a
white line along the hind margin, and the lateral carinae are white.
In other respects as annatus.
Pronotum almost nude, processes and spines as in armatus. Fore
coxa stouter than in that species, distinctly shorter than pronotum,
and half as long as femur; stigmatal spot farther from apex.
Apical antennal segment fully half as long as preapical.
Length, 4.5 mm.
Holotype. — Paradise Key, Fla., March 6, 1919, E. A. Schwarz
and H. S. Barber (U.S.N.M.).
EMPICORIS PARSHLEYI (Bergroth).
Ploeariola parsJileyi Bergroth, E. Am. Ploeariola. Notulae Entomologicae,
vol. 2, 1922, pp. 50-51 and 79 [Falls Church, Va.].
Color decidedly more brownish than in errabundus. Dorsum of
pronotum behind suture pale yellowish brown, but little darker than
the lateral carinae; thoracic spines pale. Venter of abdomen pale
brown, unspotted. Most of the fuscous spots on wings and espe-
cially those in discal cell with minute clear dots in them; apices of
hind wings not spotted. Legs and antennae ringed and spotted with
fuscous.
Pronotum with lateral carina, which has a small process at anterior
extremity, and with a poorly developed but distinguishable median
process on hind margin. Fore legs short and stout, the femur not
longer than the pronotum, the coxa about half as long as the femur
and not longer than distance from coxal cavity to upper anterior
margin of pronotum. Stigma normal, rather broadly rounded at
apex; discal cell produced at apex, both veins closing cell curved.
Apical antennal segment fully half as long as preapical.
Length, 5-6 mm.
akt. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 23
Localities. — Falls Church, Va., August 1, N. Banks (Holotype,
Coll. Bergroth) ; same locality, August 22 (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.)
same locality, August 6, 25, N. Banks (Mus. Comp. Zool.) ; Plummer
Island, Md., June 27, 1911, August 10, 1915, H. S. Barber (U.S.
N.M.) ; Contoocook, N. H., July 16, 1920, E. W. Hall (Drake) ;
Beverly, Mass., July 15, 1906 (Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.).
EMPICORIS CULICIFORMIS (De Geer).
Cimex culiciformis De Geek, Charles. Mem. Hist. Insects, 3, 1773, pp.
323-8, pi. 17, figs. 1-S [France].
l'loiaria alata Scopoli, J. A. Deliciae Florae et Faunae Insubricae, etc.,
pt. 3, 1788, pp. 52-53, pi. 25, figs. 6-10 [Austria].
Gerris erraticus Faixen, C. F. Monographia Cimicum Sueciae, 1818, pp.
117-118.
l'loiaria maeulata Haldeman, S. S. Descriptions of several new species and
one new genus of insects. Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Phila., vol. 3 (1846-7) 1848,
p. 151 [Pennsylvania]. A longer description is given in a later article by
Haldeman entitled " On four new species of Hemiptera of the genera Ploiaria,
Cbermes, and Aleurodes," etc. (Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 2, vol. 9, 1850, p. 108).
Ploiariodes errabunda Banks, N. Emesidae, 1909, p. 46 [Va., Md.].
We have before us several European specimens of this species in-
cluding one male. A number of North American specimens, com-
prising males also, agree in every particular Avith those from Europe
so that we have been compelled to accept the American species as
culiciformis. In color it agrees very closely with errabundus but it
is distinguished structurally as indicated in the key, and also by the
lateral carina of the pronotum lacking the anterior process. The
apical sternite in male is more broadly rounded at apex than in erra-
bundus and the hj^popygial claspers are knobbed at apices as shown
in figure 9. No other species so far as we know has this last struc-
tural peculiarity. The wings are as in errabundus but the hind pair
are not spotted apically (fig. 10). Apical antennal segment about
half as long as preapical. One or two of the basal ventral spines on
fore femur quite prominent.
Length, 4—4.5 mm.
Localities.— Boston, Mass., Oct. 26,1921, H. Biddle (Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist.) ; Pennsylvania, June, Uhler Coll. labeled as type of Ploiaria
maeulata Haldeman (U. S. N. M.) ; Plummer Island, Md., May 22,
1912, at light, E. A. Schwarz (U. S. N. M.) ; Kenilworth, D. C, July
26, 1912, O. Heidemann (Cornell Univ.) ; Eastern Branch, D. C,
May 14, 1901, at light, A. Busck (Van Duzee) ; May wood, Va., Oct.
16, 1915, W. L. McAtee (McAtee) ; Vienna, Va., Aug. 17, 1913, H. G.
Barber (Barber) ; Falls Church, Va., May 27, July 20, 25, Aug. 2,
29, N. Banks (M. C. Z.) ; Falls Church, Va., July 20, N. Banks (Cor-
nell Univ.) ; Falls Church, Va., Aug. 6, and no date (Van Duzee) ;
Falls Church, Va., Aug. 7, N. Banks (Parshley) ; Falls Church, Va.,
24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
Sept. 29, N. Banks (McAtee) ; Falls Church, Va., Aug. 22, N. Banks
(U. S. N. M.) ; Berkeley, W. Va., Aug. 20, 1891 (Cornell Univ.) ;
The Dalles, Ore., May 19 (Cornell Univ.).
With reference to the supposed type of Ploiaria maculata Halde-
man listed above it is to be said that in Haldeman's first article the
data for his specimen are given as " Pennsylvania, July," and in
the second " Pennsylvania, June and July." Uhler tells us : 7 " Prof.
Haldeman generously gave me the type of his description," but this
specimen is the type of the second, not the original description. The
latter. Haldeman informs us, was mutilated and now probably is lost.
This species, next to erraburtdus, is the commonest of the genus
in America.
EMPICORIS ERRABUNDUS (Say).
Ploiaria crrabunda Say, Thomas. Descriptions of new species of Heterop-
terous Hemiptera of North America, 1831 ; Reprint Trans. N. Y. State Agr.
Soc. 1857, p. 804; Complete Writings, vol. 1, 1859, p. 359 [North America].
Ploiariodes tuberculata Banks, N. Emesidae, 1909, p. 46 [Sea Cliff, N. Y.,
Falls Church, Va.].
In addition to the characters mentioned in the key, this species
has the venter with dense appressed white pile except on numerous
small round areas at bases of the longer hairs which give it under a
a moderate magnification the appearance of being spotted. The
fore coxa is nearly as long as the pronotum, the cross-veins in the
hind wing form an angulated line, both the veins closing the discal
cell are curved so that the apex of the cell is drawn out into a rather
long point, the stigma is spotted beyond the cross- vein (fig. 11), and
the eighth sternite in the male has an obtusely pointed terminal
process (fig. 12). The apical antennal segment is one-third as long
as preapical. Fore tibia and tarsus as in figure 13.
Length : 4-4.5 mm.
Our most common and widely distributed species, represented in
the material examined by the following collections : Paris, Me., July
4, 1916, C. A. Frost (Parshley) ; Monmouth, Me., July 27, 1912,
C. A. Frost; Fall River, Mass., May 22, 1911, N. S. Easton (Bost.
Soc. Nat, Hist.) ; Amherst, Mass., June 5, 1914; Cold Spring Har-
bor, New York, July 29, O. B. Meiner (Parshley) ; Sea Cliff, N. Y.,
Aug., N. Banks (M. C. Z.) ; White Plains, N. Y., Aug. 21, 1909
(Bueno) ; Penn Mar, Pa., July 15 (Cornell Univ.) ; Bedford Co.,
Pa., Aug. 8, O. Heidemann (Cornell Univ.) ; Bedford Co., Pa.,
Aug. (E. P. Van Duzee) ; Cropley, Md., April 27, 1910, laid eggs
soon after capture, H. S. Barber (U.S.N.M.) ; Forest Glen, Md.,
July 14, 1915, at light, O. Heidemann (Cornell Univ.) ; Plummer
Island, Md., May 7, 1916, R. C. Shannon (U.S.N.M.); Plummer
7 I'roc. Hoston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 19, p. 431, Nov. 1878.
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARITNAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 25
Island, Md., May 21, 1910, Aug. 16, 1914, W. L. McAtee (Biol.
Survey) ; Falls Church, Va., Aug. 7, Sept. 24 (type of P. tuber-
cidata Banks), N. Banks (Mus. Comp. Zool.) ; Herndon, Va., Aug.
1911, H. G. Barber (Barber, Bueno, U.S,N.M.) ; Mount Vernon, Va..
Aug. 20, 1916, W. L. McAtee (McAtee) ; Berkeley Springs, W. Va.,
Sept. 20, 1886 (Cornell Univ.) ; Thomasville, Ga., Mrs. A. P. Tay-
lor (U.S.N.M.) ; Michigan (U.S.N.M.); Ridgeway, Ont., Aug. 7,
1886; E. P. Van Duzee (Iowa Agr. Coll.); Kansas (E. P. Van
Duzee) ; Onaga, Kansas, F. F. Crevecoeur (U.S.N.M.) ; Texas, Uhler
Coll. (U.S.N.M.) ; Dallas, Tex., June 7, 1907, F. C. Pratt (U.S.N.M.) ;
Kerrville, Tex., June 19, 1907, F. C. Pratt (U.S.N.M.); Mexico
(Cornell Univ.).
After a careful examination of all the American species available,
and consideration of Say's original description, we have no doubt
that this is the species Say had before him and not that here iden-
tified as culiciformis De Geer which has gone under the name erra-
bunda. The present species has the small knob on the anterior end
of lateral carina of prothorax, which Say specifically mentions
("the lateral carinate line of the thorax has a prominence like an
obtuse spine before "), while the other never has it so far as we have
been able to find. The fact that no mention was made by Say of the
median process on middle of hind margin of pronotum may have
been due either to his considering it of generic value or to oversight,
the latter being not at all improbable as the tubercle is net conspicu-
ous except when viewed from the side.
Genus STENOLEMUS Signoret.
Stetwlcmus Signoret, V. Description d'un nonveau Genre de la Tribu des
Longicoxes, Amyot et Serville. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ser. 3, vol. 6, 1858, pp.
251-2, pi. 6, figs. 1-3 [Monobasic, 8. spiniventris, new species, genotype.]
Phantasmatophanes Kirkaldy, G. W. A catalogue of the Hemiptera of Fiji,
Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 33, 1908, pp. 369-370, fig. 2 [Monobasic,
P. muiri, new species, genotype.]
Emendation. Stenolacm us.
In species of this genus the labrum is closely adherent to base of
rostrum and there is no spine between bases of antennae; the apices
of the latter are more or less enlarged, ending in an acute process
which may be more or less curved or angled. The prothorax is
very variable in structure, but is always carried backward over
mesonotum to the bases of wings, and is very noticeably constricted
near middle, or pedicillate; there are great differences in the length
of the pedicel connecting the anterior and posterior lobes. Some
species have merely a constriction while others have a long pediceL
This difference is however not coordinated with any other outstand-
ing structural character except in the case of arizonensis which has
26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. G7
the venation of forewing different from that of the other species;
we consider this species entitled to subgeneric rank. The mesonotum
and metanotum each have a long spine on middle of hind margin.
The male hypopygium is of the form shown in figure 16. Fore
femur spinose from base, fore tarsus not heavily chitinized, short
and straight, with two distinct segments, hairy above and below;
claws equal.
With the exception of S. arizonensis members of this genus are
whitish to stramineous with brown to black markings of variable
extent; their usual pale coloration and the abundance of long hairs
on most parts of the body give them a habitus quite distinct among
American genera. While the extent to which dark markings prevail
is variable, the pattern is nearly the same throughout all of the sub-
genus Stenolemus. The principal features of these markings are
the following : Bands differing in number, width and intensity, and
sometimes in character of pubescence, and even of the supporting
integument, on antennae and legs; two longitudinal vittae on top
of anterior lobe of head; a band on each side of head from neck
toward eyes dividing so as to leave the tubercles and a spot behind
each eye pale; on prothorax a stripe nearly percurrent on lower
surface, embracing most of pedicel, and sending a tongue posteriorly
along side of posterior lobe, and anteriorly a band above front coxa,
and a broad vitta each side of the median line on dorsum, these
latter vittae interrupted by one or two pale stripes on outer side
near base ; mesothorax and metathorax largely dark, with pale edg-
ings, and abdomen the same, more or less marked with pale. In
most cases we have figured the forewings in order to give a clearer
idea of their markings.
KEY TO THE SUBGENERA AND SPECIES.
1. A distinct vein emitted from costal margin of basal discal cell of forewing
(figs. 21, 23, 26, 29) (Subgenus Stenolemus) 2
No vein emitted from costal margin of basal discal cell of forewing (fig. 14) ;
basal stout spine on posteroventral surface of fore femur directed down-
ward, not angling towards base of femur; prothorax hardly pedunculate,
anterior lobe gradually narrowed posteriorly, posterior lobe without tu-
bercles on posterior margin ; dorsum of head without post-sutural tubercles.
Subgenus Stenolemoides, new subgenus, type species, Luteva arizonensis
Banks (p. 28).
2. Basal spine of fore femur directed straight downward, not angling towards
base of femur ; prothorax deeply constricted but not pedunculate, anterior
lobe quadrate, posterior lobe with four distinct tubercles near hind margin ;
subapical antennal segment longer than apical; fore tibia stout (fig. 17),
barely longer than fore coxa and hardly as long as head and interior lobe
of prothorax combined ; mesothoracic and metathoracic spines short and
stout, tapered apically pristinus, new species (p. 23).
Basal spine of fore femur angling towards base of femur 3
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 27
3. Prothorax not distinctly pedunculate, anterior lobe tapered posteriorly, tu-
bercles on posterior lobe nearly obsolete; subapical antennal segment less
than half as long as apical : fore tibia slender (fig. 20) about twice as long as
fore coxa and as long as head and thorax combined ; mesothoracic and me-
tathoracic spines long and slender pallidipennis, new species (p. 30).
Prothorax pedunculate, the peduncle sharply differentiated from the anterior
and posterior swollen lobes and about as long as or longer than the former ;
posterior lobe with four tubercles near hind margin 4
4. Abdomen without submedian spines on venter in addition to the pedicillate
spiracles ; posterior discal cell bisected longitudinally by a distinct vein :
basal and apical bands on hind femur brownish, the middle one deep black
and very conspicuous schwarzi Bergroth (p. 30).
Abdomen with a pair of submedian spines on hind margin of sternites 3 to 5
or at least on 3 and 4 in addition to the pedicillate spiracles 5
5. Submedian spines on venter distinguishable only on sternites 3 and 4, poste-
rior discal cell not bisected by a longitudinal vein (fig. 24) ; all hind fem-
oral dark bands broad and fuscous in color, not conspicuously dark
pilose variatus, new species (p. 31).
Submedian spines on abdomen present on sternites 3 to 5, inclusive 6
6. The small cross-vein behind basal discal cell in line with the posterior ex-
tremity of the vein closing that cell (fig. 25) ; submedian spines near hind
margin of pronotum not acute, mere convexities on surface ; posterior discal
cell without longitudinal vein ; dark bands on hind femora except the apical
one very narrow interstitialis, new species (p. 31).
The small cross-vein behind basal discal cell distinctly proximad of the
posterior extremity of the vein closing that cell (fig. 28) ; submedian spines
near posterior margin of pronotum acute 7
7. Posterior discal cell of forewing bisected longitudinally by a distinct vein ;
mesothoracic and metathoracic spines not thickened near apices 8
Posterior discal cell of forewing not bisected by a distinct vein ; meso-
thoracic and metathoracic spines more or less swollen near apices (figs. 31.
32) ; tubercles on hind lobe of head prominent, acute 9
8. Dark bands on hind femora broad, separated by about their own width,
brown in color, the short hairs uniformly brown on all bands ; bands on
hind tibiae pale, third one from base especially so ; sixth tergite without a
pair of submedian spines at apex ; wing venation as in figure 26 : basal
discal cell with two or three narrow whitish lines through the dark in-
terior hirtipes, new species (p. 32).
Dark bands on hind femora narrow, separated by much more than their own
width, the basal bands black and black haired, the apical one golden
haired; bands on hind tibiae all black; sixth tergite with a pair of sub-
median spines at apex ; basal discal cell with numerous reticulating pale
lines in dark part mexicanus, new species (p. 32).
9. Portion of vein along inner margin of basal discal cell longer than the por-
tion along same margin of posterior discal cell, and much arcuated ba-
sally (fig. 29) ; mesothoracic and metathoracic spines as in figure 31.
spiniger, new species (p. 33).
Portion of vein along inner margin of basal discal cell shorter than that along
same margin of posterior discal cell, and but little arcuate basally ; meso-
thoracic and metathoracic spines as in figure 32.
perplexus, new species (p. 33).
28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
NOTES ON PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED SPECIES NOT INCLUDED IN THE FOREGOING KEV.
spiniventris {Stenolemus) Signoret, V. Ann. Soe. Ent. France, ser. 3, vol. 6,
1858, p. 253 [Mexico].
Apparently runs to that section of our key embracing the new
species, spiniger and perplexus, but the meso- and meta-notal spines
if properly figured, differ from those of either of these species or in
fact from any we have seen. The mesonotal spine is represented as
erect and acute and the metanotal, swollen at tip and curved so as
to extend forward past the mesonotal spine.
SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES.
No cross vein emitted from costal margin of basal discal cell ; basal spine of
fore femur directed downward ; posterior lobe of head and of pronotum
without tubercles. (Subgenus Stcnolcmoides) arizonensis.
A cross vein emitted from costal margin of basal discal cell ; posterior lobe
of head and of pronotum with tubercles (Subgenus Stenolemus) .
Prothorax deeply constricted but not pedunculate.
Basal spine of fore femur directed downward pristinus.
Basal spine of fore femur directed basad pallidipennis.
Prothorax pedunculate ; basal spine of fore femur directed basad.
Abdomen without submedian ventral spines schwarzi.
Abdomen with submedian ventral spines.
variatus.
interstitialis.
hirtipes.
mexicanus.
spiniger.
perplexus.
Stenolemoides, new subgenus.
Differs from subgenus /Stenolemus in the venation of fore and hind
wings as shown in figures 14 and 15, the basal discal cell in former
having no vein emitted from its costal margin. The basal spine of
posteroventral series on fore femur is directed downward and not
sloped towards base of femur as in most species of Stenolemus.
Type species. — Luteva arizonensis Banks, N. (Emesidae 1909, p. 45).
STENOLEMUS (STENOLEMOIDES) ARIZONENSIS (Banks).
Luteva arizonensis Banks, N., Emesidae, 190D, p. 45 [Palmerlee, Arizona].
A pale brownish yellow species, without distinct markings on fore-
wings. Basal two antennal segments with a few whitish annuli.
Anterior third or more of posterior lobe of pronotum whitish, poste-
rior margin subfuscous. Anterior femora and tibiae faintly whitish
annulate, mid and hind femora each with six whitish annuli. Most
of the veins of fore wings paler than the membrane.
Head about as wide as long on dorsum, eyes large, the posterior
lobe slightly bulbous above and neither tuberculate nor sulcate. An-
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 29
terior lobe of prothorax about 1.5 as long as wide, much tapered
posteriorly, barely half as wide at posterior as at anterior margin,
dorsum arched, posterior lobe slightly widened posteriorly, a little
longer than anterior lobe, with a broad shallow median depression,
posterior width less than greatest length, no tubercles near posterior
margin. Legs less elongate and hairy than usual in the genus ; fore
tibia and tarsus as in figure 18. Hypopygium as in figure 16.
Length, 8-9 mm.
Data for specimens examined: Arizona, C. U. Lot 34 (Uhler
Coll.) ; Oracle, Ariz., July 23; Yerington, Nev., July 13, J. P. Baum-
berger; Los Angeles, Calif., August (U.S.N.M.). The holotype also
was examined (M. C. Z.).
Subgenus Stenolemus Signoret.
STENOLEMUS PRISTINUS, new species.
Female. — Head, anterior lobe of prothorax, and abdomen con-
spicuously marked and clouded with brownish fuscous and the fore
wings almost entirely of that color, with the veins, some reticulating
lines, and a few minute dots, whitish. The antennal, and femoral,
and tibial annuli of mid and hind legs are very pale brown and,
with the exception of the preapical one on each femur, inconspicu-
ous; front coxa with 2, and front femora and tibiae with 4 rather
conspicuous brown bands.
Head broader than long, eyes large, covering much more than
half the entire length of side of head, transverse suture on dorsum
not very deep, posterior lobe with two small but sharp processes on
dorsum anteriorly; antennae much stouter than usual, with long
hairs, third segment fully as long as fourth. Anterior lobe of pro-
thorax subquadrate, not tapered, separated from posterior lobe by
a deep constriction, posterior lobe widened from anterior to poste-
rior margin, with four distinct but not very large tubercles near
posterior margin ; mesothoracic and metathoracic spines compara-
tively short and stout. Spines on fore legs much shorter than in
any of the other species, the basal one not bent towards base of
femur (fig. 17). Abdomen elongate ovate, third, fourth, and fifth
tergites each with an angular projection near posterior lateral
angles; venter without submedian spines, spiracles elevated. Poste-
rior discal cell of fore wing with a longitudinal vein bisecting it,
vein emitted by basal discal cell not as close to base as in next
species, the cell acute at base.
Length, 7.5 mm.
Holotype.— Key West, Fla., April 9, E. A. Schwarz (U.S.N.M-).
The fore tibia in this species has about three series of minute sub-
decumbent black setulae on venter, while in pallidipennis it has two
30 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
series, one anteroventral and the other posteroventral, which consist
of much longer suberect spines of unequal lengths alternating. All
the other species of the genus in this paper have the anteroventral
series complete (arizonensis) , or that series complete and the postero-
ventral series present on at least the apical half of tibia.
Type.— Female, Cat. No. 26707, U.S.N.M.
STENOLEMUS PALLID1PENNIS, new species.
Male.— Much paler than the other species of the genus, the gen-
eral color stramineous, the femoral annuli very indistinct, and the
wing markings pale fuscous.
Head as broad as long, arched above, the posterior lobe slightly
tumid on each side of median line anteriorly; basal antennal seg-
ment and base of second segment above very long haired, third seg-
ment not one-third as long as fourth. Profile of head and thorax
as in figure 19. Anterior lobe of prothorax not longer than its
greatest width, anterior lateral angles tumid, narrowed posteriorly,
and separated from posterior lobe by a deep constriction, posterior
lobe gradually widened from anterior to posterior margin, about
1.5 times as long as anterior lobe and as long as wide, the four
tubercles before hind margin barely evident; mesothoracic and
metathoracic spines slender, curved, the pointed apices directed for-
ward. Venter lacking submedian processes, the spiracles slightly
elevated and situated very close to lateral margins; hypopygium
not large, almost covered on dorsum by the broadly rounded
posterior projection of the apical tergite, claspers small, slender,
curved. Venter and all femora and tibiae with very long line
hairs; fore femur with the postero-ventral spines longer and more
widely spaced than usual, four or five of them conspicuously longer
than the others, the basal one directed somewhat toward the base
of femur (fig. 20). Venation as in figures 21 and 22.
Length, 8.5 mm.
Holotype. — Santa Rita Mountains, Ariz.. June 12, 1898, E. A.
Schwarz (U. S.N. M.).
Type.— Cat. No. 26708 U. S. N. M.
STENOLEMUS SCHWARZI Berg roth.
Stenolaemus schwarsi Bekgroth, E. New and little known heteropterous
Hemiptera in the United States National Museum, Proe., U. S. Nat. Mus., vol.
51, pp. 229-230, Oct. 28, 1916 [Tampieo, Mex.].
This species, in common with most of those treated in this paper,
has the fore wing concave behind the apex (fig. 23), the degree
of concavity varying with the species, the least occurring in
pallidipennis.
ART. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 31
The antennae and legs in schwarzi appear slightly thicker at the
dark annuli and are also furnished with more dense blackish
pubescence on these parts: thoracic spines piceous. Wings with
the fuscous markings as seen with the naked eye consisting of two
or three bands irrorated with whitish.
Head across eyes slightly broader than long, eye as wide as inter-
ocular space; posterior lobe with 2 moderate swellings on dorsum
anteriorly. Anterior lobe of prothorax a little longer than the
peduncle, posterior lobe rather abruptly widened, the posterior
tubercles distinct. Basal and one other spine of the postero-ventral
series on fore femur much longer than the others. Venation and
markings of forewings as in figure 23. The male has the wings
less extensively blackened, the disk being almost all white.
Length, 8-10 mm.
Redescribed from the type specimen, a female, No. 20149, U.S.N.M.,
Tampico, Mexico, Dec. 21, E. A. Schwarz, two males. Tegucigalpa,
Honduras, July 25 and 26, 1917, and one female, La Ceiba, Honduras,
September 27. 1916, F. J. Dyer (U.S.N.M.).
STENOLEMUS VARIATUS, new species.
Male. — Mesothoracic spine pale, metathoracic one darker. Wings
more evenly infuscated than in schwarzi, basal discal cell almost
solid black, center of posterior discal cell with an amoeboid yellowish
splotch. Hind femoral and tibial bands broader than in other species
and lacking short dark hairs, the long hairs on the bands dark
brown, those on other parts of femora and tibiae pale brown.
Tubercles on posterior lobe of head barely perceptible. Anterior
lobe of prothorax a little longer than pedicel; processes near hind
margin of posterior lobe elongate, acute; mesothoracic and metathor-
acic spines slender, of about equal size, blunt at tips, with rather
Jong hairs. Abdomen as stated in key. Fore coxa a little longer
than pedicel of prothorax, fore femur slightly curved, with normal
armature. Basal discal cell of fore wing as in figure 24, apical
discal cell not subdivided longitudinally, acute at apex.
Length, 10 mm.
Holotype. — Near San Ignacio, Misiones, Argentina. 1910, E. R.
Wagner. (Paris Museum.)
STENOLEMUS INTERSTITIALIS, new species.
Male. — General color as in variatus but the hind femoral and tibial
bands are much narrower and paler.
Tubercles on posterior lobe of head small but rather acute. An-
terior lobe of prothorax slightly shorter than pedicel; submedian
tubercles on posterior lobe mere round swellings (the thorax is in
32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vor.. 67
poor condition owing to faulty pining) ; metathoracic spine slightly
more thickened preapically than mesothoracic, both attenuated
apically and rather densely long haired but not so pronouncedly
so as in spiniger, submedian ventral spines long, posteriorly
curved. Basal discal cell as in figure 25; apical discal cell lacking
longitudinal dividing vein. Dark bands on hind femora separated
by about twice their own width, lacking short dark hairs.
Length, 10 mm.
Holotype. — French Guiana, 1899, R. Oberthur (Paris Museum).
STENOLEMUS HIRTIPES, new species.
Female. — Similar to schivarzi in color, rather paler, with the
fore wings differently marked (fig. 26), and the antennal, femoral,
and tibial annuli much paler.
In addition to the structural characters mentioned in the key the
following are the principal characters possessed by this species :
Head as broad as long, bituberculate on dorsum of posterior lobe
anteriorly; basal antennal segment and base of second above very
long haired, third segment about three-fifths as long as fourth.
Anterior lobe of prothorax as long as peduncle, posterior lobe not
abruptly widened, the tubercles large and rather sharp ; mesothoracic
and metathoracic spines erect and slender. Fore femur with only
two of the postero-ventral spines conspicuously longer and stoute'r
than the others; all legs, the prothorax, and venter densely and
rather long haired. Fore tibia and tarsus as in figure 27.
Length, 9-10 mm.
Holotype. — Female, and two paratypes Mississippi, no other data,
Coll. Ashmead (U.S.N.M.) ; one paratype, Miami, Fla., September
24, 1913, W. T. Davis (Davis) ; and another N. Landing, S. C,
W. F. Fiske (U.S.N.M.).
Type.— Female, Cat. No. 26709, U.S.N.M.
STENOLEMUS MEXICANUS. new species.
Female. — Head, thorax, and wings more extensively blackened
than in other species of this subgenus, the markings on the wings
much broken by narrow white lines and irregular dots.
Pedicel of prothorax a little longer than anterior lobe, posterior
lobe with the 4 tubercles distinct ; mesothoracic spine slender, tapered
to apex, metathoracic one stouter and not so much tapered apically,
both with rather inconspicuous hairs. Basal discal cell of forewings
as in figure 28 ; a distinct, undulated, longitudinal vein through mid-
dle of posterior discal cell, as in schwarzi. Basal 2 bands on hind
femora very narrow, middle one (deeper black) broader than these
two combined and distinctly broader than either of the apical two;
hind tibial bands except basal one about three times as long as tibial
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 33
diameter ; fore coxa a little longer than prothoracic pedicel; fore
femur as thick as pedicel, the basal spine long, normal.
Length, 10 mm.
Holotype. — Frontera, Tabasco, Mexico, June, 1897, Townsend
(Iowa State College).
STENOLEMUS SPINIGER, new species.
Male and female. — Similar to hirtipes in color, the wings marked
as in figure 29, but rather variable in intensity and form of markings.
Besides the characters mentioned in the key, the peduncle of the
prothorax is slightly longer than the anterior lobe (on dorsum) and
distinctly tapered anteriorly (fig. 30), not equally thick the whole
length as in hirtipes; the vein emitted by basal discal cell is longer
and nearer base of cell than in that species, and there are three or
four outstanding stout spines on the posteroventral surface of fore
femur. Thoracic spines as in figure 31.
Length : 10-12 mm.
Holotype.— Male, Brownsville, Tex., May 21, 1904, H. S. Barber.
Allotype, Brownsville, Tex., A. Jagow. Paratopes, one female.
Escuintla, Guatemala. August, 1898. F. Knab; one female with label
"Venedo" and no other data (U.S.N.M.) ; one female, Brownsville.
Tex., Dorner (111. Nat. Hist. Survey) ; and a male, Motzorongo,
V. C, Mexico, Feb. 11, 1892 (Iowa State College).
There is a small nymph from Brownsville, Tex., April 30, 1904,
H. S. Barber (U.S.N.M.) which may belong to this species or to
hirtipes, the presence of only twro outstanding postero- ventral spines
on fore femur apparently associating it with hirtipes, though we
have seen no specimens of that species from Texas. The mesonotum
and metanotum bear no spines; each abdominal tergite has a series
of four long tubercles near posterior margin and numerous minute
discal papillae, while each sternite has about eight small papillae
along posterior margin.
Type, allotype, and paratypes. — Male, Cat. No. 26710. U.S.N.M.
STENOLEMUS PERPLEXUS, new species.
Male and female. — Very similar in coloration and structure to
spiniger, the dark color more intense as a rule. The pedicel of pro-
thorax is longer, being distinctly longer than anterior lobe; the
upper margin of male hypopygium between the claspers has no pro-
nounced notch in center in perplexus while in spiniger it has. The
other distinctions are as stated in key. Thoracic spines as in figure
32.
Length, 11 mm.
Holotype. — Male, El Campamento Col. Perene, Peru, June 21,
1920 (Cornell Univ. Exped., Lot 569). Allotype. Jatahy, Prov.
Goyas, Brazil, 1889, H. Donckier (Paris Museum).
04993—25 3
34 PK0CEED1NGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
Genus DELIASTES Dohrn.
Deliastes Dohrn, A. Nachtriige, 1863, pp. 75-76 [Monobasic, D. reticulatus,
new species, genotype, p. 76].
This genus differs from any known to us in having the fore tarsi
heavily chitinized, bare above, and with but one oblique suture; the
claws are unequal in size. The fore femur is spined from near base
to apex, the basal spine longest ; and the fore tibia has a series of
setulae along the ventral surface which are stout at bases and are
bent at right angles at middle, their apices directed toward apex of
tibia. Second antennal segment slightly longer than first (13 :12),
third very short (0.75). Prothorax bilobate, in the winged forms the
posterior lobe extending to bases of wings. Mesonotum and meta-
notum unspined: abdomen normal. Venation of fore wing as in
figure 34 ; posterior discal cell with a nearly percurrent median longi-
tudinal fold, simulating a vein.
The female of the genotype is wingless, and. like all apterous
forms of Ploiariinae known to us, has the prothorax without
a backwardly projecting flap overlying the dorsum of mesothorax.
The abdomen is much broader than in male and with tergites 4-7
tuberculate posteriorly.
Through the kindness of Dr. M. S. Pennington, of Buenos Aires,
we have received a specimen of Deliastes bmchmanni Berg compared
by him with the type. Study of this specimen in connection with the
descriptions of Dohrn and Berg emboldens us to identify the genus
which we had previously failed to do and to synonymize Berg's
species with reticulatus Dohrn. There is a possibility of error here
as Dohrn ?s description calls for reticulate venation of the hemelytra;
however, because of the agreement of our specimens with the descrip-
tion in every other respect, we conclude that the " whitish veins "
mentioned are only color markings, not true veins. Since Dohrn
cites these " veins " as the principal distinction of Deliastes from
Palacus it is probable that these are really only one genus. If this
presumption is verified upon appeal to the types, the name Palacus
will have the preference due to page priority.
KEY TO THE srECIES.
1. Mid and hind femora dark brown or fuscous, each with two narrow strami-
neous annuli, one at one third of the length from apex and the other
close to apex; mid and hind tibiae paler than femora, especially api-
eally, a narrow band of fuscous marking off a pale band near base:
antennae brown, with a narrow stramineous band near apex and
another near base of first segment reticulatus Dohrn.
Mid and hind femora and tibiae, pale stramineous, each hind femur with a
small dark brown mark above at apex, the tibiae with a similar mark
at base, mid femora with 2 brown marks on posterior side of apical
half, mid tibiae with a narrow dark brown annulus near base; antennae
pale stramineous, narrowly dark brown at bases and apices of first and
second segments stramineipes, new species.
4UT. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARITNAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 35
DELIASTES RETICULATUS Dohrn.
Deliastcs reticulatus Dohrn, A. Nachtrage, 1863, p. 76 [Cuba].
Deliastes brachmarmi Berg, C. Addenda et Emendanda ad Hemiptera
Argentina, 1884, pp. 114-115 [Mendoza, Argentina].
Male. — Brownish fuscous, spotted and mottled with whitish. Fore
femur with two irregular whitish annuli, fore tibia with a broad
band on basal half and a narrower one on apical half, whitish. Fore
wings brownish fuscous, reticulated with fine whitish lines; hind
wings whitish hyaline.
Head very little longer than wide, convex above, the transverse
constriction deep; eyes large, as wide as the distance between them;
antennae, without long hairs. Anterior lobe of prothorax a little
shorter than posterior one, slightly tapered posteriorly, with no
distinct constriction between it and the posterior lobe, its extreme
length about twice its greatest width; posterior lobe arcuate both
longitudinally and transversely, tapering anteriorly, greatest length
about 1.5 times its greatest width, not tuberculate posteriorly. Apical
tergite forming a broad lobe which extends to apex of hypopygium
and almost entirely covers it, the apex bluntly rounded; upper
posterior border of hypopygium as in figure 35; claspers long,
slender, recurved apically; seventh sternice slightly concave posteri-
orly, not half as long as preceding one.
Female. — Similar to male in color, the abdomen with venter largely
yellowish, marked with brown, more conspicuously on sides, the
dorsum darker and with dark brown marbling over entire surface.
The eyes are much smaller than in male, being a little narrower
above than the interocular space. The prothorax has a noticeable
annular swelling just before its posterior margin and the margin
is not flared ; the mesonotum is distinctly humped posteriorly, with a
median straight, and 2 lateral curved carinae; metanotum also
tricarinate. Abdominal tergites 4 to 7 each with a median pointed
tubercle on middle of hind margin, the intermediate two largest,
posterior angles of connexivum angulate, most conspicuously so on
segments 4 to 6 ; tergites 8 and 9 as in figure 36.
Length, 10-11 mm.
Male specimen compared with type of hrachmanni, La Rioja,
Argentina, M. S. Pennington (Pennington) ; 3 males and 3 females.
Argentina, Chaco de Santiago del Estero, near Icano, E. R. Wagner
(Paris Museum) : one male, South America (Cornell Univ.).
There are three nymphs from the Paris Museum collection (witli
the same data as the adults) which agree in general characters of
head, thorax, and legs with the female, but the claws of the fore
tarsi are poorly differentiated, and there are no processes oh dorsum
of abdomen.
36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
DELIASTES STRAMINEIPES. new species.
Male. — Very similar to the male of the preceding species. Differs
in color as stated in key and also in having the forewings more
closely reticulated with whitish lines, and the process on upper
margin of hypopygium as in figure 37.
Length, 11 mm.
Holotype. — Argentina. Chaco de Santiago de Estero, near Icano,
E. It. Wagner (Paris Museum).
Genus PANAMIA Kirkaldy.
Panamia Kirkaldy, G. W. Notes on Central American Hemipterous Fauna,
Can. Ent., vol. 39, p. 249, July, 1907 [Monobasic, genotype, Lutcvopsis ornata
Champion].
This genus may readily be separated from its allies by the peculiar
venation of the fore wings (fig. 38) and also by the characters men-
tioned in the generic key.
PANAMIA ORNATA (Champion).
Lutevopsis omata Champion, Biologia, vol. 2, pp. 166-7, Oct. 1896 [Bugaba,
Panama].
Panamia ornata Kirkaldy, G. W. Notes on Central American Hemip-
terous Fauna, Can. Ent., vol. 39, p. 249, July 1907.
A pale testaceous yellow species, the pronotum sometimes with one
or two short oblique brown streaks on each side, and a faint median
vitta and sometimes 2 lateral clouds on posterior lobe. Fore wings
with some faint fuscous spots, the most distinct, being one in ex-
treme base of discal cell, one or more at middle of same, and one
near the cross vein at its apex.
Head including eyes nearly as broad as long, rounded above
(fig. 39) ; proboscis slender; antennal hairs not very long. Anterior
lobe of prothorax smooth, slightly shining, a little tapered poster-
iorly, with a punctiform depression in middle posteriorly, the con-
striction between it and the posterior lobe shallow, length about 1.5
as great as its width; posterior lobe granular, slightly silicate cen-
trally, with four very slight elevations near posterior margin,
length about 1.5 as great as width, slightly tapered anteriorly;
mesonotum with a rounded central elevation, metanotum with a
longitudinal ridge a little more prominent apically ; first abdominal
segment with a short, erect, spine. Abdomen slender, a little en-
larged terminally; segment preceding hypopygium in male deeply
concave both above and below, extending as a rounded flap on each
side for about half the length of the rather large hypopygium, the
latter open above posteriorly, the claspers slender and upturned
apically on each side of the very slender and acute hypopygial spine,
akt. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 37
which exceeds them by about a third of its length (figs. 40, 41).
Structure of hypopygium of female not very evident in the speci-
mens at hand, the ventral valve somewhat inflated, capping over
the end of the abdomen, the apical tergite with a rounded projec-
tion apically, and an emargination each side of it. Fore coxa about
as long as prothorax and five-sixths as long as fore tibia; fore femur
slender, about one fourth of its length longer than tibia, with about
four minute stout postero- ventral thorns and short soft hairs;
tibia lacking distinct armature; tarsus with two small slightly
divergent claws. Venation of hind wing as in figure 42.
Length, 7-8 mm.
Localities. — Tabernilla, Canal Zone, Panama, April 27, 1907, A
Busck. (U.S.N.M.); Chapada, Brazil, August, September, October
(Carnegie Mus.).
Genus.LUTEVOPSIS Champion.
Lutevopsis Champion, G. C. Biologia, vol. 2, pp. 165-6, Oct. 1898. [Included
species L. longimanus and L. ornata, both new; Mexico and Panama].
This genus was originally erected for the reception of two species
which Champion in his remarks on the genus points out " differ
greatly, but they may be retained in the same genus for the present."
We consider that the shape of the head, structure of the fore legs
and their armature, and the venation of the fore wings are suffi-
ciently distinct to warrant their assignment to different genera.
For the venation of the fore wing of Lutevopsis (s. s.) see figure 43.
The armature of the fore femur consists of moderately long thorns
and intervening shorter setulae and hairs, while the fore tibia has
a complete series of minute stubby denticles along the entire ventral
surface as in Gardena (fig. 95).
Genotype. — Lutevopsis longimanus Champion.
LUTEVOPSIS LONGIMANUS Champion.
Lutcropsis longimanus Champion, (i. C. Biologia, vol. 2, p. 166, Oct., 1898
[Chilpancingo, Mexico].
Female. — Reddish testaceous, shining, without distinct markings,
the venter of the abdomen darkest, and the wings unmarked. Head
over 1.5 times as long as wide, much tapered anteriorly, convex
above, anterior lobe with a deep short central longitudinal cavity at
posterior margin, the posterior lobe not sulcate (fig. 44). Anterior
lobe of prothorax fully twice as long as its greatest width, gradually
tapered from anterior to posterior margin, subopaque, with a slight
linear sulcus posteriorly, posterior lobe subquadrate, about two-
thirds as long as anterior, slightly elevated on each lateral angle
and in center posteriorly. Abdominal spiracles slightly raised, no
protuberances on tergites, the apical sternite convex at apex; seventh
38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
and eighth tergites polished, moderately convex apically, the former
three times as long as latter. Fore legs rather slender, coxa about five
sixths as long as tibia, the latter slightly curved. ' Venation of fore
wing as in figure 43.
Length, 10 mm.
Locality, Istachatla, Fla., July 24, Heidemann Collection (U. S.
N. M.).
We have had the opportunity of examining the type specimen of
Lutevopsis muscicapa Bergroth through the kindness of its describer
and find that it falls in the same genus as longimanus though the
spines on fore femur do not extend as near to base, and the fore tibia
is a little less than two-thirds as long as fore femur. It is a much
darker species than the genotype, being brownish fuscous, with yel-
lowish apical annulus on each hind femur (mid femora missing).
Doctor Bergroth has expressed a doubt as to the region from which
this species came. It is labelled " Borneo," but he suspects that it
may really be South American.
SPECIES NOT SEEN.
L. chilensis Porter, Carlos. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, vol. 25 (1921)
11)22, pp. 505-506 [Chile]. Seems too small for this genus.
Genus EMESA Fabricius.
Emesa Fabricius, J. C. Systema Rliyngotorum secundum Ordines, Genera,
Species, adiectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. 1S03,
p. 263. [For a discussion of the genotype see below.]
W estermannia Dohrn, A., Emesina I860, p. 251. [Includes three new species:
W. difficilis, Colombia : Ur. tenerrima, Porto Rico : and W. annulata, Mexico,
of which the last is here designated as the type species.]
Wextcrmannias Kirkaldy, G. W. Biographical and Nomenclatorial Notes on
the Hemiptera. The Entomologist, 15)04, p. 280. New name for Wester-
nwnnia Dohrn, 1860, preoccupied by Hubner's genus of the same name in
the Lepidoptera, 1816.
F. L. de Laporte in his Essai d'une Classification Systematique de
Fordre des Hemipteres (Hemipteres Heteropteres Latreille), Guerin's
Magasin de Zoologie, 1833 (p. 84), gives Emesa mantis Fabricius as
sole example of this genus. It is customary to accept the first such
mention of a single species in illustration of a genus as selection of
a genotype. E. P. Van Duzee in his Catalogue of the Hemiptera of
America North of Mexico, 1917 (p. 236), gives E. precatorius as the
type by original designation, a view in which we are unable to con-
cur. For a fuller discussion of the matter see Appendix 1.
Since the fate of the Fabrician genus Emesa and its component
species underlies the nomenclature of the whole subfamily it may be
well to give here a rather full discussion of the subject.
The genus Emesa originally included the following four species
at the pages indicated in the Systema Rliyngotorum.
abt. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 39
1. fifatm, Ent. Syst., vol. 4. 1794, p. 191. East India, p. 263.
2. longipes, Ent. Syst., vol. 4, 1794, p. 191. America, p. 263.
3. mantis, Ent. Syst., vol. 4, 1794, p. 190. Islands of America,
p. 263.
4. precatorius, new species. Middle America, pp. 263-264.
The status of these species is discussed in the following para-
graphs.
1. Unidentified by Dohrn (Emesina, 1860, p. 230) who shows that
the references by Gray, Bridle, and Blanchard do not certainly apply
to the insect Fabricius had. Distant?s citation 8 adds nothing that
would make definite the status of this species. Stal ;1 queries filum
showing that the type could not be found. We conclude that the
species is entirely unidentifiable.
2. Stal9 writes that longipes is a Zelus, thus removing it as a fac-
tor in taxonomy of the Ploiariinae.
3. The type of mantis recorded by Fabricius in his original de-
scription as being in the British Museum is still in that institution
and in good condition. Through the kindness of W. E. China we
are able to describe and illustrate it in this paper.
4. The Emesa precatorius of the Sy sterna Rhyngotorum is not the
Gerris praecatorius of the Entomologia Systematica (described from
Guinea). The type is still is existence (Sehestedt Museum), and we
have been furnished data concerning it by Dr. William Lundbeck.
(Seep. 82.)
Summarizing data as to the type species of Emesa Fabricius, it
appears that mantis was at least acceptably selected by Laporte as
the genotype. On the other hand it is only by a stretch of the
imagination that precatorius can be considered the genotype. (See
Appendix 1.)
The genus Emesa differs from Stenolemus in number of tarsal
joints, in venation, and in having no long spines on either the meso-
notum or metanotum, though the former has a central elevation and
the latter an apical tubercle, sometimes pronounced. The genus
Myiophanes Renter is related to Emesa and we have figured the
venation of the forewing (fig. 33) for comparative purposes.
KEY TO THE SUBGENERA.
1. Fore tibia with a series of erect antero-ventral spinules which are about half
as long as diameter of tibia, and between each pair of these two or more
shorter spinules; fore femur as in Stenolemus, without a distinct break in
antero-ventral series of spines near base, but the postero-ventral series
curved ventrad at base so that the last long spine is almost in middle of
ventral surface; venation of forewing as in figures 45, 46, 47; prothorax
elongate pedunculate, two small round warts on disk of posterior lobe.
Emesa Fabricius (p. 40).
8 Fauna British India, Rhynchota, vol. 2, 1904, p. 216.
9 Hemlptera Fabriciana, vol. 2, 1869, p. 123.
40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
Fore tibia either with a complete postero-ventral series of spinules mostly
as long as, or longer than, tibial diameter, or with microscopic ventral
denticles ; venation of forewing as in figure 54 ; prothorax not pedunculate,
without small warts on disk of posterior lobe 2
2. Fore femur with armature of postero-ventral surface consisting of short
stout spines with black apices and between each pair and in line with
them much shorter similar spines and longer fine bristles alternating, the
antero-ventral series consisting of only short spines alternating with fine
bristles, a rather wide break in the series near base, beyond which there
are two short spines ; fore tibia about two-thirds as long as femur, slightly
ridged on ventral surface, the apex of the ridge with two series of minute
denticles which are visible only under a high power lens ; third antennal
segment a little shorter than fourth Myiagreutes Bergroth (p. 42).
Fore femur with long fine bristles on postero-ventral surface, which are
situated on short elevated bases and rather closely spaced, the antero-
ventral surface with a similar series of shorter bristles which is in-
terrupted near base, there being one or more bristles basad of the
interruption 3
3. Fore tibia with a slight ridge along ventral surface which is surmounted by
two series of short black denticles Phasmatocoris Breddin (p. 44).
Fore tibia with a single complete series of minute blunt denticles on ventral
surface Kothbergia, new subgenus (p. 44).
Subgenus Emesa Dohrn.
Bibliographical citation and type species same as for the genus.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
1. Basal discal cell large, distinctly longer than wide, interpolated between sup-
plementary discal cell and posterior discal cell (fig. 45) ; anterior lobe of
pronotum without sharp tubercle on each side anteriorly.
annulatus (Dohrn) (p. 40).
Basal discal cell small or almost obsolete, when distinct much wider than
long, supplementary discal cell abutting on base of posterior discal
cell - 2
2. Basal discal cell subobsolete (fig. 46) ; anterior lobe of pronotum with a
sharply pointed tubercle on each side anteriorly; posterior lobe without
spines mantis (Fabricius) (p. 41).
Basal discal cell distinct (fig. 47) ; anterior lobe of pronotum with a small
rounded tubercle on each side anteriorly ; posterior lobe with a conical
acute spine on each humeral angle marmoratus, new species (p. 41).
EMESA (EMESA) ANNULATUS (Dohrn).10
Westermannia armulata Dohrn, A. Emesina, 1860, p. 251 [Mexico].
"We have not seen this species but have been favored by W. E.
China with data and sketches drawn from the specimens in the
British Museum identified as annulata by Champion. Our inform-
10 Apparently the name Emesa as a genus of Heteroptera must be considered mascu-
line in gender since of the originally included species the only one with a termination
indicating gender, namely precatorius, is masculine.
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 41
ant points out that the specimens agree with Dohrn's Latin descrip-
tion of 1860 but not with the German one of 1863 (Nachtrage, p. 49).
We reproduce Mr. China's sketches showing structural details of
the species (figs. 45, 48, 49). The color of the forewing is brownish,
with base, a band across basal discal cell, and the apex, much darker.
The brown annulations on mid and hind femora and tibiae are as
broad as, or broader than, the intervening pale spaces, whereas in
the next two species they are narrower than the pale spaces.
Length, 28 mm.
Locality, Mexico.
EMESA (EMESA) MANTIS (Fabricins).
Gerris mantis Fabricius, J. C. Ent. Syst, vol. 4, 1794, p. 190 [no locality].
In the Systema Rhyngotorum, 1803, p. 2G3, a locality, Islands of America is
given.
Westermannia mantis Champion, G. C. Ent. Mo. Mag., ser. 2, vol. 9, 1898,
p. 258.
We have not seen this species but have been supplied with data and
drawings from the type by W. E. China. We have thus been able to
definitely identify the species. The principal structural characters
are represented in Figures 46, 50, 51, 52.
The color of the forewings is similar to that of marmoratus, the
most conspicuous marking being the rather broad white veins at base
of outer discal cell which form an angulated mark across the middle
of the wing; the base of costa also is white. Structurally similar
to marmoratus except as stated in key.
Length, 20 mm.
The type is from Jamaica ; there is a second specimen, also in the
British Museum from Jamaica, which, according to Mr. China,
agrees with the type in all characters.
EMESA (EMESA) MARMORATUS. new species.
Female. — Dark brown, marked with yellowish white. Beak, an-
tennae, and legs conspicuously annulated. Anterior lobe of protho-
rax mottled, the pedicel largely whitish above, with brown spots,
black beneath; lateral carina of posterior lobe and a pair of small
tubercles on disk whitish. Abdomen almost black, with a few yel-
lowish white marks, the most conspicuous, being one on connexivum,
and another on each sternite in front of spiracles, the spiracles whitish.
Fore wings fuscous brown, mottled with darker, veins at base of
discal cell and the anterior half of the one closing costal half of outer
discal cell ivory white, the membrane near them hyaline.
Head longer than wide, hind lobe tapered posteriorly, with two
slight dorsal humps. Anterior lobe of prothorax about two-thirds as
94998— 25 4
42 PROCEEDINGS OP THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
long as pedicel, tapered posteriorly, not sulcate on dorsum, posterior
lobe a little shorter than pedicel, tapered anteriorly, about 1.5 as
long as wide, with a slight but distinct carina on each side, a sharp
tubercle near each posterior lateral angle, a pair of very small sub-
median tubercles behind middle, and a shallow median sulcus an-
teriorly. Connexivum with prominent angulate flaps on segments
6 and 7, eighth tergite longer than ninth, broadly rounded. Fore
femur slender, the shorter spines distinctly shorter than the femoral
diameter. Venation of fore and hind wings as in figures 47 and
53, respectively.
Male. — Anterior lobe of pronotum a little less than half as long
as pedicel, the fore legs longer and more slender than in female, the
abdomen more extended beyond apices of wings, with the apical ter-
gite tapering to tip, where it is rounded, its basal width about three-
fourths as great as its median length, the hypopygial claspers curved,
moderately stout and hairy, hind margin of hypopygium with a cen-
tral erect pale spike broad at base.
Length, 13-20 mm.
Holotype. — Female. Cayamas, Cuba. March 14, E. A. Schwarz.
Allotype, male, Uhler Collection (U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; para type,
female, much broken, without data (Bueno).
Type and allotypt .—Cat. No. 26711. U.S.N .M.
Subgenus Myiagreutes Bergroth.
Myiagreutes Bergroth, E. New neotropical Ploeariinae, Psyche, vol. 18,
1911, pp. 15-16. [Monobasic, type species, M. praecellens, new species.]
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
1. Hind margin of pronotum with three long slender spines; more than four
outstanding spines present on postero-ventral surface of fore femur, the
distance between them distinctly less than the length of fore tarsus.
praecellens (Bergroth) (p. 42).
Hind margin of pronotum without long spines, only indistinct rounded eleva-
tions present ; four outstanding spines present in the postero-ventral series
on fore femur, the distance between them equal to or greater than the
length of fore tarsus minor, new species (p. 43).
EMESA (MYIAGREUTES) PRAECELLENS (Gergroth).
Myuif/reulcH praecellens Bergroth, E. New neotropical Ploeariinae, Psyche,
vol. 18, pp. 16-17 [French Guiana].
Female. — Black, variegated with brown and with yellowish white
markings. Base and apex of first antennal segment whitish; beak
annulated. Thoracic thorns, more or less of sides, hind margin of
prothorax and sometimes two vittae connected thereto, disk of me-
sonotum, four marks on anterior margin of posterior lobe of pro-
thorax, and a spot above each of the fore and mid coxae yellowish
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 43
white. Abdomen with a spot on connexivum in front of each spir-
acle, and membrane surrounding the spiracles whitish. Legs castan-
eous, femora blackish apieally, and with a broad whitish apical an-
nulus, bases of tibiae each with a broad white annulus, the ground
color immediately beyond almost black. Markings of fore wing as
in figure 54. Coxal spots and bases of mid and hind tibiae some-
times touched with orange red.
Head about twice as long as wide, not tuberculate on dorsum, the
median transverse constriction very deep. Anterior lobe of prothorax
arcuate, tapered slightly posteriorly, about 1.75 as long as wide,
faintly sulcate on dorsum and obliquely on sides, and with a pair of
outwardly directed sharp thorns on anterior margin above; posterior
lobe a little shorter than anterior, but little tapered anteriorly, as long
as wide, with a broad shallow median sulcus, and three long slender
thorns near posterior margin ; mesonotum with a subtriangular ele-
vation; metanotum with a short spine. Abdomen slightly sloped
downward from apex of seventh tergite, the eighth in the form of a
broadly rounded lobe which at center is not over half as long as
ninth tergite. Fore legs as stated in key, femora tapered at base and
apex. Venation as in figures 54 and 55.
The male has the pale color markings rather more accentuated;
the apical tergite has a broad, triangularly pointed process; hypo-
pygium wanting in the specimen examined.
Length, 15-20 mm.
In addition to the holotype female from French Guiana, kindly
submitted by Doctor Bergroth, Ave have seen two other female speci-
mens from French Guiana (Bas Carsevenne, F. Geay, 1898; R. Ober-
thur, 1899) belonging to the Paris Museum, one male and one female
from Para. Brazil. June (Carnegie Museum), and one female from
Trinidad Rio. Panama. June 4, 1912, A. Busck (U.S.N.M.).
EMESA (MYIAGREUTES) MINOR, new species.
Female. — Much paler than the preceding species, the general color
being ochreous without the conspicuous cream colored markings
which are so evident on the thorax and abdomen in praecellens. The
legs are paler and while the apices of femora and bases of tibiae are
paler than the other parts the immediately adjacent areas do not show
the dark brown annuli so conspicuous in praecellens. The forewings
are missing in the type and but one hind wing remains, which has
the same venation as praecellens. Structural characters other than
those mentioned in key much the same as in praecellens.
Length, 12 mm.
Holotype. — Female, Chaco Austral, near Icano, Argentina, 1910.
E. R. Wagner (Paris Museum).
44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.. 67
Subgenus Phasmatocoris Breddin.
Phasmatocoris Breddin, G. Neue Rhynchotenausbeute au.s Siid-Aimerika,
Societas entomologica, vol. 18, No. 19, Jan. 1, 1904, p. 14S. [Monobasic, type
species P. spectrum, new species.]
This subgenus is very closely related to Myiagreutes having the
same venation and structure of fore tibia. In the armature of the
fore femur, however, it agrees with Eothbergia, new subgenus,
next described, though there are about 3 bristles instead of one
basad of the interruption of the antero-ventral series. Only one
species is known.
EMESA (PHASMATOCORIS) SPECTRUM (Breddin).
Phasmatocoris spectrum Breddin, G. Neue Rhynchotenausbeute aus Siid-
Amerika,, Societas entomologica, vol. 18, No. 19, Jan. 1, 1904, pp. 148-149
[Bolivia].
Male. — Reddish brown, including the fore-wings, the bases of
the latter between the veins, and the extreme apices of mid and
hind femora and tibiae are cream colored.
Fore coxa and tibia subequal in length, each about four-sevenths
as long as fore femur. Eye not as wide as interocular space;
posterior lobe of head rounded above. Pronotum with a short,
round tubercle on each side of anterior margin; anterior lobe
almost parallel-sided, as long as posterior lobe, separated from
latter by a deep constriction; posterior lobe slightly concave in
center of disk, with 3 short wart-like tubercles posteriorly. Hypo-
pygium as in figure 5(5. Fore wing almost identical in appearance
with that of E. praecelhns (fig. 54).
Length, 20 mm.
Bolivia (Berlin Mus.). Redescribed from the holotype kindly
sent to us for examination by Dr. Walther Horn. Another speci-
men from same collection which reached us in fragments is labeled
Yungas de la Paz, Bolivia, 100 m., Breddin.
Rothbergia, new subgenus.
Genotype. — Emssa testaceus, new species.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
1. Ventral spines on fore femur ceasing about tbe length of tarsus from base of
femur (slender hairs basad of this point) ; anterior lobe of prothorax
longer than posterior lobe (27:22), slightly narrowed posteriorly when
seen from above (fig. 57) ; basal discal colls of forewing as in figure 58.
rapax, new species (p. 45).
Ventral spines on fore femur extending to or almost to base of femur__ 2
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE — McATEE AND MALLOCH 45
2. Basal discal cells of forewings as in figure 59; prothorax similar to that of
rapax (fig. 57), but the anterior lobe is not narrowed posteriorly.
testaceus, new species (p. 45).
Basal discal cells of forewings as in figure 60; prothorax shorter than in
preceding species, the anterior lobe declivitous in front (fig. 61).
difflnis, new species (p. 46).
EMESA (ROTHBERGIA) TESTACEUS, new species.
Female. — Pale brownish testaceous, without distinguishable mark-
ings.
Head a little longer than wide, tylus forming a ridge in front of
eyes, posterior lobe with a slight median hump just behind con-
striction ; basal segment of beak over half as long as second ; second
antennal segment not two thirds as long as first, third nearly as long
as fourth, third and fourth combined over three fourths as long as
second. Anterior lobe of prothorax not narrowed posteriorly, arcuate,
with a tubercle in front each side of the neck and a percurrent median
longitudinal sulcus, about twice as wide as long, separated from pos-
terior lobe by a deep constriction ; fore coxal cavities slightly flaring,
the prosternal sulcus almost vertical, pointed posteriorly; posterior
lobe of prothorax about four fifths as long as anterior, subquadrate,
without tubercles or distinct elevations ; mesonotum and metanotum
slightly elevated in center. Abdomen elongate, slightly ovate, tergites
1 to 7 broader than long, eighth very short, slightly rounded apically,
about one fourth as long as seventh and over three times as broad as
long, ninth longer than eighth, transverse at apex, disk depressed, mar-
gins and median line elevated. Fore femur stouter than usual, tapered
apically, armature as stated in key ; fore tibia well over half as long
as femur (40:67) and equal to fore coxa; the three tarsal segments
subequal in length, tarsal claws rather large, divergent. Venation
of forewings much as in Emesa praecellens, basal cells as in figure 59.
Length, 11 mm.
Holotype. — Cacao, Trece Aguas, Guatemala, June, 1907, G. P.
Goll (U.S.N.M.).
Type.— Female, Cat. No. 26712, U.S.N.M.
EMESA (ROTHBERGIA) RAPAX, new species.
Male. — Similar in color to testaceus; differs as stated in the key.
Apical tergite with a rounded flap extending over hypopygium, the
latter opening upward, claspers rather short, pointed apically and
slightly incurved, the process from hind margin of hypopygium
erect, broad at base, thin and rounded apically. There is but one
bristle on anteroventral surface of fore femur basad of the break in
the series and this is situated at more than the length of the tarsus
from the base of femur, the fore tibia is a little longer than half the
46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol, 67
entire length of femur (45:80) and a little shorter than fore coxae
(50). Prothorax as in Figure 57; basal discal cells of forewing as
in figure 58.
Length : 12 mm.
Holotype. — Tapia, Argentina, 2,000 feet, W. F. H. Rosenberg
(U.S.N.M.).
Type.— Male, Cat. No. 26713, U.S.N.M.
EMESA (ROTHBERGIA) DIFFINIS, new species.
Female. — A darker species than either of the others, the posterior
lobe of pronotum, fore wings, and fore femora being largely in-
fuscated.
The most noticeable structural difference is in the fore-shortened
and declivitous pronotum which is illustrated in figure 61. The
transverse constriction on head in this species is very shallow as
compared with that of the others. Length of fore tibia as com-
pared with fore femur 26 as to 45, of fore coxa 25. Basal discal cells
of forewing as in figure 60.
Length, 9 mm.
Holotype.— Bolivia, W. M. Mann (U.S.N.M.).
Type.— Female, Cat. No. 26714, U.S.N.M.
UNPLACED SPECIES.
difllcilis (Wcstcrniannia) Dohrn, A. Emesina, 1860, p. 251 [Colombia].
tcnerrima (Wcstcrmannia) Dohrn, A. Emesina. 1860, p. 251 [Porto Rico]
We are unable to place these species in our keys without fuller
knowledge of the characters of their types.
We have been unable to enter into communication with the author-
ities who have the specimens in charge but W. E. China of the
British Museum has supplied data dealing with the characters of
the specimens that are identified as these species in that institution.
Both have 3-segmented fore tarsi which would seem to ally them
closely with Emesa, but the basal discal cell of forewings has a short
vein emanating from it as in Stenolemus (fig. 62). The basal stout
spine on ventral surface of fore femur is directed straight down-
ward as in Emesa and the forewing is rounded at apex, not at all
concave behind tip. In tenen^inid the peduncle of prothorax is
longer while in difficilis it is shorter than the anterior lobe. Mr.
China also writes that the subapical antennal segment in difflcUis
is much longer than the apical. In the species of related genera ex-
amined by us this is never the case, the third being shorter than the
fourth. There is, however, in some species a slightly indicated
suture just before the apical swollen part of fourth segment which
may be mistaken for a true joint, in which case the antenna would
abt. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 47
be considered as 5-segmented. This is, however, not really the case,
the pseudosuture being almost indistinguishable in cleared material
and much less so in dry specimens.
Genus POLAUCHEN1A, new genus.
Differs from Eme&a in having only 2 discal cells in forewing (fig.
65) and in having the mesonotum and metanotum spined, and from
Stenolemus in having the fore tarsi 3-segmented (fig. 64«), and in
having no vein arising from the costal margin of the basal discal
cell. The fore femur has the basal ventral spine directed down-
ward and not sloped backward (fig. 64), the head has two pointed
conical tubercles behind the transverse constriction and the posterior
lateral angles of pronotum have divergent spines of moderate length.
Genotype. — Polauchenia protentor, new species.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
1. Peduncle of prothorax but little longer than anterior lobe; posterior lobe of
prothorax with two broader stramineous vittae; mid and hind tibiae each
with two brown bands on basal half; preapical brown band on hind femur
reduced to a small spot biannulata, new species (p. 48).
Peduncle of prothorax about three times as long as anterior lobe (fig. 63) ;
posterior lobe of prothorax with three narrower stramineous vittae on
disk; mid and hind tibiae each with five brown bands on basal half; pre-
apical brown band on hind femur broad protentor, new species (p. 47).
POLAUCHENIA PROTENTOR. new species.
Female. — Dark brown, marked with pale yellow. Basal and sec-
ond antennal segments each with four pale annuli ; basal two seg-
ments of beak pale at apices; prothorax with markings as in figure
63. Spines of mesothorax and metathorax pale. Abdomen fuscous,
spiracles, lateral posterior angles of segments, and some linear marks
on venter yellowish. Legs whitish yellow, each femur with five
brown annuli; fore tibiae with four brown annuli, mid and hind
pairs each with five brown annuli on basal half. Wings brown,
darker apically, veins yellow, the membrane along the cross-veins,
most of clavus, and base of corium whitish.
Head, antennae, prothorax, and fore coxae as in Figure 63. Fore
femur a little less than twice as long as fore coxae, with armature
as in figure 64 ; spines of mesothorax and metathorax short and
straight, pubescent. Abdomen broadened slightly beyond middle,
the tergites angulate laterally but without well developed lateral
appendages; venter without submedian spines, spiracles but little
elevated, not pedicillate, seventh pair not exposed. Hind femora
about as long as head and body together, the tibiae distinctly longer,
48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 07
the hairs on legs of moderate length and not dense. Venation and
shape of wing as in figure 65.
Length, 15 mm.
Holotype. — Tabernilla, Canal Zone, Panama, May 14, 1907, A.
Busck (U.S.N.M.).
Type.— Female. Cat. No. 26715, U.S.N.M.
POLAUCHENIA BIANNULATA, new species.
Male.— Similar in color to protentor, the prothorax bivittate in-
stead of trivittate on disk posteriorly, and the mesothoracic and
metathoracic spines black instead of yellow. The apices of fore-
wings are not uniformly dark brown as in protentor, but have an
elongate yellow mark with dark spotting in center about one-third
of the width of wing. The principal color difference lies in the bi-
annulate hind tibia, protentor having 5 brown annuli.
A much stouter species than protentor, the length of head and
thorax combined being barely over two-thirds that of the abdomen,
whereas in protentor they almost or quite equal the abdomen. The
forewings (fig. 66) exceed the tip of abdomen and their posterior
apical margin is but slightly concave. The head is much broader
and shorter than in protentor, the interocular space is much narrower
than one eye, the mesothoracic thorn is short, the metathoracic one
longer, tapered, and neither very hairy. Venter about as in pro-
tentor; hypopygial claspers small, slender, and slightly upcurved
apically.
Length, 16 mm.
Holotype. — Mana River, French Guiana, May, 1917 (Carnegie
Mus. ) .
Genus PLOIARIA Scopoli.
Ploiaria Scopoli, J. A. Deliciae Florae et Faunae lnsubricae. Part 1, 1786,
p. 60, pi. 24, fig. A (3 parts). [Monobasic P. domestica, new species, genotype,
Austria.] Plate 23, Part 2, 1786, further (and better) illustrates the species
and pp. 69-73 are devoted to an account of the habits and structure of the
insect. Plate 25, figs. 1-5, Part 3, 1788, illustrate the egg and nymph, the
latter with a strong submedian spine on front femur, a character the adult
does not have.
Cerascopus Heineken, C. Descriptions of a new genus of Hemiptera, and
of a species of Hegeter. The Zoological Journal, No. 17, Jan.-May, 1829
(1830), pp. 36-40, pi. 2, fig. 5. [Monobasic, C. marginatus, new species, geno-
type, Madeira.]
Emesodema Spinola, Maximilien. Essai sur les Insectes Hemipteres,
Rhyngotes ou Heteropteres, 1840, p. S7 [founded on Ploiaria domestica Scopoli,
hence an absolute synonym of Ploiaria. ]
Luteva Doiirn, A. Emesina, 1860, pp. 242-3 [included species, all new;
L. concolor, Celebes ; L. gundlachi, Cuba ; and L. macrophthalmus, Brazil
and Colombia, of which the first named was subsequently designated as
type by Van Duzee, Cat. Ilemip. Amer. North of Mexico, 1917, p. 235].
akt. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 49
Ploiariopsis Champion, G. C. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta.
Rhynchota. Heniiptera-Heteroptera, vol. 2, p. 178, Oct. 1898. [Included
species, both new: P. megalops, Panama; and P. praerfotor, Guatemala, of
which the former was subsequently designated as type by Van Duzee, Cat.
Hemip. 1917, p. 235.]
Emendation : Ploearia.
This genus shows in the structure of the fore tarsi an approach
to the form of those of Barce, but in the armature of the fore femora
there is a stronger resemblance to Emesa and its allies. In the
winged forms of this genus the pronotum does not extend over
dorsum of mesonotum except at the extreme anterior margin. The
venation of the forewing is characteristic and in the hind wing
there is immediately beyond the cross-vein a distinct thickening of
the membrane and a slightly denser appearance similar to that
of the costa extending almost across the field of the wing which is
not found in any other genus in the subfamily so far as we know.
The latter character is shown in figure 83. That we have here a
group of closely allied species well regarded as belonging to a single
genus is evident from the intergradation observable in what have
been considered diagnostic characters. This is true not only of the
armature of the fore legs, but also of the spines on the posterior lobe
of the head. As for the presence or absence of hairs on the antennae
it may be said that in this and some other genera the degree of devel-
opment of these is a sexual character. If minor differences in the
armature of the fore-legs and other characters of like importance
are seized upon as justifying the recognition of additional genera,
there will be almost no end to the process in a subfamily so rich in
structural differences as the Ploiariinae.
To illustrate what would happen in the present genus if Ploiaria
and Luteva were recognized as genera and the process carried to its
logical end, Ploiaria would consist only of domestica and its closest
allies ; the species with two-spined trochanters would form a different
genus ; Luteva could not include a species with like femoral armature
but with spined trochanter like setulifera here described; Cerascopus
would be resurrected, and various segregates of one or a few7 species
could be made on equally valid grounds. Generic importance has
been claimed for a character, absence or presence of wings, which is
not even of specific value in this group. Recognizing an excessive
number of genera makes it difficult to construct and to use the generic
key. When the genera approach the one-species standard the generic
key becomes as difficult to use as an unusually long specific key: Is it
not better to divide the burden between them ? This can be done only
by the recognition so far as practicable of genera which comprehend
more species than the mere variants of a single specific type. If one
gets off the track in a complicated generic key, he may soon go far
50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.. 67
into strange country; while with a simple key, after following an
easy lead to the genus, even if he does find a key grouping a con-
siderable number of related forms, he will at least be near his destina-
tion (that is, among forms truly related to that in hand). Winged
and apterous specimens occur in the same species of Ploiaria, and i(
requires close observation at times to make certain whether apterous-
specimens are nymphs or adults. The full development of the geni-
talia and the three, instead of two, segmented tarsi, however, serve
to identify adults in such cases.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
1. Fore trochanters with one or more spines (sometimes merely bristles), usu-
ally set on raised bases (the body of trochanter itself often acutely pro-
duced ) , never with numerous setae ; fore femur with 4 to 7 stout spines
which are always set on more or less distinctly enlarged and elevated
bases, standing in line with or almost in line with a larger number of much
smaller spines or bristles on the posteroventral surface, the longer spines
sometimes with an outward curvature (fig. 80) ; apical antennal segment
longer than subapical, never shorter than it; length of fore coxa variable
in relation to length of fore tibia (Subgenus Ploiaria) 2
Fore trochanters nearly bare or with few to numerous fine hairs, one or two
of which are sometimes bristle-like ; fore femur with the spines or bristles
on the posteroventral surface more uniform in length, the larger bristles
lacking enlarged elevated bases, and almost straight (fig. 74) ; apical
antennal segment shorter than subapical, equal to it only in setulifera;
fore coxa invariably longer than fore tibia (Subgenus Luteva) 16
2. Posterior lobe of head with a prominent median backwardly projecting spine
(fig. S5) 3
Posterior lobe of head lacking spine 4
3 Last tergite of male with a slender, obtuse, strap-shaped process extending
back over hypopygium and closely adherent to it (fig. 86) ; hind margin of
hypopygium as in figure 87; median process of seventh tergite of female
extending distinctly farther caudad than the acute lateral angles (fig. 88).
denticauda, new species (p. 63),
Last tergite of male with a shorter, pointed process (fig. 92) ; hind margin
of hypopygium as in figure 91 ; median process of seventh tergite of fe-
male extending but little farther caudad than the rounded lateral angles
(fig. 90) hirticornis (Banks) (p. 04).
4. Posterior lobe of head with an erect spinelet at margin of eye on each side
behind constriction reticulata (Baker) (p. 63).
Posterior lobe of head not so armed 5
5. Posterior lobe of head with a more or less prominent median ridge 6
Posterior lobe of head lacking such a ridge 7
6. Posterior lobe of head with a slight central elevation anteriorly, and an-
other posteriorly, between which there is a low longitudinal ridge; ante-
rior lobe of head sulcate behind ; fore coxa little longer than fore tibia ;
a highly colored species, beak with two dark bands, mid and hind femora
fuscous apically, each with a subapical pale annulus, the corresponding
tibiae fuscous basally, with subbasal pale annuli.
granulata, new species (p. 57).
Posterior lobe of head with a more or less distinct median carina. (This
is true of uniseriata and punctipes which run on other characters be-
ginning with next couplet 7
art. 1 AMERICAN PL0IAR1INAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 51
7. Fore coxa shorter than fore tihia ; wings entirely absent 8
Fore coxa as long as, or longer than, fore tibia ; wings or wing pads
present 9
■8. The long spines on postero-ventral surface of fore femur forming a series
distinctly laterad of the short setnlae marginata (Heineken) (p. 65).
The long spines on posteroventral surfaces of fore femur in the same series
as the short setulae aptera, new species (p. 66 i
9. Fore coxa nearly twice as long as fore tibia ( tig. 80) ; anterior lobe ol
bead with a short but deep sulcus posteriorly ; spines on fore femur dis
tinctly longer than the femoral diammeter 10
Fore coxa but little longer than fore tibia ; anterior lobe of head without
a sulcus 12
10. Mesonotum rather depressed, with a broad elliptical sulcus extending nearly
its entire length ; only soft hairs between the strong postero-ventral
spines on fore femur ; thorax pale above ; legs not banded ; length 4 mm. ;
diseal cell of fore wing as in figure 81, the inner apical part angulate.
uniseriata, new species (p. 61).
Mesonotum well arched hotli transversely and longitudinally, without me-
dian depression ; legs banded ; short spines between the strong postero-
ventral spines on fore femur ; larger species, darker colored ; inner apical
part of diseal cell of forewings rounded (fig. 82) 11
11. Male hypopygial claspers nearly as long as genital segment; length of in-
sect 0 mm punctipes, new species (p. 62).
Male hypopygial claspers much shorter than genital segment ; length of in-
sect 8 mm similis, new species (p. 62).
12. Distance bwtween eyes on dorsum of head greater than the width of one
eye : antennae short hispid or microscopically pubescent 13
Distance between eyes on dor*uni of head not greater than width of one
eye ; basal two antennal segments distinctly hairy, the hairs longer than
the diameter of segments 14
13. Fore tarsus fully two-thirds as long as fore tibia ; hind border of male hy-
popygium as in figure 75 Carolina (Herrich-Schaffer) (p. 58).
Fore tarsus not two-thirds as long as fore tibia ; hind border of male
bypopygium as in figure 76 floridana (Bergroth) (p. 59).
14. Wings whitish, without distinct markings; basal segment of antenna at
least as long as entire insect 14a
Wings brownish, with dark markings; basal segment of antenna not as
long as entire insect 15
14a. Diseal cell of forewing broad, not over 2.5 as long as its greatest width and
about four-fifths as long as the vein emanating from its apex ; cross-vein
at two-fifths from apex of longitudinal vein.
albipennis, new species (p. 60).
Diseal cell of forewing narrow, at least five times as long as its greatest
width and a little longer than the vein emanating from its apex; cross-
vein at not more than one-third from apex of longitudinal vein.
umbrarum, new species (p. 60).
15. Antennal hairs but little longer than diameter of segments; hind border of
male bypopygium as in figure 77 bispina, new species (p. 59).
Antennal hairs four or five times as long as the diameter of segments ; hind
border of male bypopygium as in figure 79.
pilicornis, new species (p. 61).
16. Eye wider than interocular space (fig. 67) 17
Eye not wider than interocular space (fig. 72) 19
52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 07
17. Large pale species, over 10 mm. in length; antennae conspicuously hairy;
fore femur with two brown annuli, one before and one beyond the middle ;
mid and hind femora yellow, whitish apically. with one broad preapical
dark brown band ; thorax largely yellow ventrally. more conspicuously
blackened on dorsum than on venter macrophthalma (Dohrn) (p. 53).
Smaller, darker species, less than 10 mm. in length : fore femur with four
brown annuli, including one at base and another at apex ; mid and hind
femora brown with one or two preapical pale annuli : thorax fuscous
on venter 18
18. Pronotum twice as long as its greatest width ; venation of forewing as in
varipennis, the vein leaving apex of discal cell undulated, crossvein near
its middle ; mid and hind femora each with 2 preapical pale annuli ; fore
trochanter with one outstanding bristle brunnea, new species (p. 54).
Pronotum about one third longer than its greatest width ; discal cell of fore-
wing as in punetipes; vein leaving apex of discal cell straight, cross-vein
at one third length of that vein from apex; mid and hind femora each
with 1 pale annulus ; fore trochanter with two fine, rather widely sepa-
rated outstanding bristles sicaria, new species (p. 55).
19. Fore trochanter bare or with only soft hairs 20
Fore trochanter with soft hairs and a single outstanding bristle anteriorly ;
fore femora faintly banded, other legs nearly unicolorous, pale fuscous,
knees narrowly pale— setulifera, new species (p. 55).
20. Mid and hind femora each with a subapical dark or reddish band 21
Mid and hind legs entirely pale varipennis, new species (p. 56).
21. Apical cross-vein of forewing at or close to middle of vein from apex of dis-
cal cell ; the elongate dark mark in middle of discal cell rather faint.
gundlachi (Dohrn) (p. 56).
Apical cross-vein at one- third from base of vein from apex of discal cell ;
elongate dark mark in discal cell linear, almost black, appearing chiti-
nized rufoannulata (Bergroth) (p. 57).
REMARKS ON PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED SPECIES OTHER THAN THOSE INCLUDED IN THE KEY.
californiensis (Ploiaria) Baker, C. F. Pomona Coll. Journ. Ent, vol. 2,
No. 2, May, 1910, pp. 226-7. [Claremont, Calif.]
May be the nymph of P. reticulata Baker. If adult it may be
related to P. marginata.
fairmairei (Emesodema) Dohrn, A. Emesina, 1860, pp. 248-249 [West Indies].
meyalops (Ploiariopsis) Champion, G. C. Biologia, vol. 2, p. 174, Oct. 1898
[Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama].
Apparently granulata of our key is close to this species, which
however has much larger eyes and pilose antennae; our species may
prove to be the female of megalops.
praedator (Ploiariopsis), Champion, G. C. Biologia, vol. 2, p. 174, Oct
1898 [Capetillo, Guatemala].
Agrees to some extent with our icniseriata, but the eyes are smaller,
and the posterior lobe of head not sulcate anteriorly.
sonoraensis (Ploiariopsis), Van Duzee, E. P. Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., ser. 4, vol.
12, No. 11, June 7, 1923, p. 144. [San Diego Id., Gulf of Calif.] Said to be
allied to megalops.
texana (Ploiaria), Banks, N. Emesidae, 1909, p. 44 [College Station, Tex.].
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 53
We have examined the type of this species (Mus. Comp. Zool.) and
possibly we have renamed it in our P. similis. However, the abdo-
men of type is missing and the genitalia have neither been figured nor
described ; specific identification thus is impracticable.
SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES.
Fore trochanter of normal form, bare, pubescent, or with one or two bristles ;
spines of postero-ventral series of fore femur nearly uniform in length.
Subgenus Luteva, sens. hit.
brunnea.
sicaria.
gundlachi.
macrophthalma.
rufoannulata.
setulifera.
varipennis.
Fore trochanter often produced ventrally as a base for the 1 to 3 spines or
bristles with which it is armed ; spines of postero-ventral series of fore femur
very unequal in size, sometimes in a double row.
Subgenus Ploiaria, sens. lat.
Wings or wing-pads present in adults.
Fore coxa subequal to fore tibia, hind lobe of head with a median
ridge.
granulate.
Fore coxa longer than fore tibia. Hind lobe of head unarmed.
albipennis.
bispina.
Carolina,
floridana.
pilicornis.
umbrarum.
Hind lobe of head with a median carina.
punctipes.
similis.
uniseriata.
Hind lobe of head with orbital spinelets.
reticulata.
Hind lobe of head with two tubercles and a median spine.
denticauda.
hirticornis.
Wing pads absent in adults ; fore coxa shorter than fore tibia.
aptera.
marginata.
PLOIARIA MACROPHTHALMA (Dohrn).
Luteva macrophthalmus Dohrn, A. Emesina, 1S60, pp. 244-5, pi. 1, figs. 23, 24
(Brazil; Colombia].
A pale brownish-testaceous species with conspicuous black eyes
and dark brown to black marks on each side of pronotum and
mesonotum, disk of metanotum, and on mesopleura. The fore femur
has two brown annuli, one before and the other beyond the middle ;
54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
mid and hind femora each with a pre-apical and tibiae with a
faint sub-basal brown annulus. Fore wing with four dark brown
clouds, one at base of discal cell, one on costa, and another on hind
margin at middle of discal cell, and one on costa at extremity of
transverse apical vein.
Head as in figure 67; apical antennal segment 0.75 as long as
subapical, basal 2 segments longhaired. Pronotum slender, longer
than mesonotum, gradually narrowed to near posterior margin, then
rather abruptly widened; mesonotum slightly sulcate centrally.
Hind margin of preapical abdominal tergite broadly concave;
hypopygium of male without a central spine, the claspers long, very
slender, overlapping and much curved, fanglike. Fore coxa 1.75
as long as pronotum and four-fifths as long as fore femur; tro-
chanters pilose; femur slender, the armature consisting of fine
slightly irregular spines; fore tibia half as long as femur and
twice as long as fore tarsus, without erect ventral setulae; tip of
tarsus falling considerably short of base of femur; mid and hind
legs very long and slender. Discal cell of forewing ending in
a narrow point (fig. 68).
Length, 11-12 mm.
Locality, Portobello, Panama, April 18. 1912, February 21, 1911,
and March 12, 1911, A. Busck (U.S.N.M.)
PLOIARIA BRUNNEA, new species.
A much darker species than macrophthalma, differing as stated
in key and in having a much more noticeable white annulus at apex
of each of the first two segments of antenna, that on basal one-
being much narrower.
Head as in figure 69, not so much narrowed posteriorly as in
macro phthafona. Antennae and fore legs similar to those of pre-
ceding species in proportions. Pronotum and mesonotum slightly
granulose and subopaque, not conspicuously shining as in macro-
phthalma, nor so gradually tapered.
Fore wing more conspicuously marked than in preceding species,
the dark marks in cells more or less distinctly radiating from a cen-
tral spot or streak. Apical tergite of male less concave than in
preceding species, the hypopygium with a strong blunt upwardly
directed protuberance in center, not conspicuously haired, the claspers
stouter and more circularly curved, gradually tapered from base.
Length, 7 mm.
Tlolotype. — Male, Chapada, Brazil, June (Carnegie Mus.) ; allo-
type, Trinidad Kio, Panama, May 7, 1911, A. Busck (U.S.N.M.).
Allotype.— Female, Cat. No. 26716, U.S.N.M.
akt. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 55
PLOIARIA SICARIA, new species.
Male.— Coloration similar to that of brunnea but with the lateral
margins and a carinate line on each side of disk of mesonotum, white;
the costa of forewing is more extensively reddish, and the cell beyond
the apical cross vein is entirely fuscous instead of only partly so.
Proportions of fore tibia and fore femur 20:35 (in brunnea
25:45); claws of fore tarsi slightly unequal as in brunnea. Upper
margin of hypopygium similar to that of bispina (fig. 77) but the
spines much shorter; claspers as in figure 70, more abruptly nar-
rowed than in brunnea.
Length, 8 mm.
Holotype.— Huachi Beni, Bolivia, September, 1922, W. M. Mann.
[Mulford Biological Expedition] (U.S.N.M.).
Type.— Gat. No. 26717 U.S.N.M.
PLOIARIA SETULIFERA, new species.
Female. — A pale yellowish brown species without conspicuous*
markings, the apices of hind and mid femora whitish. Fore wings
with a few brown markings consisting of poorly defined spots or
streaks, the most noticeable situated in middle of discal cell and
just behind discal cell on inner side of wing.
Head similar to that of pilicornis; preapical and apical antennal
segments about as in last two species as to proportions. Pronotum
almost uniform in width to near posterior margin, where it is
slightly flared, microscopically granulose and not sulcate; meso-
notum with a very shallow broad central sulcus. Fore coxa about
1.5 as long as pronotum; fore trochanter with some fine hairs and
one or two distinct, but short bristles; fore femur as in preceding
two species; fore tibia half as long as femur, with a ventral series
of decumbent setulae, which are directed apicad, very minute at base
and becoming gradually longer apically; fore tarsus over three
fourths as long as tibia, extending almost to base of femur.
Forewing as in figure 71.
Length, 8 mm.
Holotype.— West Lake, Cape Sable, Fla., February 26, 1919, A.
Wetmore; Paradise Key, Fla., March 10, E. A. Schwarz and H.
S. Barber (U.S.N.M.).
Type.— Female, Cat. No. 26718, U.S.N.M.
There are also three nymphs from the same localities which agree
in most respects with the foregoing description. The wingpads
are present, there are only two segments in the tarsi, and the arma-
ture of the fore legs is relatively stronger (especially in the brist-
ling of the trochanter), more noticeably so in the younger speci-
mens.
56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
We have seen a species of this group, very closely related to
setulifera, from Hong Kong, China, F. W. Terry (Bueno).
PLOIARIA GUNDLACHI (Dohrn).
Luteva gundlachi Dohrn, A. Emesina, 1860, p. 244, pi. 1, fig. 19 [Cuba].
A pale yellowish species with more or less distinct dark brown
markings. The most constant marks are on the mesonotum and
before the apices of the mid and hind femora, the former having
three rudimentary vittae and the latter a broad subapical band.
The wings have more numerous brown spots than in the three pre-
ceding species, three on costa (one at base of discal cell, one about
one third from base, and the other about one fourth from apex)
being most conspicuous; there are two elongate marks, one in discal
cell and the other beyond the cell between the longitudinal vein and
hind margin, from which emanate brown linear markings giving
the wing a reticulated appearance.
Head as in figure 72. Pronotum slightly longer than mesonotum,
almost parallel-sided to near posterior margin, then dilated, not
silicate; mesonotum slightly widened posteriorly and like the pro-
notum, opaque and with fine decumbent pubescence. Hind border
of male hypopygium without a central spine, furnished with many
stiff, backwardly directed hairs on each side near bases of claspers,
the latter slender apically, much curved and hairy. Fore legs as
in the preceding species. Transverse apical vein a little less than
midway between apex of discal cell and apex of wing.
Length, 9-10 mm.
Localities, Balthazar, Grenada, West Indies, H. H. Smith (U.S.
N.M.) ; Cayenne, French Guiana, February, 1917 (Carnegie Mus.) :
Mayaguez, Porto Rico, July, 1914 (Amer. Mus.).
PLOIARIA VARIPENNIS, new specie.
Similar in color to the preceding species, but the preapical fem-
oral band and mesonotal markings are very faint or absent. The
markings of the forewings are darker, and of about the same pat-
tern, but there is only one large dark brown spot on costa, namely,
the one about one-third from base of discal cell, the others being
very small and not more conspicuous than the other spots on wing.
Head as in gundlachi. Male hypopygium with a slight rounded
centra^ production of the hind border and with fewer and finer hairs
than in last species, the claspers more abruptly curved. Fore wing
as in figure 73. Fore legs as in figure 74.
Length, 10-11 mm.
Holotype. — A male; allotype, and five nymphs, Cacao, Trece
Aguas, Alto Vera Paz, Guatemala, April 23. Paratype female, and
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 57
one nymph, same locality, April 11, and four nymphs, April 2, 13,
and 21, E. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber (U.S.N.M.).
Type, allotype, and paratype. — Cat. No. 26719 U.S.N.M.
PLOIARIA RUFOANNULATA (Bergroth).
Luteva rufoannulata Bekgroth, E. Psyche, vol. IS, No. 1, Feb. 1911, pp.
18-19 [Jamaica].
We have examined the type of this species. It is closely related
to gundlachi, the principal distinctions being found in the wings.
The markings of the forewings appear to furnish a ready means of
identification. There are eight dark marks along costa, those op-
posite base, and middle of discal cell and the one at apex of the
cross-vein being especially conspicuous, while there are two discal
linear blackish brown marks that are especially prominent ; one in
discal cell and the other in the cell below the cross- vein; neither of
these marks has radiating streaks emanating from it as is the case
in gundla-chi. Mid femur witli a preapical reddish annulus, fore
coxa with most of apical half, and fore femur with three bands of
the same color.
The abdomen is missing in type so that wre can not compare the
genitalia with those of gwidlachi, but in other structural characters
the species are very close.
Length to tip of hemelytra, 9 mm.
Holotype. — Mandeville, Jamaica, E. P. Van Duzee (Van Duzee).
PLOIARIA GRANULATA. new species.
Female. — A dark-colored species with pale legs, the latter very
characteristically marked, with a narrow fuscous subapical annulus
and a broader apical one on each mid and hind femur, and a mod-
erately broad basal annulus on each mid and hind tibia which have
a median whitish spot on outer side that does not entirely encircle
the tibia. The antennae are yellowish, fuscous at bases and apices
of segments, the basal segment with a broad subbasal whitish
annulus. The swollen bases of fore femoral spines fuscous, the
spines yellow.
Eyes small, about half as long as distance from their anterior
margin to apex of head; anterior lobe of head with a slight eleva-
tion on each side of sulcus; apical antennal segment about 1.75 as
long as subapical; head and pronotum minutely granulate, each
granule surmounted by a microscopic hair. Wing pads present,
the mesothoracic pair largest. Abdomen slightly ovate, each tergite
slightly produced on each side posteriorly, the amount of produc-
tion increasing gradually to tergite G, a slight median process near
posterior margin of each tergite from second to seventh, inclusive.
58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
the largest on tergite 6. Fore coxa a little longer than pronotum,
minutely granulose, each granule with a microscopic pale hair which
is directed towards apex of coxa; fore trochanter with two thorns
on elevated bases; fore femur curved outwardly at middle, upper
surface granulose as in coxae, the elevated bases of long postero-
ventral spines about. as long as the femoral diameter, the longest
spines at least twice as long as their bases, the short spines also with
elevated bases, one or two between each pair of the longer spines
and slightly nearer to ventral surface than that series, the spines
of postero-ventral series are curved outward and those of the antero-
ventral series inward so that the tibia lies entirely clear of them
when it is placed against the under surface of the femur; fore
tibia with a series of distinct semierect setulae along postero-ventral
surface and a similar series of longer setulae on basal half of antero-
ventral surface; fore tarsus about two-thirds as long as tibia, with
some setulae along the postero-ventral margin of basal segment.
Length, 4—4.5 mm.
Tlolotype. — Female Cacao, Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, Guate-
mala, April 20; paratype female topotypical, April 14, E. A.
Schwarz and H. S. Barber (U.S.N.M.)
Type and paratype.— Female, Cat. No. 26720, U.S.N.M.
PLOIARIA CAROLINA (Herrich-Schaffer).
Emesodema mrolvna Herrich-Schaffer, G. A. W. Die wanzenartigen In-
secten, vol. 9, 1853, p. 8, fig. 936 [Carolina].
A dark brown species with a pale dorso-central line on head and
thorax, the fore femora with fairly prominent pale annuli and the
apices of mid and hind femora yellowish. The wings are browm and
faintly marbled with darker brown, not distinctly reticulated with
fine brown lines as in some other species; a darker spot in discal
cell.
In the nymph there is a rather noticeable central elevation on an-
terior margin of posterior lobe of head, but in the mature specimens
this is almost or entirely absent. The apterous forms have the pro-
notum tapered posteriorly and almost without a constriction be-
fore the hind margin on top, the sides somewhat flared; in the
winged forms the hind margin is* noticeably flared dorsally also.
Male hypopygium with the hind border as in figure 75. Fore
femur stout, with G or 7 long postero-ventral spines, the longest
fully as long as the femoral diameter, the apical one well beyond
middle of femur; fore tibia without readily distinguishable setulae,
but somewhat densely haired.
Length, 4.5-5.5 mm.
.-.KT. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 59
Localities, Thomasville, Ga., May 6, 1912, male, Mrs. A. P. Tay-
lor (U.S.N.M.) ; Wrightsville, N. C, April 16, 1916, female, W. T.
Davis (Davis) ; Wilmington, N. C, one winged male, one apterous
female, and one nymph, H. G. Barber (Barber).
PLOIARIA FLORIDANA (Bergroth).
Luteva floridana Bergroth, E. Two new American Ploeariiuae (Hem., Re-
duviidae), Konowia, vol. 1, 1922, pp. 218-219, August 20, 1922 [Florida].
Male. — Very similar to the preceding species, differing as stated
in the key. The pronotum is without the slight dorso-median sulcus
of Carolina, the eyes in the winged form are larger, and the longest
spines on the postero-ventral surface of fore femur are not as long
as the femoral diameter; fore tibia not so much expanded distally;
central spine on posterior border of hypopygium apparently simple
instead of paired (fig. 76). The forewing has the venation as in
denticauda (fig. 89).
Length, 6 mm.
The type which we have examined, is from Florida (Van Duzee
Coll.). We have the species also from Crescent City, Fla., Uhler
Coll. (U.S.N.M.)
The crossvein connecting the apical longitudinal vein with costa
is erroneously stated in the original description to be absent.
PLOIARIA BISPINA, new species.
Male. — Almost uniformly pale brownish yellow, paler than Caro-
lina, the fore femur not annulate, mid and hind legs with apices of
femora and bases of tibiae whitish. Wings pale brownish, some-
what mottled.
Width of head across eyes almost as great as its dorsal length.
Pronotum a little shorter than mesonotum, very slightly sulcate
centrally. Fore coxa 1.5 as long as pronotum, slender, not granu-
lose; spines on postero-ventral surface of fore femur numerous,
three or four between each pair of the longer spines, the latter not
longer than the femoral diameter, the apical long spine very short
and but little beyond middle of femur ; ventral setulae on fore tibia
distinct at least on apical half or more. Posterior border of hypo-
pygium as in figure 77.
Length, 5.5-6.5 mm.
Holotype. — Male, Mexico, 2154, no other data, C. F. Baker
(U.S.N.M.). Paratype, males, Bartica, British Guiana (Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila.) ; Para, Brazil, August (Carnegie Mus.).
Other specimens in poor condition, labelled Cuba, 181 (U.S.N.M.
and Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.).
Type.— Cat. No. 26721 U.S.N.M.
60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM vol. 6T
PLOIARIA ALBIPENNIS. new species.
Male. — A pale stramineous species without conspicuous markings.
The forewings are entirely unmarked, the veins on basal half slightly
smoky, those on apical half very pale. The fore femora have a
faint narrow preapical and a narrower and less distinct apical band
brown, while the mid and hind pairs are pale brownish with a
rather distinct preapical broad darker brown annulus; knees pale.
Basal segment of antenna long-haired, as long as 2+3, fourth
about five-sixths as long as third. Fore coxa nearly as long as
pronotum and mesonotum, and subequal to fore tibia; trochanter
with two moderately strong spines, and a bristle; femur with about
six outstanding spines, the intervening short spines set on elevated
bases. A pair of slender spines inside of upper border of hypo-
pygium as in bispina, the hypopygial claspers slender, abruptly
curved near apex and pointed. Venation normal, discal cell about
four-fifths as long as vein emanating from its apex, the latter dis-
tinctly curved, not reaching margin of wing, the cross vein nearly
straight, at two-fifths length of posterior vein from apex.
Length, 7 mm.
Holotype. — Lower California, 1895, Diguet (Paris Mus.). Para-
type, Frontera, Tabasco, Mexico, June, 1897, C. H. T. Townsend
(Iowa).
PLOIARIA UMBRARUM, new species.
Male. — Brownish testaceous, the wings apparently immaculate;
and only the apices of hind femora and bases of hind tibia whitish.
The specimens were preserved in alcohol which may have changed
the coloring.
Width of head less than its length; interocular space less than
width of one eye. Prothorax and mesothorax subequal. Hy-
popygium without strong paired spines inside the apical border,
the claspers rather angularly bent at middle, with acutely pointed
tips. Fore coxa fully as long as prothorax and mesothorax com-
bined, and very slightly longer than fore tibia; armature of fore
femur rather fine, the longest bristles at middle shorter than femoral
diameter. Venation as stated in key.
Length, 7 mm.
Holotype. — And one paratype male, Mandeville, Jamaica, in a
cave. (U.S.N.M.)
This is the only species of the subfamily from the New World
which we have any record of as occurring in caves but there are
several species so recorded from the Eastern Hemisphere.
Type and paratype.— Cut. No. 2G722, U.S.N.M.
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 61
PLOIARIA PILICORNIS, new species.
Male. — Similar to bispina in color but the fore femur has a faint
subapical fuscous annulus.
The head is slightly broader than in bispina (fig. 78), the pro-
notum is not sulcate and is more constricted before the hind margin,
the fore femora are stouter, the short spines are less numerous, the
long spines are longer, the longest fully as long as the femoral
diameter, and the apical one is at one-third the length of femur from
apex. Hind border of hypopygium as in figure 79.
Length, 5.5 mm.
Holotype.— Higley, Ariz., June 27, 1917, E. G. Holt (U.S.N.M.).
Type— Cat. No. 26723 U.S.N.M.
PLOIARIA UNISERIATA, new species.
Male. — Brownish fuscous, dorsum of mesonotum yellowish-testa-
ceous, antennae and legs brown, not noticeably annulated. Wings
with dusky reticulation and a more prominent spot in discal cell
and in area of wing just posterior to it on inner side.
Eyes large, as high as head and nearly half its length, width of
one above equal to space between them ; posterior margin of anterior
lobe of head and anterior margin of posterior lobe each with a short
deep sulcus in center, on each side of which the surface is slightly
tumid; antennae long-haired. Pronotum not much tapered, very
slightly flared posteriorly ; mesonotum gradually widened posteriorly,
with a shallow median dorsal sulcus ; mesonotum ending in a rounded
knob; metanotum with the margin raised and three discal carinae.
Fore coxa slender, about 1.25 as long as pronotum ; trochanter with
one long curved spine and one or two shorter bristles ; femur curved,
a little thicker than coxa, postero-ventral series of spines consisting
of about six, their bases distinctly swollen, the longest more than
twice as long as femoral diameter, the spines bent outward; ventral
surface fine-haired, with a series of short erect setulae on median
third ; antero-ventral spines much shorter than postero-ventral, about
seven in number, inwardly curved, a wider space in the series near
base for the reception of the tarsus ; tibia two-thirds as long as coxa,
with fine setulae along antero-ventral surface which are about as long
as tibial diameter; tarsus about as long as tibia, basal segment with
microscopic setulae posteriorly (fig. 80). Transverse vein at one-
third of the distance from tip of wing to apex of discal cell, the latter
as in figure 81. Hypopygium rather long, black and polished
medianly, claspers long and slender, much curved and tapered on
apical half; apical tergite convex posteriorly.
Female. — Similar to the male in armature of the fore legs. The
eyes are much smaller; there are only small wingpads present; the
62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
abdomen is much more robust, and there are small but distinct proc-
esses on middle of hind margins of tergites ; seventh tergite horizontal,
with a short, triangular median process, the margin concave, then
angled each side of it ; eighth tergite deflexed, narrowed toward apex,
which is transverse.
Length, Male, 4 mm. ; nymph, 3.5 mm.
Holotype. — Male, San Thomas, Brownsville, Tex., May 30, 1904;
allotype', Brownsville, Tex., May 21, 1904, H. S. Barber (U.S.N.M.).
Type and allotype.— Cat No.* 26724 U.S.N.M.
PLOIARIA PUNCTIPES. new species.
Male. — Brownish fuscous, with testaceous markings and gray pu-
bescence on head and thorax. Legs and antennae testaceous-yellow,
coxae and femora spotted and annulated with fuscous. Wings with
fuscous markings much as in preceding species, but the dark spot
in center of discal cell is more conspicuous and while in uniseriata
there is an isolated dark spot just beyond apex of discal cell clear of
the longitudinal vein in this species the spot touches the vein ; mark-
ings somewhat more aggregated in clouds at apex of wing.
Posterior lobe of head not sulcate anteriorly, but with a low longi-
tudinal median carina ; subapical antennal segment fully three-
fourths as long as apical. Pronotum narrower and longer than in
uniseriata. Fore coxa slender, about 1.25 as long as pronotum; fore
femur slender, slightly curved, long postero-ventral spines as in pre-
ceding species, but with one or two short spines between each pair
of antero-ventral spines, a rather irregular series of short setulae
ventrad of them; antero-ventral setulae on fore tibia very short;
tibia and tarsus as in uniseriata. Apical sternite less than half as
long as preceding one; hypopygium long, dark and polished medianly,
claspers long, slender, much curved but not tapered, ending abruptly
in a sharp point, posterior hypopygial border with a short stout
spike. Discal cell of forewing and the hind wing as in figures 82
and 83.
Length. 6 mm.
Holotype. — La Chorrera, Panama, May 17, 1912, A. Busck (U.S.
N.M.).
Type.— Male, Cat. No. 26725, U.S.N.M.
PLOIARIA SIMILIS, new species.
Male. — Similar to the preceding species in color and structure,
differing as stated in key, and in size. Forewings as in figure 84.
Length, 8 mm.
Holotype. — Los Borregas, Brownsville, Tex., May 23, 1904, H. S.
Barber (U.S.N.M.).
Type.— Male, Cat, No. 26726. U.S.N.M.
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 63
PLOIARIA RETICULATA (Baker).
Ploiariopsis reticulata Raker, C. F. California Emesidae (Hemiptera),
Pomona College Journal of Entomology, vol. 2, No. 2, May, 1910, pp. 225-6
[Claremont, Calif.].
Male. — Head and thorax testaceous yellow, mottled with fuscous.
Antennae stramineous, basal segment fuscous at base and apex and
with a rather broad subapical and a narrow apical whitish annulus;
beak annulate. Mesonotum with 2 linear submedian brown vittae,
laterad of these the disk is grayish, each lateral margin broadly
brown. Abdomen black, faintly speckled with yellowish, spiracles
white. Legs stramineous, fore pair mottled with blackish and rather
imperfectly annulate, mid and hind femora with faint brownish dots
on basal half and each with 3 broad brown annuli on apical half.
Forewings with brownish fuscous markings, forming reticulations
on the greater part of disk, the most distinct marks being 2 long
blackish streaks, one in apical half of discal cell and the other beyond
that cell and behind the longitudinal vein but distinctly clear of it,
the hind margin of the vein narrowly brown.
Head about as broad as long, with a small sharp spike at eye mar-
gin just behind transverse dorsal constriction, and a small round pro-
tuberance behind eye on side of head; antennae long-haired, third
segment fully as long as fourth. Pronotum slightty flared poste-
riorly. Hypopygium with a bifid process projecting upward inside
of hind border, the claspers not very long, curved, tapered at apices.
Fore trochanters produced into an acute process below which is
armed with 2 or 3 spines. Forewing with discal cell subequal in
length to longitudinal vein beyond it. the transverse apical vein
faint, situated at nearly three fourths of the distance from apex of
discal cell to apex of wing, the longitudinal vein bent down apically.
Length, 9 mm.
Redescribed from a male paratype, Claremont, Calif., Metz
(Cornell Univ.).
Dr. C. F. Baker reports the species common about Claremont.
PLOIARIA DENTICAUDA, new species.
Male. — This species is colored like granulata, but the femoral and
tibial annulation is much less distinct. Head as in figure 85.
In addition to the characters mentioned in the key it differs from
granulata as follows: The fore coxae, fore femora, and pronotum
are not granulose and haired as in that species, the postero- ventral
spines on fore femur are in an almost regular series, the bases of the
longer spines are pale, but little differentiated from the spines and
both combined are but little longer than the femoral diameter; the
fore tibia has the series of setulae on postero-ventral surface very
64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 07
weak and short and that on basal half of antero- ventral surface prac-
tically absent; the fore tarsi are as long as tibiae. The male hypopy-
gium is as shown in figures 86 and 87, the tergites are not produced
on sides and the processes on the middle of hind margins of tergites
except the last one are very small. The series of males contains
winged and subapterous specimens; the venation of the forewing is
shown in figure 89.
Female. — Similar to the male but the apical tergites are as de-
scribed in key (fig. 88), and the antennae are very short hispid in-
stead of long-haired.
Length, 5-5.5 mm.
Holotype. — Male, Fort Yuma, Ariz., January 23, H. G. Hubbard ;
allotype, Palm Springs, Calif., February 7, H. G. Hubbard, para types
same data as foregoing (U.S.N.M.) ; and Calipatria, Calif., Novem-
ber 28, 1921, E. R. Kalmbach (Biol. Survey). Broken specimens not
designated as type material: Williams, Ariz., May 27 and June 9,
E. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber (U.S.N.M.).
Type, allotype, and paratypes. — Cat. No. 2672, U.S.N.M.
PLOIARIA HIRTICORNIS (Banks).
Ploiariopsis hirticorkis Banks, N. Emesidae, 1909, p. 44 [Southern Pines,
N. C.].
Ploiaria Carolina Banks, N. Emesidae, 1909, pp. 44-45 [Southern Pines,
N. C.]. The female of P. hirticornis.
This species closely resembles the last in structure of the fore
legs, but the coxae are more slender and nearly twice as long as the
tibiae, the fore tarsi are as long as the tibiae, the elevated bases of
the long spines of postero-ventral series are about as in the last
species, white, and the spines are blackish; the pronotum is longer
and narrower than in granulosa, the abdomen has no lateral projec-
tions on tergites and the dorsal tubercles are small anteriorly, in-
creasing in size posteriorly ; the seventh tergite of the female has the
lateral angles slightly produced and a longer central process (fig.
90) ; the apical border of the male hypopygium is as in figure 91;
apical tergite as in figure 92. All our specimens have minute wing
pads except one male paratype which is fully winged ; the wings are
rather closely reticulated with fuscous, the heaviest markings being
in discal cell and along hind side of vein emanating from it.
Length, 5-6 mm.
Localities, Mulligans Hill, D. C, December 10, 1916, H. S. Barber
(U.S.N.M.) ; Southern Pines, N. C, December 28, 29, 1908, A. H.
Manee, type material (McAtee, Mus. Comp. Zool.). The holotype
examined.
An immature female from Shreveport, La. (Mus. Comp. Zool.)
has the abdomen inflated, especially posteriorly, median tubercles
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 65
on all tergites, that on five most prominent; eighth tergite concave
apically, without process.
PLOIARIA MARGINATA (Heineken).
Cerascopus marginatus Heineken, C. Zool. Journ., Jan.-May, 1829 (1830),
pp. 36-40, pi. 2, fig. 5 [Madeira].
Cerascopus canariensis Noualhier, Maurice. Note sur le genre Ploiaria
Scop. Reiit. (Emesodema Spin., Cerascopus Hein.) et description de quatre
especes nouvelles palearctiques. Rev. d'Ent, vol. 14, 1S95, p. 168 [Canary
Islands].
Male. — Brownish fuscous, with a longitudinal central line on head
and thorax, two round spots on each lobe of head and upper sides
of pronotum, the lateral margins of pronotum and mesonotum and
ventral surface of head and thorax yellowish. Antennae and legs
brownish yellow, darker just before apices of femora and yellowish
at apices.
Antennae short-hispid, apical segment about 1.75 as long as sub-
apical; eyes small, not occupying over half the height of head, and
shorter than distance from their hind margin to posterior margin
of head, surface of head microscopically granulose; fore coxa as
long as pronotum and about two thirds as long as fore tibia, with
microscopic subdecumbent hairs, but not granulose; fore femur stout,
surface as in coxa, outer series of strong spines on posterodorsal
surface numbering four or five, their bases elevated, their entire
length not greater than diameter of femur, the inner series not
interrupted opposite bases of the strong spines, consisting of many
closely placed setulae; antero- ventral series with no isolated bristle
at or near base as in the species which have the tarsus falling short
of apex. of coxa; tibia two thirds as long as femur, the antero-ventral
and postero-ventral hairs short; tarsus extending to middle of
trochanter, fully half as long as tibia, basal segment without evi-
dent setulae. Pronotum with a rounded low tubercle each side of
neck, tapered posteriorly, constricted just behind anterior margin,
widest in front of middle, a distinct constriction between pronotum
and mesonotum, the latter widening to above coxal insertions, with
a median linear sulcus and slight longitudinal ridge along each side
of dorsum separating the pale color of disk from the dark sides.
Abdominal tergites without processes, the spiracles on top of con-
nexival fold, the apical tergite with hind margin rounded; hypo-
pygium as in figure 93, the claspers farther from apex than in any
of the other species seen and the apical hook larger.
Female. — Differs from male chiefly in character of abdomen,
which is broader, especially apically and has the spiracles on outer
side of connexival fold; widest part of abdomen about at the junc-
ture of fourth and fifth tergites, sixth tergite somewhat narrowed
94993—25 5
66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.. 67
apically the end slightly convex; seventh tergite semi-circular;
eighth a little longer, depressed medianly and emarginate apically.
Length, 4.5-5.5 mm.
Data for specimens examined : La Valli Province, Buenos Aires,
Argentina, May 15, 1920, B. S. Donaldson (McAtee) ; Brazil, on
orchids, H. B. Shaw (U.S.N.M.) ; Teneriffe, Canary Ids., A. Cab-
rera; Laguna, Oct. 1, 1910 (Bueno).
PLOIARIA APTERA, new species.
Female. — Much paler than marginata, the dorsum of thorax but
little darker than the venter.
Head as in the preceding species, but the eyes comparatively
larger and the subapical antennal segment appreciably longer than
the apical. Fore coxae, femora, and tibiae similar in lengths to those
of marginata, the postero-ventral long and short spines in an almost
straight series, only two or three of the short spines between each
pair of the long spines and none opposite their bases; there is an
isolated spine near base on antero-ventral surface, the antero-ventral
series of setulae on apical half of tibia is stronger than in marginata.
Abdomen ovate, distorted in type, but evidently lacking well de-
veloped median processes on hind margins of tergites.
Length, 5.5 mm.
Holotype. — Female, Galiuro Mountains, Ariz., May 24, H. G.
Hubbard (U.S.N.M.).
This and the preceding species lack wing pads, the present one
having a very faint ridge on each posterior lateral angle of meso-
notum and metanotum which may represent the wing pads. AVe
know of no American species of this genus except these two in which
the adults have neither wings nor wing pads.
Genus GARDENA Dohrn.
Gardena Dohbn, A., Emesina, 1860, p. 214, monobasic, genotype G. melwar-
thrum Dohrn [Ceylon.] ; Nachtrage 1873. p. 64. — Champion, G. C. Biologia
vol. 2, p. 167, 1898.
As amplified in the Nachtrage, Dohrn's characterization of Gardena
may be accepted in the sense of Champion for American species.
However, there remains one notable discrepancy to be explained;
Dohrn describes the prothorax as being subequal in length to the
mesothorax and metathorax together. Measured on the median
dorsal surface the prothorax in American species is twice or more
than twice as long as the other divisions of the thorax together.
However, illustrations of Asiatic species show the same condition, so
the discrepancy probably is due to error or is to be explained by
difference in method of taking the measurements.
ART.l AMERICAN PI.OIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 67
Characters common to all the American species besides those
mentioned in the generic key are: head lacking spines, prothorax
(measurements taken on dorsum) twice or more than twice as long
as meso- and meta-thoraces taken together (even in wingless forms) ;
the anterior division of prothorax is trumpet-shaped with a low
tubercle each side in front and expands posteriorly in the winged
forms into a capacious, inverted, scoop-shaped, highly polished
portion which completely covers the mesothorax, hind margin usu-
ally somewhat concave with a slight median swelling, but there are
notable departures from this character in some species; mesopleura
and mesosternum highly polished, either subnude or with a bare
stripe in front of coxa; hind margins of sternites 2-6 in both sexe?
more or less emarginate medianly and arcuate laterally, most pro-
nouncedly so on 6; sixth sternite in males visible from above, form-
ing apparently an almost complete body ring; in most species it is
overlaid dorsally by a flap-like process of sixth tergite; the ninth
sternite also is largely exposed dorsally, where it is divided by a
broad V-shaped cleft open posteriorly (fig. 97, and others) ; the
surface of hypopygial segments is polished; all of the legs and the
antennae exceed the body in length; antennae of males with abun-
dant long hairs decreasing in length and erectness distally; espe-
cially from middle of second segment; wing venation as in figure
94; fore tibia and tarsus as in figure 95.
Coloration in the genus is very uniform, the species being chiefly
castaneous, darkest on front legs, prothorax, and genitalia; the
mid and hind trochanters and knees are stramineous, the pale base
of tibia being more or less interrupted by fuscous; the tegmina and
wings in most cases are dusky hyaline, whitish at base.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Males.
1. Cylindrical part of prothorax silicate in center of dorsum posteriorly ; hind
lobe usually transversely wrinkled anteriorly 2
Prothorax without sulcus ; hind lobe usually not distinctly wrinkled 8
2. Hind margin of hypopygium more or less sinuate or emarginate in middle
(figs. 96, 9S, 102, 104) ; sixth tergite with a longer slender process (figs.
97, 108) 3
Hind margin of hypopygium practically straight (fig. 105) ; 7th tergite with
a shorter, and usually more rounded process (figs. 109, 112) 4
3. Supero-posterior angles of hypopygium strongly produced, projecting when
viewed from behind, much above hind margin ; median process of seventh
tergite elongate, but falling considerably short of apex of hypopygium (fig.
97) ; hind margin of pronotum concave, with a slight median swelling.
americana Champion (p. 69).
68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
Supero-posterior angles of hypopygium elevated but little above bind margin ;
median process of seventh tergite elongate, falling but little short of apex
of hypopygium (fig. 108) ; hind margin of pronotum undulated, extending
farthest posteriorly on each side of median line.
crispina, new species (p. 70).
4. Apex of hypopygial clasper circularly curved, the supero-anterior angle not
produced (fig. 106) ; fore femur not evidently banded.
domitia, new species (p. 71).
Apex of hypopygial clasper not circularly curved, the supero-anterior angle
produced (figs. 99, 100, 101) ; fore femur with one or more bands 5
5. Clasper fitting into a groove which extends forward on the outer side below
supero-posterior angle of hypopygium (fig. Ill) ; posterior angle of clasper
a weak hook, process of anterior angle much stouter (fig. 99).
eutropia, new species (p. 71).
Clasper not fitting into such a groove, and of different shape G
6. Both branches of clasper slender (fig. 100) ; supero-posterior angle of hy-
popygium spine like; hind lobe of pronotum almost smooth.
marcia, new species (p. 72).
Both branches of clasper stout (fig. 101) ; supero-posterior angle of hypo-
pygium obtuse, not spine like 7
7. Antennae copiously bairy ; hind lobe of pronotum strongly wrinkled in front,
granulate behind pipara, new species (p. 72).
Antennae not hairy, hind lobe only slightly wrinkled in front and almost
smooth behind pyrallis, new species (p. 73).
8. Hind margin of hypopygium with a sharp tooth on each side of a rounded
median emargination (fig. 104); seventh tergite with a moderate, pointed
median process (fig. 114) poppaea, new species (p. 74).
Hind margin of hypopygium slightly or not at all emarginate, and lacking
teeth ; seventh tergite either convex or with a distinct process 9
9. Hind lobe of pronotum much more than half as long as the less than usually
slender anterior portion, bearing three pale yellow vittae; forewings al-
most uniform stramineous in color ; seventh tergite with a broadly trian-
gular process; clasper circularly curved similar to figure 106.
agrippina, new species (p. 73).
Hind lobe of pronotum not half as long as the very slender anterior portion,
without pale vittae ; hind margin nearly straight across, the declivity just
anterior to hind margin slightly carinate medianly ; bases of forewings
much paler in color than remainder ; seventh tergite convex posteriorly but
not produced; clasper not circularly curved (fig. 103).
faustina, new species (p. 73).
Females.
1. Cylindrical part of prothorax sulcate in center of dorsum posteriorly ; hind
lobe distinctly transversely wrinkled anteriorly ; seventh sternite more
or less produced apically (figs. 110, 113) 2
Prothorax without sulcus; hind lobe not distinctly transversely wrinkled;
seventh sternite convex but not produced apically.
faustina, new species (p. 73).
2. Seventh sternite with a short rather acute process at middle of posterior
margin (fig. 107) ; mid and hind femora each with a preapical as well as
an apical pale band messalina, new species (p. 72).
Seventh sternite with a longer process (figs. 110, 113) 3
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 69
3. Mid and hind femora each with a preapical and an apical pale yellow band;
process of seventh sternite long and slender, reaching nearly to apex of
hypopygium pipara, new species (p. 72).
Mid and hind femora lacking preapical pale band 4
4. Process of seventh sternite broad, the apex rounded and not reaching apex of
abdomen (fig. 113) caesonia, new species (p. 70).
Process of seventh sternite narrower, extending to apex of abdomen, and
there somewhat upcurved (fig. 110) domitia, new species (p. 71).
SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES.
Cylindrical part of prothorax sulfate in center of dorsum posteriorly.
americana.
caesonia.
crispina.
domitia.
eutropia.
marcia.
* messalina.
pipara.
pyrallis.
Cylindrical part of prothorax not sulcate.
agrippina.
faastina.
poppaea.
GARDENA AMERICANA Champion.
Gardena americana Champion, G. C, Biologia, vol. 2, pp. 167-8, pi. 10,
fig. 12, 1898 (part).
We have not identified the female of this species but the males are
rather paler in general color than most of the species, being yellow-
ish-brown, castaneous on posterior expansion of prothorax, meso-
and meta-thorax and genitalia; sternites 7 and 8 distinctly emargi-
nate medianly and arcuate laterally ; ninth sternite, or hypopygium,
with the apical margin triangularly excised medianly (fig. 96) be-
tween the elevated supero-posterior angles, within which lie the
terete, somewhat curved and capitate hairy claspers ; the part of ninth
sternite visible from above is longer than sixth tergite without its
median process ; the latter is ligulate, rounded apically and its length
compared to the tergite is as 15 : 35 (fig. 97). Fore tibia and tarsus as
in figure 95 ; fore wings as in figure 94.
Length, 18-20 mm.
Two specimens seen, one labeled only Cordoba in the Uhler Col-
lection (U.S.N.M.), and the other collected by J. S. Hine at Maza*
tenango, Guatemala, February 3, 1905 (Ohio State Univ. Coll.).
It is only through the great kindness of W. E. China of the British
Museum that we are enabled to announce this determination of Gar-
dena americana. With a copy of our key in hand Mr. China has
worked over the type series and informs us that the specimen figured
70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
in the Biologia Central!- Americana (reference above) has been taken
as the type and that it is the present species which we designated as
No. 2 in the key sent to him. Mr. China has kindly furnished a re-
port upon the entire British Museum series which is well worth re-
cording.
SERIES OF GARDENA AMERICANA CHAMPION IN* THE BRITISH MUSEUM.
Mexico.
1, male, Atoyac, Vera Cruz equals species 2, that is, americana.
2, female, Atoyac, Vera Cruz equals species 6, that is, caesonia.
3-8, males, Teapa, Tabasco equals species 2, that is, americana.
9, female, Dos Arroyos, Guerrero equals species 6, that is, caesonia.
9a., female, Chilpancingo, Guerrero equals species 6, that is,
caesonia.
Panama.
10-15, males and females, Bugaba equals species 4, that is,
faustina.
Guatemala.
16, male, Teleman, Vera Paz; prothorax sulcated but hypopy-
gium mutilated.
17, male, Mirandilla equals species 2, that is, americana. This
is the type specimen figured in Biologia, vol. 2, pi. 10, fig. 12.
Colombia.
18, male, Mazo equals species 2, that is, americana.
19, male, locality illegible, equals species 2, that is, americana.
It is worth noting that the above tabulation agrees in the associa-
tion of sexes as concerns species 4 {faustina) ; and it strongly in-
dicates that species 6 {caesonia) is the female of americana. For
the present, however, we will allow these forms to stand under dif-
ferent names.
GARDENA CAESONIA, new species.
Female. — Eighth tergite only a third a long as wide, bluntly
rounded apically; 9th longer than broad, almost parallel-sided
viewed from above, truncate apically; process of 7th sternite long
triangular, pointed (fig. 113).
Length, 20 mm.
Holotype. — Female, Guatemala (U.S.N.M.). Paratype, Frontera,
Tabasco, Mexico, June, 1897, C. H. T. Townsend (Iowa).
Type.— Female, Cat. No. 26729, U.S.N.M.
GARDENA CRISPINA, new species.
Male. — Coloration as described for the genus; hind margins of
sternite 7 and 8 moderately emarginate medianly, of 7 slightly con-
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 71
cave, and of 8 a little convex laterally ; 9th sternite polished, its hind
margin with a shallow rounded emargination (fig. 98) ; that part of
9th sternite visible from above shorter than 7th tergite without me-
dian process, the latter ligulate, rather pointed and nearly as long
as remainder of its tergite, proportion to whole tergite as 18 is to 37,
(fig. 108).
Length, 18 mm.
Holotype. — Male Turrialba, Costa Rica, Schild and Burgdorf (U.
S.N.M.).
Type.— Male, Cat. No. 26730, U.S.N.M.
GARDENA DOMITIA, new species.
Male. — Hypopygium strigate, not so shining as usual, part visible
from above about as long as 7th tergite including process, the latter
broad, rounded apically, its length compared to the whole tergite as
12 is to 27 (fig. 109) ; hind margin of hypopygium transverse (fig.
lor>) : clasper as in figure 106.
Female. — Connexivum elevated posteriorly, pale-edged; 6th ter-
gite rounded apically; 8th semi-circular in shape; 9th broad, some-
what inflated, depressed on each side apically; 7th sternite promi-
nently inflated anteriorly, posterior process as described in key, the
margins each side of it slightly sinuate, (fig. 110).
Length, 20-22 mm.
Holotype. — Male, allotype female, with genital segments well pre-
served, and another pair with them damaged, Pachitea, P(eru.
(Bueno).
Paratypes. — Male, Lower Mamore River, Bolivia, Dec. 1913, 2
females, La Juntas, Bolivia, Dec. 1913, Quatra Ojos, Nov. 1913, J.
Steinbach (Carnegie Mus.)
GARDENA EUTROPIA, new species.
Male. — Color about the same as in pipara. Process of 7th tergite
of moderate length, in proportion to remainder of tergite as 2 is to
3, its apex rounded. Hind margin of 6th sternite with a broad and
deep median emargination, and strong sinuations on each side; sev-
enth and eighth sternites distinctly although shallowly concave
medianly and convex laterally. Ninth sternite long, opening up-
ward, the posterior margin straight; viewed from above the flaring
part of cleft is short, bordered each side by a broad, sloping, trun-
cate process, beneath which the claspers are withdrawn (fig. Ill) ;
claspers as described in key (fig. 99).
Length, 17 mm.
Holotype. — Male, Santarem, Brazil. (Carnegie Mus.)
72 -PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
GARDENA MARCIA, new species.
Male. — Color as in pipara; posterior lobe of pronotum almost lack-
ing transverse wrinkles. Lobe of seventh tergite very short, in pro-
portion to remainder of tergite as 2 is to 5, broadly rounded. Hind
margin of sixth sternite broadly and deeply emarginate medianly,
arcuate laterally; seventh and eighth sternites shallowly concave
medianly and convex laterally, the former nearly straight across.
Ninth sternite short, opening posteriorly and upwardly, its hind
margin nearly straight; cleft of upper surface opening gradually
from the base (fig. 112), supero-posterior angles, produced, elevated
and spinelike at apices, hollowed out beneath for reception of the
claspers, which are as described in key (fig. 100).
Length, 14 mm.
Holotype. — Male, Santarem, Brazil. (Carnegie Mus.)
GARDENA MESSALINA, new species.
Female. — Fore femora each with a faint subapical pale band ; mid
femora and tibiae each with two pale bands. Seventh tergite very
slightly convex on hind margin, eighth moderately long, semi-ellip-
tical; ninth very convex transversely, somewhat constricted near
middle of exposed portion, rounded apically. Sixth sternite with
'a deep emargination posteriorly involving the entire hind border;
seventh sternite long, with a short, median triangular process pos-
teriorly (fig. 107) sides of hind margin slightly concave; eighth
sternite broadly exposed on sides, profoundly emarginate in middle.
Length, 17 mm.
Holotype. — Female, Victoria, Texas. (U.S.N.M.).
Type.— Female, Cat. No. 26731, M.S.N.M.
This is a wingless but mature specimen, which, because of different
leg markings is treated as a different species from G. poppaea, repre-
sented by a wingless male, also from Victoria.
GARDENA PIPARA, new species.
Male. — Head and body chiefly castaneous, the appendages yellow-
brown ; apex of first antennal segment, two bands on front femur, apex
of mid and hind femur and subapical annulus, bases of mid and hind
tibia and sub-basal annulus paler; wings dusky fumose. Seventh
tergite rather short, its body exceeding the short rounded lobe only
as 3 is to 2. Seventh and eighth sternites shallowly emarginate me-
dianly, convex laterally ; ninth or hypopygium, long, opening upward
and backward, the hind margin nearly straight, the supero-posterior
angles moderately elevated, the expanded part of dorsal cleft short,
claspers as described in key (fig. 101).
aet. 1 AMEEICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AJSTD MALLOCH 73
Female. — Coloration as in male. Seventh tergite broadly rounded,
and narrowly abruptly declivate apically; eighth tergite short,
rounded apically, almost horizontal; ninth tergite long, slightly
inflated above, abruptly narrowed below; the apical half is trans-
versely rounded, marked off by two oblique depressions, and the mid-
dle of apical margin is slightly excised. Seventh sternite rather
prominently inflated subbasally, apical margin straight across except
at middle, which is produced as a long, slender pointed process,
reaching nearly to apex of body.
Length, 18-20 mm.
Holotype. — Male, Province del Sara, Bolivia, April 1913, J. Stein-
bach.
Allotype and paratype. — Two females, same locality, 350 meters
elevation, December, 1912, J. Steinbach. Paratype, two females,
Chapada, Brazil, June. (All these specimens in Carnegie Museum.)
Paratype male, La Zanga, Paraguay, V. Benzon (Copenhagen Mu-
seum), and another, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, September, 1917 (Pen-
nington).
GARDENA PYRALLIS, new species.
Male. — Paler than G. pipara, the leg markings, etc., therefore not
so distinct; hind lobe of pronotum much smoother as described in
key; genitalia very similar.
Length, 16 mm.
Holotype. — Llanos, Venezuela, F. Geay (Paris Mus.).
GARDENA AGGRIPINA, new species.
Male. — Paler in ground color and with more pale markings than
is usual in the genus ; fore femur with three distinct pale bands, and
front legs with other pale areas; pronotum with a median broad,
and two lateral narrow pale vittae on posterior lobe ; wings stramin-
eous almost throughout; mid and hind legs pale, the femora and
tibiae each with a distinct sub-basal and another faint darker an-
nulus. Hind margins of sternites 7 and 8 concave medianly, convex
laterally, of 9 nearly straight, cleft of ninth sternite, as seen from
above, about one-third the length of part dorsally exposed; process
of seventh tergite, well-developed, rounded apically, length compared
with that of remainder of tergite as 9 is to 17.
Length, 16 mm.
Holotype. — Provincio del Sara, Bolivia, 350 meters elevation, Dec.
1912, J. Steinbach (Carnegie Mus.).
GARDENA FAUSTINA, new species.
Male. — Chiefly distinguished by the long and slender prothorax
and the prominently convex but scarcely produced hind margin
94993— 25— —6
74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
of tergite 7 (fig. 115) ; sternites 7 and 8 are concave medianly, con-
vex laterally; part of sternite 9 exposed dorsally about as long as
tergite 7, the V-shaped cleft short, the supero-posterior angles trun-
cate, not elevated but somewhat flaring laterally, posterior margin
shallowly emarginate medianly (fig. 102) ; clasper ending in a flat-
tish hook the blade of which is long acuminate and directed upward
(fig. 103).
Female. — The hind margin of 7th tergite is slightly convex, trans-
verse; the 8th tergite is semi-elliptical and the ninth longer than
wide, somewhat narrowed and bluntly rounded apically; the 7th
stemite is moderately convex apically.
Length, 20-22 mm.
In this species the coxae and adjoining parts vary from yellow to
black in color and the hind part of thorax and tip of abdomen are
quite dark, contrasting strongly with the yellow-brown abdomen,
front part of body, and legs.
Holotype.—Male, Porto Bello, Panama, Feb. 28, 1911, E. A.
Schwarz; allotype female, Feb. 21, other data the same; paratype
males, Porto Bello, Panama, Feb. 15, 28, 1911, A. Busck; Trinidad
River, Panama, May 7, 1911, A. Busck. A male and female from
Biologia series of " americana " are labelled, Bugaba, 800-1,500
feet, Champion, and Caldera, Panama, Champion, respectively. AH
preceding specimens in United States National Museum. Foul
females, Cacagualito, Colombia, May, and one from Chapada,
Brazil, Sept. (Carnegie Mus.). One male, French Guiana, Nov.,
1914, R. Benoist (Paris Mus.).
Type, allotype and paratypes.— €at. No. 26732, U.S.N.M.
GARDENA POPPAEA, new species.
Male. — Posterior margin of hypopygium with two teeth, the
superoposterior angles considerably elevated (fig. 104), portion of
this sternite visible from above as long as 7th tergite including
process, the latter barely lapping base of V-shaped cleft of hypo-
pygium, its length compared to entire tergite as 3 is to 8 (fig. 114) ;
claspers retracted, their form unknown.
Length, 20 mm.
Holotype.—Mtxle, Victoria, Tex., Feb. 1905, J. D. Mitchell
(U.S.N.M.).
While this specimen is entirely wingless it is obviously mature.
Type.— Male, Cat. No. 26733, U.S.N.M.
Genus EMESAYA, new name.
For Emesa of authors not of Laporte (1833, p. 84) who named
E. mantis Fabricius as type. Since this species belongs to the genus
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 75
subsequently called Westermannias the latter name therefore falls
into synonymy, and the insects formely known as Emesa are left
without a distinctive name. See fuller data under the name Emesa
as accepted in this paper (p. 38).
Genotype. — Ploiaria brevipemnis Say. For full reference see
under Erne say a brevipennis Say (p. 78). This new name is intended
to combine a reminder of the long familiar term with a tribute to
the pioneer American naturalist Thomas Say.
Characters of the genus besides those mentioned in the key to
genera are : Mid and hind legs and antennae longer than body ; head
without frontal spine, the transverse sulcus convex posteriorly, its
ends in front of eyes, its middle course between them; prothorax in
unwinged forms somewhat shorter than meso- and meta-thoraces
together, in winged forms decidedly longer, expanded posteriorly
and entirely covering dorsum of mesothorax, its hind margin more
or less concave medianly; wings extending only to about middle of
abdomen; sutures between tergites difficult to distinguish, those
seen are straight; sixth tergite of male ending in a long apically
rounded flap covering hypopygium ; sutures between sternites convex
anteriorly, that between o and 6 most so; hypopygium of male long,
somewhat compressed, hind margin with a median process; in fe-
males the seventh tergite is approximately semi-circular in outline,
the eighth is oblong, somewhat tapering apically, with the apex vari-
ously modified, yielding the most valuable characters for the separa-
tion of species; the connexivum is more elevated in females than in
males. Structure of fore tibia and tarsus and venation of wings as
in figures 136, 137, and 138, respectively.
Coloration in the genus is simple, the general tone varying from
stramineous to reddish (erythrization being especially characteristic
of maturity) ; the whole head and body has a fine short sericeous
pubescence, bare spots and lines in which account for most of the
apparent markings, as a line over anterior half of pronotum and
head, forked in front of transverse constriction, a straight line under
each eye, cirrhose maculations on pronotum, and dotting over both
upper and lower surfaces of abdomen; the mesosternum and meso-
pleura are entirely sericeous, not glossy as in Gardena. The front
legs are more or less dark spotted and the spines dark-tipped; at
least the knees (femora-tibial joints) of mid and hind legs are pale,
often there is another distinct pale band each side of this joint.
When the antennae are not entirely pale the first segment is pale
apically. The wings vary from stramineous to fuscous-hyaline,
often paler at base.
76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM vol. 67
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Males.
1. Hind margin of hypopygiuin without median process, nearly straight across.
manni, new species (p. 83).
Hind margin of hypopygium with a median process, sometimes partly con-
cealed by the claspers 2
2. Hind margin of hypopgyium nearly straight across, bearing on its inner
side a process which extends upward and forward between (and usually
concealed by) apices of claspers (fig. 121) 3
Hind margin of hypopygium produced, in the plane of its outer surface, into
a process which is not concealed between apices of claspers 4
3. Clasper broadly concave on upper margin, swollen at base and expanded on
inner side toward apex into a triangular lobe (fig. 133), not hairy.
pollex, new species (p. 82).
Clasper convex on upper margin, neither swollen at base nor expanded lat-
erally toward apex, hairy, the hairs on inner surface long and erect (fig.
122) brevipennis (Say) (p. 78).
4. Process tapering gradually from base, slender and pointed, a little recurved
apically ; clasper nearly terete, strongly curved and somewhat bulbous api-
cally (figs. 130-131) apiculata, new species (p. SI).
Process notched on the sides at base, broadly expanding apically, with a
terminal notch ; clasper nearly straight, curved only near apex which is not
bulbous (figs. 118,119, 120) incisa, new species (p. 78).
Females.
1. Eighth tergite with the lateral angles produced considerably beyond middle
of hind margin (fig. 123) 2
Eighth tergite with the lateral angles produced no farther than middle of
hind margin, or rounded (figs. 129, 131a) 5
2. Seventh tergite with a pair of divergent carinae bounding disk, within and
distinct from the ridges which divide the upper surface from the down-
folded lateral portions of the tergite11 (fig. 116) 3
Seventh tergite without such carinae 4
3. Fore femur about 7.5 mm. long; fore coxa hardly twice as long as head.
brevicoxa (Banks) (p. 77).
Fore femur about 9 mm. long; fore coxa fully twice as long as head.
banksi, new species (p. 77).
4. Hind margin of eighth tergite between the processes decidedly concave, the
emargination broadly U-shaped ; seventh and eighth tergites with a me-
dian longitudinal bare and slightly elevated line (fig. 127) ; side of eighth
tergite subangulate posteriorly lineata, new species (p. 81).
Hind margin of eighth tergite between the processes nearly straight, the
emargination nearly rectangular (fig. 123) ; seventh and eighth tergites
lacking such a line; side of eighth tergite not at all angulate posteriorly
(fig. 124) brevipennis (Say) (p. 78).
5. Hind margin of eighth tergite bisinuate, the lateral angles and median point
about equally produced (fig. 129) modica, new species (p. 81).
Hind margin of eighth tergite with the lateral angles rounded and the median
portion apiculate or much produced 6
11 In partially collapsed or distorted specimens, the seventh tergite is prone to fold
along the lines of the lateral and central carinae ; these accidental and usually unsym-
metrical folds must not be mistaken for the true carinae which are clear-cut and sym-
metrical.
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 77
6. Median portion of hind margin of eighth tergite apiculate (fig. 131a).
apiculata, new species (p. 81).
Median portion of hind margin of eighth tergite produced in a rather long,
keel-like process (figs. 134, 135) pollex, new species (p. 82).
REMARKS ON PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED SPECIES OTHER THAN THOSE INCLUDED IN THE) KEY AND
SYNONYMY.
aflinis [Emesa] Dohkn, Emesina 1860, pp. 222-3 [Columbia].
No hypopygial characters mentioned; the color markings de-
scribed in themselves have no significance; examination of type
necessary to identification. Champion (Biologia, vol. 2, 1898, p. 168)
synonymizes this species with longipes De G*EER=brevipennis Say.
longipes [Emesa] Fabricius, Systema Bhyngotorum, 1803, p. 263 [America].
Stal refers this to Zelus. See p. 39.
SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES.
(Females only.)
Eighth tergite with the lateral angles produced farther than middle of hind
margin.
Seventh tergite with a pair of divergent carinae. brevicoxa.
banksi.
Seventh tergite lacking such carinae. brevipennis.
lineata.
Eighth tergite with lateral angles not so much produced or even rounded, me-
dian portion of this tergite more or less produced posteriorly.
modica.
apiculata.
pollex.
EMESAYA BREVICOXA (Banks).
Emesa brevicoxa Banks, N. Emesidae, 1909, p. 48 [Los Angeles, Calif.].
Described from a single female which remains the unique repre-
sentative of the form. This specimen, now in the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology has been studied in the course of the present revi-
sion. The carinae of seventh tergite, not mentioned in original
description are very distinctive, grouping the species with the new
form banksi described below. The coloration is scarcely different
from that of E. brevipennis; however it was noted that the mid and
hind tibiae are entirely pale except for a sub-basal dusky band on
each. Approximate measurements are: Length of head and body
together 29 mm. ; of front coxa, 5 mm. ; of front femur 7.5 mm.
EMESAYA BANKSI, new species.
Agrees with E. brevieoxa Banks in carination of seventh tergite
(fig. 116 ; lateral view of female hypopygium, fig. 117) but differs in
measurements of front legs as indicated in key. The posterior
lateral angles of eighth tergite are less produced than in E. brevi-
eoxa and much less than in average specimens of E. brevipennis
78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM 70L. 67
Si\y. General color pale reddish-brown, short gray pubescence
abundant; leg bands only faintly indicated.
Length about 29 mm.
Holotype. — Female, San Antonio, Texas, Sept. 18-27 (Museum of
Comparative Zoology).
Paratype. — Female, vicinity of La Paz, Lower California, 1903,
L. Diguet (Paris Mus.).
EMESAYA INCISA, new species.
Somewhat smaller than E. brevipennis, and most of the specimens
are paler than the average color in the genus, this being especially
true of the legs and antennae; the dark annuli therefore unusually
prominent.
Male. — Ground color stramineous, broad vittae on sides of head
and posterior lobe of pronotum (sometimes whole of this expan-
sion), dorsum of abdomen more or less, leg bands and dots fuscous.
Genitalia as described in key (see figs. 118, 119, 120).
Length, 24-27 mm.
Males from Palm Springs, Calif., Feb. 25, H. G. Hubbard (holo-
type) ; Monclova, Mex., Nov. 23, 1909, E. A. Schwarz (U.S.N.M.) ;
Higley, Ariz., July 10, 1917, E. G. Holt (Biol. Survey).
Type and paratype.— -Male, Cat. No. 26734, U.S.N.M.
This may be the male of one of the preceding two species.
EMESAYA BREVIPENNIS (Say).
Ploiaria brevipennis Say, Thomas. American Entomology, vol. 3, 1S28, pp.
105-6, pi. 47 [Philadelphia] ; Complete Writings, vol. 1, 1859, pp. 105-6.
Cimex longipes De Geeb, Charles. Memoires pour servir a l'Histoire des
Insectes, vol. 3, 1773, pp. 352-4, pi. 35, figs. 16-17 [Pennsylvania]. This name
though older than Say's is preoccupied by Cimex longipes Linnaeus, Systema
Naturae, ed. 12, 1767, p. 724.
Emesa filum? Griffith, Edward. The Animal Kingdom arranged in con-
formity with its organization, by the Baron Cuvier * * * with supple-
mentary additions to each order by Edward Griffith, vol. 15, 1832, p. 244, pi. 97,
fig. 3. [North America.] Index p. 786 states "Emesa filum f Filum, read
brevipennis of Mr. Say."
Emesa pia Amyot, C. B. J. and Serville, A. Histoire naturelle des Insectes,
1843, p. 394. [Philadelphia.]
Emesa pia Herrich-Schaffer, G. A. W. Die wanzenartigen Insecten, IX,
1853, p. 114, fig. 937. [North America.]
Dmesa choctaivana Kirkaldy, G. W. Hemiptera, Old and New, No. 2, Can.
Ent, vol. 41, No. 11, Nov. 1909, p. 388. New name for brevipennis Dohru not
of Say. However, Dohrn's brevipennis probably is Say's species and no new
name was required. The generic name an obvious typographical error.
KBT TO THE SUBSPECIES.
1. Processes of 8th tergite shorter and more rounded as seen from above ; disk
of tergite stramineous, with more copious and longer pubescence, giving it
a sericeous appearance occidentalis.
akt. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 79
Processes of 8th tergite longer, more slender and pointed ; disk of tergite
darker, pubescence shorter and sparser 2
2. Pale annuli on mid and hind legs tending to obsolescence, especially in males,
often the knees only pale australis.
Full complement of pale leg markings usually evident in both sexes.
brevipennis.
EMESAYA BREVIPENNIS BREVIPENNIS (Say).
In general color this subspecies varies from rubiginous to fuscous
with the pale leg markings distinct; nymphs and teneral specimens
are paler, mature specimens redder or darker. Genitalia as described
in key (figs. 121 to 124). Fore tibia and tarsus as in figure 136;
wings as in figures 137, 138.
Length, 28-36 millimeters.
Many specimens have been examined from a range with the fol-
lowing States as its extremes : Massachusetts, Missouri, Florida, and
Texas. The species has been recorded also from Iowa.
The eggs (fig. 125) of this species are about 2 millimeters in
length, long-elliptical in outline, the opercle with a large central,
truncately conical tubercle, the periphery of which is more or less
eroded at the base; the main body of the egg is black in ground color,
somewhat compressed and with longitudinal rows of membranous,
saw-tooth-shaped exfoliations, the bases of which are almost con-
tinuous; these lines of projections are arranged more or less in con-
centric ellipses (if we may use the expression) on the flat sides of the
egg. Specimens examined were laid by a female captured on Plum-
mer Island, Md., October 6, 1912. This individual laid about 20
eggs before October 11. M. Faunce. Another female collected at
the same locality by E. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber, November 16,
1912, also laid eggs in confinement.
Nymphs about 6 millimeters long collected at Plummer Island,
April 20, by H. S. Barber are pale ivory color with fuscous markings
as follows : A slender vitta from base of antenna along side of head,
interrupted at eye ; two more or less interrupted vittae along sides of
all divisions of thorax; a slender line along outside of each front
coxa and trochanter; front femur with a short vitta and 2 partial
bands; mid and hind femora and tibiae each with 2 bands near the
knee; apex of abdomen below with 2 series of markings, each con-
sisting of a dot and 2 dashes; spiracles black. The posterior lol>e of
head is much more swollen than in adult.
EMESAYA BREVIPENNIS AUSTRALIS, new subspecies.
From the Gulf States southward to Panama occurs what seems to
be a geographical race characterized by a strong tendency, which is
almost universal among the males, to lack all pale leg markings
except at knees. We have not been able to correlate this character
80 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
with any structural differences, whether of genitalia or otherwise,
although it is noticeable that in this form the processes of the eighth
tergite often are shorter than in northern specimens.
The obvious question as to whether any of the several synonyms of
Emesa brevipennis apply to this subspecies apparently must be
answered in the negative. Two of these names, longipes De Geer and
pia Amyot and Serville, were founded on specimens coming from
the same State as Say's material, namely from Pennsylvania, where
only one form is known to occur. E. pia Herrich-Schaffer has the
characters of the old, not the new, subspecies, and choctaioana Kirk-
aldy applies to a form agreeing in description with, and which prob-
ably is, true E. brevipennis Say. Dohrn's key 12 attributes the prin-
cipal character of our new subspecies to E. longipes De Geer, but his
fuller description (pp. 221-2), based on De Geer's type, contradicts
the statement in the key ; De Geer's description does not mention the
character at all, and his name is unavailable, as we have noted in the
synonym}^.
Specimens of the new subspecies examined are :
Holotype. — Male, Taboga Island, Panama, Feb. 27, 1912. A.
Busck; allotype, same locality and collector, June 14, 1911 (U.S.
N.M.).
Paratypes with the following data : Taboga Island, Panama, June
14, 1911, Feb. 22, 27, 1912, A. Busck; Ancon, Ganal Zone, Panama,
A. H. Jennings ; Limon, Canal Zone, Panama, Aug. 24, 1918, H. Mor-
rison; Gamboa, Canal Zone, Panama, July 17, 1918, H. Dietz and J.
Zetek; Panama, June 25, Wirt Robinson; Paraiso, C. Z., Panama,
Jan. 28, 1911, E. A. Schwarz ; Cacao Trece Aguas, Guatemala, April
8, E. A. Schwarz; Altenas, Costa Rica, Schild and Burgdorf ; Ana-
huac, Tex., Nov. 8, 1918, H. S. Barber (U.S.N.M.) ; Orange, Tex.,
July, 1914, Wm. T. Davis (Davis) ; Spring Creek, Decatur Co., Ga,,
July, 1912; Bainbridge, Ga., July 15, 1912 (Cornell Univ.) ; Gaines-
ville, Fla., July 20, 1918, C. J. Drake (Drake).
Type, allotype, and paratypes.— Male, Cat. No. 26735, U.S.N.M.
EMESAYA BREVIPENNIS OCCIDENTALIS, new subspecies.
A pair of specimens from the Uhler Collection (U. S. Nat. Mus.)
marked L. Cal. are selected as holotype (female) and allotype
(male) of this subspecies. The general color is rufo-stramineous
with all markings whether darker or paler much less noticeable
than in E. b. brevipennis. Length 31-34 mm.
A paratype female from Palo Alto, Calif., July 25, 1892, W. G.
Johnson (Cornell Univ.) agrees in hypopygial characters (fig. 126)
but is much shorter (26 mm.) and somewhat darker in coloration.
»-' Emesina, 18G0, p. 217.
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 81
A female of the brevipennis complex from La Belle, Fla., April
28, 1912 (Amer. Mus.) has the 8th tergite merely concave posteriorly,
the lateral angles not forming teat-like processes, but since a male
collected at same place and time is not separable from E. brevipennis
the unusual character of the female is attributed to individual
variation.
EMESAYA LINEATA, new species.
Female. — Knees of posterior two pairs of legs pale, the middle
legs with, the hind legs without, a faint subbasal pale annulus on
femur; legs in general pale, head and body dark reddish-brown.
Apex of abdomen as in figure 127.
Length, 31 mm.
Holotype— Female, Crescent City, Fla. Broken specimen
(U.S.N.M.)
T!/Pe.— Female, Cat. No. 26736, U.S.N.M.
EMESAYA MODICA, new species.
A dark species varying from reddish-brown to fuscous, the usual
pale markings present, however; bare spots about setae on ventral
surface of abdomen much less conspicuous than in E. brevipennis;
hypopygium as described in key (figs. 128, 129).
Length, 33 mm.
Holotype.— Female, Cordoba, Mex., F. Knab. (U.S.N.M.)
Type.— Female, Cat. No. 26737, U.S.N.M.
Another female specimen probably of this species, but having the
genitalia badly mashed is from Cachi, Costa Rica. April 27, 1910,
C. H. Lankester (Acad. Sci. Phila.).
Length, 34 mm.
EMESAYA APICULATA, new species.
Male. — General color deep castaneous, coxal margins, beak except
apex, antennal tubercles, wedge-shaped markings behind and inside
eyes, margins of posterior lobe of pronotum and connexivum ivory-
colored. First joint of antenna pale at apex and near" base. Legs
in general much paler than body; front ones with the lower sur-
faces and a broad subterminal and narrower subbasal annulus on
tibia, and two narrow annuli near apex of femur ivory color; mid
and hind legs with apices of femora and bases of tibiae ivory,
sharply contrasting with general color, the other annuli but faintly
indicated. Wings dusky hyaline, scarcely paler at bases.
Hypopygium (fig. 130) of moderate length, opening upward,
hind margin and claspers as described in key (fig. 131) hind margin
of sixth sternite slightly concave medianly, more so laterally; seventh
82 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
nearly straight across; process of sixth tergite long, but not quite
reaching apex of hypopygium, almost parallel-sided for most of its
length, a little constricted beyond middle, transversely wrinkled
basally, rather abruptly narrowed, bluntly-pointed and punctate
apically.
Length, 30-32 mm.
Specimens: Males, Province del Sara, Bolivia, December, 1913.
J. Steinbach (Carnegie Museum, Ace. No. 5068) ; Buena Vista,
Bolivia, J. Steinbach (Carnegie Mus. Ace. 5573) ; Rio Autuz, Ama-
zon, September, Roman (Stockholm Mus.). The last specimen dif-
fers in having hind margin of sixth sternite convex instead of
slightly concave medianly. A female nymph, E. Bolivia, J. Stein-
bach (Carnegie Mus., Ace. No. 5572) probably is this species; as
usual with nymphs of the genus it is more profusely and boldly
marked than the adults.
IloJotype. — The first specimen listed.
An adult female, for geographical reasons regarded as belonging
to this species, bears the following data : French Guiana, R. Oberthur,
1899 (Paris Mus.). It differs in coloration from the male only in
being a little duller, the markings especially of the front legs being
less contrasted. The seventh tergite is very broad apically, the whole
margin of the disk a little swollen; eighth tergite strongly carinate
along the nearly parallel sides of disk, the carinae thickest at base,
each with deep impression basally, apex of tergite rounded subangu-
late medianly (figs. 131a, 132).
Emesaya precatoria (Emesa precatovius Fabricius, J. C.13 [Middle
America] ) , seems to be much like E. apiculata. We have been sup-
plied, through the kindness of Dr. William Lundbeck, with sketches
and notes relating to the type specimen, which differs chiefly from
the species here described in the emargination of the male clasper
(fig. 1315) and shape of the apical hypopygial process (fig. 131c).
EMESAYA POLLEX, new species.
Male. — Chiefly castaneous, the legs and antennae paler; the tylus,
middle of head just behind it, areas inside eyes and posterior lobe of
thorax tending to be paler. Darkening of the disk of latter in some
specimens gives the effect of pale marginal stripes. The connexivum
is touched with luteous. Front tibia and femur with pale areas but
scarcely banded; mid and hind femora with evident terminal and
faint subterminal, tibiae with basal and subbasal, pale annuli. Tip
of first antennal segment pale. Wings hyaline, a little denser at
base.
13 Systema Rhyngotorum, 1803, pp. 263-264.
.art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 83
Hypopygium long, opening upward (fig. 132«) ; spine and claspers
as described in key (fig. 133). Sixth sternite with a shallow rounded
emargination medianly, the sides first convex, then concave, pos-
teriorly; 7th sternite with hind margin of approximately the same
shape, but lacking median emargination. Process of 6th tergite
narrowing very gradually, rounded apically, not quite reaching
apices of claspers.
Length, 23-26 mm.
Holotype. — Male, Corumba, Brazil, May (Carnegie Museum, Ace.
No. 2966). Paratypes male, two, same locality as type, highlands
in March; and another, Province del Sara, Bolivia, February, 1913,
Steinbach (Carnegie Museum) ; male, Brazil, G. Fallon (Paris Mus.).
A female certainly of this species from Santarem, Brazil (Ace.
No. 2966, Carnegie Mus.) is selected as allotype. Coloration agrees
very closely with that of the male. The seventh tergite is somewhat
narrowly rounded apically, and the eighth is rather compressed,
deep-sided and pointed apically, otherwise as described in key and
figured (figs. 134, 135). Another female, labeled merely Amazon
River (Stockholm Mus.), and one Goyaz, Jatahy, Brazil, Breddin
(Berlin Mus.).
EMES~AYA MANNI, new species.
General color castaneous, posterior lobe of pronotum, wings, and
legs paler brown, the fore femur with a subapical and the fore tibia
with two pale bands. Male hypopygium as noted in key, the claspers
oblong, not touching each other apically, the extremity pointed within,
apical tergite moderately pointed and slightly surpassing hypopy-
gium. Length, 32 mm.
Holotype. — Male, Huachi Beni, Bolivia, September, 1921, Wm. M.
Mann (U.S.N.M.).
Type.— Male, Cat. No. 26738, U.S.N.M.
Genus METAPTERUS Costa.
Metapterus, Costa, Achille. Additamenta ad Centurias Cimicum Regni
neapolitani. Atti del real Istit. d ' Incorag. Sci. nat. Napoli. 1860, p. 10.
This is the only bibliographical reference in the paper not personally veri-
fied. We have been unable to find this publication in the largest scientific
libraries in the United States. The genotype is Metapterus linearis Costa,
whether by original designation or otherwise, we are unable to say.
Barce, Stax, C. Hemiptera Africana descripsit, vol. 3, 1805, pp. 102-163.
[A genus without species here.] Analecta hemipterologica, Berliner Entomolo-
gische Zeitschrift, vol. 10. 1800, p. 108. [Monobasic, B. annulipes, new species,
genotype.]
Carambis Stal, C. Hem. Afr. 3, 1SG5, p. 103. [A genus without species here.]
Anal, hemip. Berlin Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 10, 1800, p. 108. [Monobasic, genotype,
Emesa caspica Dohrn.] This synonymy clears up Stal's reference to specimens
of Carambis from America. (Emim. Hemip. 2, 1872, p. 127.)
84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
Ilantisoma, Iakovlev, V. E. Materials for the entomological fauna of Euro-
pean Russia, Proc. Russian Ent. Soc, St. Petersburg, vol. 7, 1874, pp. 34-35,
pi. 1, fig. 2. [Monobasic, genotype M. apiera, new species.] The citation
of this genus from Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., sometimes seen, is, of course, in-
correct.
In the form of the forelegs this genus resembles Emesaya, Gar-
denia, and Ghilianella, but is readily distinguished from them by the
characters indicated in the generic key (figs. 139, 141.) . In the caudal
elongation of the apical abdominal tergite of the male, which covers
the dorsal surface of the hypopygium to or beyond the apex, the
genus resembles some of the species in Ghilianella, but the cephalic
and some other characters readily separate it from that genus. The
venation of the forewings (fig. 142) is evidence of relationship to
Emesaya and Gardena, but the fore tarsal structure and the form
of the hypopygia are quite different and indicate that Metapterus
is no more closely related to these genera than to Ghilianella. The
apical antennal segment is at least four times as long as the sub-
apical.
Our identification of Barce with Metapterus is based on compari-
son of the two type species, the specimens of Metapterus linearis in
our hands being some identified by Dr. A. "L. Montandon. The male
hypopygium of this species has a longer central spine than in the
most closely related American species (uhleri, neglectus) and this
causes the last tergite to appear more decidedly arcuate. The hy-
popygial claspers are rectangularly bent at about midway to apicesr
the apical half projecting upward like the central thorn, whereas
in the North American species the claspers are slightly or almost
imperceptibly curved. The female of M. linearis resembles that of
uhleri most closely, the apical tergite being without notch, and the
sixth sternite without a broad central emargination ; the apical tergite
is broadly deflexed on apical half.
... KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Males.
1. Basal spine of postero-ventral series on fore femur less than its own length
from base of femur; apical outline of hypopygium from side irregular (fig.
147) aberrans, new species (p. 86).
Basal spine of postero-ventral series on fore femur more than its own length
from base of femur ; apical outline of hypopygium from side usually
regularly rounded 2
2. Head with a pale yellowish stripe along venter which is of about equal width
on its entire length, filling the interocular space, and without a dark spot
on each side behind eye ; upper margin of hypopygium with a squarish
backwardly curved process which is more or less emarginate at tip (fig.
15S), no erect spine within the upper border of hypopygium 3
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 85
Head with a pale yellowish stripe along venter which is narrower than inter-
ocular space or has a distinct dark spot on each side behind eye ; upper
margin of hypopygium not produced backward at apex, with a long
spine within upper border (figs. 151, 152) 5
3. Fore coxa about twice as long as fore tibia 4
Fore coxa less than 1.5 as long as fore tibia banksii (Baker) (p. 87).
4. Mid and hind femora each with more than one brown band; seventh tergite
obtusely rounded, projecting little if any beyond hypopygium (fig. 157).
annulipes (Stal) (p. 88).
Mid and hind femora each with only one brown band ; seventh tergite more
acutely rounded and projecting more or less beyond hypopygium.
fraternus (Say) (p. 89).
5. Apical spine of hypopygium conspicuously backwardly curved at tip (fig.
150) ; general color fuscous ; surface rugulae of abdomen both above and
below forming a distinct reticulation uhleri (Banks) (p. 86).
Apical hypopygial spine straight or almost so, only slightly curved at tip (fig.
153) ; general color stramineous; surface rugulae of abdomen chiefly longi-
tudinal, not forming a reticulation neglectus, new species (p. 87).
Females.
1. Basal postero-ventral spine on fore femur less than its own length from base
of femur; apical tergite entire aberrans, new species (p. 86).
Basal postero-ventral spine on fore femur more than its own length from
base of femur 2
2. Head with a pale yellowish stripe on venter which is not decidedly nar-
rower than interocular space nor with a dark spot on each side behind
eye 3
Head with a pale yellow stripe on venter which is narrower than interocular
space or has a dark spot on each side behind eye 5
3. Fore coxa only about one third longer than fore tibia __banksii (Baker) (p. 87).
Fore coxa nearly or quite twice as long as fore tibia 4
4. Mid and hind femora each with more than one brown band ; spines on pos-
tero-ventral surface of fore femur less elongate, the process between bases
of antenna less pronounced, wing pads in apterous forms less developed
than in fraternus; notch in apex of apical tergite of an open type, its sides
varying from concave to nearly straight annulipes (Stal) (p. 88).
Mid and hind femora each with one brown band ; spines on postero-ventral
surface of fore femur more elongate, the process between bases of an-
tennae more pronounced, the wing pads in apterous forms better developed
than in annulipes ; notch in apical tergite of a narrower type, its sides
more or less convex, the apex of the notch more acute (fig. 162).
fraternus (Say) (p. 89).
5. Seventh tergite entire or barely emarginate at apex (fig. 148) general color
of species fuscous uhleri (Banks) (p. 86).
Seventh tergite with a short and acute apical incision (fig. 154) ; general
color stramineous neglectus, new species (p. 87).
SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE- SPECIES.
Male hypopygium with an erect spine inside of hind margin.
Fore coxa but little longer than fore tibia; first spine of fore femur at less
than its length from base of femur. aberrans.
86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
Fore coxa 1.5 or more longer than fore tibia ; first spine of fore femur at
more than its own length from base. uhleri.
neglectus.
Male hypopygium with a squarish process on hind margin ; first spine of fore
femur at more than its length from base.
Fore coxa less than 1.5 times as long as fore tibia. banksii.
Fore coxa nearly twice as long as fore tibia. annulipes.
fraternus.
METAPTERUS ABERRANS, new species.
A small, dark, robust species, wth characters of male hypopygium
and female genital segments similar to those of uhleri. The head
lacks the process between the bases of antennae and the labrum is
but little protruded, in one specimen almost imperceptibly so. The
pronotum has a very deep constriction near posterior margin and
its hind margin has a short backwardly projecting process in middle.
Wing pads small. Apical tergite in female as in uhleri but shorter ;
male hypopygium as seen from the side as in figure 147, the upper
posterior margin with an erect spine.
Length, 7-8 mm.
Holotype. — Male, allotype, and one male paratype, Austin, Tex.,
January 3, 1901 (Bueno).
METAPTERUS UHLERI (Banks).
Barce uhleri Banks, N. Emesidae, 1909, p. 47 [Southern Pines, N. C.].
This species, aberrans and neglectus, agree with linearis, the
genotype, in having an erect spine inside the hind border of male
hypopygium, but like all the other American species known to us
differs from linearis in that the male claspers are not abruptly
bent apically and directed upward on each of the apical spine.
M. aberrans, uhleri, and neglectus have another character also in
common with linearis, namely that the pale streak on lower surface
of head is narrower than interocular width or is interrupted by a
dark spot behind each eye. The external genital characters of both
sexes of M. uhleri are illustrated by figures 148 to 151, the fore
leg by figure 14G.
Length, 7-9 mm.
Data for specimens examined : Forest Hills, Mass., March 30. 1915,
F. X. Williams; Truro, Mass., Sept. 4, 1904; North Attleboro,
Mass., Oct. 3, 1920, C. A. Frost (Parshley) ; Hyannisport, Mass.,
Aug. 18, 1899, J. L. Zabriskie (Am. Mus.) ; New York (Cornell
Univ.); Central Park, Long Island, N. Y., April 11, 1915, G. P.
Englehardt (Bueno) ; Sea Cliff, Long Island, N. Y., N. Banks
(Paratype, McAtee) ; Ithaca,, N. Y., July 21, 1921, Aug. 22, 1892
(Cornell Univ.) ; White Plains, N. Y., Oct. 25, 1908 (Bueno) ; Cape
May County, N. J., April 10, 11, 1911, Wm. T. Davis (Davis) ; Lake-
hurst, N. J., May 2, 1908, H. G. Barber; Vienna, Va., Aug., 1919,
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIABIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 87
H. G. Barber (Barber) ; Southern Pines, N. C, December, N.
Banks (Paratypes, U.S.N.M.) ; also same locality, Feb., March,
June, Sept., Dec, A. H. Manee (Davis Coll. Cornell Univ., Bueno,
Drake, Barber, Parshley) ; South Dakota (Parshley) ; Oxbow,
Saskatchewan, April 14, 21, 22, 1907, F. Knab (U.S.N.M.).
Rarely a female specimen of this species has a distinct notch in
posterior margin of apical tergite. The color varies somewhat and
the varietal name brunnea Banks14 was applied to specimens with
pale spots on the connexivum and pale irrorations on the venter;
the color of the dorsum suggests bronzed leather. Type examined
at the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The proportion of winged
specimens in the whole material is small.
METAPTERUS NEGLECTUS, new species.
A larger and much paler species than uhleri, the general color
being yellowish brown. Male hypopygium similar to that of uMeri,
differing in having the apical spine without a conspicuously recurved
tip (fig. 152, 153). Female differing as stated in the key, the apical
tergite as in figure 154.
Length, 11-12 mm.
Holotype. — Male, Lakehurst, N. J., May 13, 1917, under a pile
of old bricks, W. T. Davis (Davis). Allotype, Winchester, Mass.,
L. L. Thaxter (U.S.N.M.). Paratypes: male, Lakehurst, N. J.,
March 30, 1907, H. G. Barber (Barber) ; White Plains, N. Y., one
male, August 31, 1909; one male, March, 1919, under a stone; one
male, April 4, 1909; one male, April 9, 1911; one female, April 30,
1911; Staten Island, N. Y., March 29, 1903 (Bueno).
A llotype.— Female, Cat. No. 26739, U.S.N.M.
METAPTERUS BANKSII (Baker).
Barce banksii Baker, C. F. California Emesidae, Pomona Coll. Journ. Ent.
2, No. 2, May, 1910, p. 227 [Claremont, Calif.].
Similar in color to fratemus, differing as stated in ke}7. The fore
tibia of male is about three-sevenths as long as fore femur while in
the preceding two species it is but little over one-third as long. The
male hypopygium is very much less keeled on apical half than in
fratcrnus and has the small process at apex above larger, while from
the rear view it is much less tapered below (fig. 155) . Both sexes have
the process between bases of antennae moderately well developed.
Length, 9-12 mm.
Data for specimens examined:
Palm Springs, Calif., February 17; California, no other data,
Uhler Coll. (U.S.N.M.); San Mateo County, Calif. (Cornell
Univ.) ; Pasadena, Calif., June 17, 1908 (Ball).
14 Emesidae, 1909, p. 47.
88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
METAPTERUS ANNULIPES (Stal).
Harce annuUpes Stal, C. Berlin Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 10, 1866, p. 168 [Wis-
consin].
Emesodcma si»iplicipcs Say Ms., Uhler, P. R. Notices of the Hemiptera
Heteroptera in the collection of the late T. W. Harris, M. D. Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 19, pp. 430-431, Nov. 1878 [Salem, Mass.]. The synonymy
of this name with annuUpes is by no means certain, and would not be adopted
on the basis of the original description. The type specimen, however, is re-
ported to agree with annuUpes. Without this testimony we should be inclined
to use the same simplicipes for the following species and to drop Say's name
as unidentifiable.
A brownish fuscous species, varying considerably in intensity of
color, the darker specimens having the annulations of the legs
most distinct. The broad yellowish stripe on ventral surface of
head is uniform in width throughout and not narrower than interocu-
lar space, a character annuUpes has in common with banksii and
fraternvs.
The principal structural characters for distinguishing annuUpes
among this group of species are enumerated in the key and illus-
trated in figures 156, 157, 158, 159; the comparatively small size
of the process between bases of antennae appears to be a reliable
character, judging from our material, which is quite extensive. The
fore tibia and tarsus are illustrated by figure 145.
Length, 10-11 mm.
Data for specimens examined : Monmouth, Me., Oct. 10, 1920,
C. A. Frost; Jackson, N. H., Sept. 22, 1907, Bryant (Parshley) ; Con-
toocook, N. H., Aug. 23, 1923, E. W. Hall (Iowa State Coll.) ;
Andover, Mass., Nov. 9, 1915, F. X. Williams; Sherborn, Mass.,
Oct. 17, 1920, C. A. Frost; North Attleboro, Mass., Oct. 3, 1920,
C. A. Frost; Cold Spring Harbor, L. I., N. Y., July 30, Aug. 2, 1922,
H. M. Parshley (Parshley) ; Cypress Hills, L. I., N. Y., May 18,
1909, Chas. J. Martin (Am. Mus.) ; Indian Lake, Sabael, N. Y., Aug.
15, 1921 (Barber) ; White Plains, N. Y., March 2, 1919, Aug. 31,
1908, Oct. 19, 1919, Nov. 21, 1914 (Bueno) ; N. Y., Scudder
(U.S.N.M.) ; Paterson, N. J., July 25 (Am. Mus.) ; Koselle, N. J., Oct.
5, 1913, H. G. Barber (Barber.) ; Penn Station, Pa., June 6 (Cornell
Univ.) ; Aug. 2, 1902. M. Wirtner (Bueno), Aug. 6, 1905, M. Wirt-
ner (Cornell Univ., U.S.N.M.) ; Henson Creek, Prince Georges
County, Md. (Cornell Univ.) ; Plummer Island, Md., July 5, 1911,
July 17, 1914, July 20, 1911, Sept. 2, 10, 1916, E. A. Schwarz and
H. S. Barber, July 22, 1915, Aug. 29, 1905, and 1912, H. S. Barber
(U.S.N.M.) ; Glen Echo, Md., July 23, 1921, J. R, Malloch (Biol.
Surv.) ; Great Falls, Va., Sept. 5, 1916, W. L. McAtee; Virginia near
Plummer Island, Md., March 18, 1917, W. L. McAtee (McAtee),
July 21, 1912, R. A. Cushman, Sept. 21, 1912, H. S. Barber, Fair-
fax County. Va., Aug. 16, 1911, H. S. Barber (U.S.N.M.) ; Glen-
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 89
carlyn, Va., Oct. 10 (Cornell Univ.) ; Vienna, Va., Aug. 9, 1916,
H. G. Barber (Barber) ; Ridgeway, Ont., Aug. 6, 1887 (Iowa State
Coll.) ; Columbus, Ohio, Oct. 14, 17, 1906 (Ball) ; Wis. (U.S.N.M.) ;
Winnipeg, Manitoba (Ball) ; Ames, Iowa, Sept. 13, 1907 (Iowa
State Coll.), Aug. 13, 1895 (Ball).
METAPTERUS FRATERNUS (Say).
Ploiaria fraterna Say, Thomas, Descriptions of new species of Heteropter-
ous Hemiptera of North America, 1831 ; Complete Writings, vol. 1, 1859, pp.
358-359 [New Orleans].
A fairly common species, closely related to the preceding, averag-
ing larger, and with more southern and western distribution. All our
specimens from Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi, and one from Mis-
souri are winged, the others including one from Missouri are fur-
nished with minute wing pads only. In the winged forms the fore
wings are brownish with upper surface irregularly granulose, the
slight elevations or granules darker than the remainder of wing.
Distinguishable from annulipes as stated in the key, and illustrated
in figures 160 to 162.
Length, 12-13 mm.
Data for specimens examined: Cold Spring Harbor, L. L, N. Y.,
July 1902, H. G. Barber (Barber) ; White Plains, N. Y., August 31,
1909, September 4, 1911, September 13, 1919, October 10, 1909, Octo-
ber 23, 1921, November 7, 1909; Palisades, N. J., August 20 (Bueno) ;
Woodbury, N. J., January 1, 1905 (Drake) ; Bay Ridge, Md., August
3, 1905. (Cornell Univ.) ; Plum Point, Md., August 10, 1913, W. L.
McAtee (McAtee) ; Chesapeake Beach, Md., August 3, 1913, A. Wet-
more (Biol. Survey), September 4, N. Banks, September 2, 1908
(Cornell LTniv.) ; Cabin John Bridge, Md., August, 1907, W. Palmer;
Plummer Island, Md., October 4, 1912, October 26, 1913, laid eggs
(See figs. 163, 164), H. S. Barber; Jackson Island, Md., July 3, 1911;
Offutt Island, Md., October 3, 1919, II. S. Barber (U.S.N.M.) ; Glen
Echo, Md., October 15, 1892, O. Heidemann (Iowa State Coll.) ;
Washington, D. C, October 7, 1885, November 5, 1881 (U.S.N.M.),
July 10, Feb. 5, 1893, F. C. Pratt (Cornell Univ.) ; Great Falls, Va.,
September 5, 1916, October 4, 1916. W. L. McAtee (McAtee, Drake,
Biol. Survey) ; Falls Church, Va., August 30, 1904. October 1, Sep-
tember 5, November 2, N. Banks (Cornell LTniv.) ; Southern Pines,
N. C, December (Parshley) ; Daytona, Fla., (Cornell Univ.) ; Ohio
(Drake) ; Natchez, Miss., May 13, 22, 25, 1909, E. S. Tucker; Baton
Rouge, La., June 1, 1893, H. S. Weed (U.S.N.M.) ; Falls City, Nebr.,
July 31, H. G. Barber (Barber) ; Lincoln, Nebr., July, at light (Iowa
State Coll.); Wichita, Kansas; Missouri; Charleston, Md., October
28, 1915; Durant, Okla., June 2, 1905, F. C. Bishopp; Texas; Dallas,
Tex., May 10, 1908, E. S. Tucker, November 27, 1906, R. A. Cush-
man; Columbus, Tex., June 16 (U.S.N.M.).
90 PKOCEEDINQS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. C7
It is only by assumption that this species has been identified with
that described by Say. The original description is very inadequate,
and the few tangible characters mentioned in it do not apply well
to the present species. It would be no injustice to drop Say's name,
as unidentifiable.
Genus GHILIANELLA Spinola.
Ghilianella Spinola, M. Di alcuni Generi d'Insetti Artroidignati nuovamente
proposti dal Socio Attuale Signor Marcbese Massimiliano Spinola nella sua
Tavola Sinottica di questo Ordine. Meinorie di Matematica e di Fisica del la
Societa Italiana delle Scienze residente in Modena, vol. 25, pt. 1, 1852, pp.
142-143. Monobasic: Genotype, G. fiUventris, new species [Para].
The inclusion and brief definition of Ghilianella in the Tavola
Sinottica (p. 85) of the same work, is responsible for citation of
that reference as the original description of the genus. However,
we prefer the reference here given where the genus and its genotype
are described at length.
Characters of the genus besides those mentioned in the key to
genera are: the presence between bases of antennae of a projection
varying from a mere wart to a prominent porrect or decurved spine
(fig. 165) ; head and thorax more or less granulate, the former with
a profound constriction anterior of eyes; meso- and meta-thorax
each tricarinate (or with a median carina and lateral rows of tu-
bercles above) and usually unicarinate below; abdomen more or
less carinate or keeled below ; front tibia with a patch of short pale
golden hairs on inner side apically and a tuft of longer ones at the
apex inferiorly; mid and hind legs and antennae each longer than
body. Color varies much according to age, usually the nymphs are
pale and the color darkens steadily with age until the final stage is
dark reddish brown or even blackish; in some species, however, the
adults are pale; when the legs have pale markings they are almost
invariably as follows: mid and hind femora with two postmedian
bands and a subapical spot, and tibiae with a sub-basal spot; in the
pale species, dark markings tend to appear at these same places;
frontal and femoral spines mostly pale. The whole head and body
of Ghilianella species are sparsely pale haired, the hair tending
to aggregate in patches about base of frontal spine, juncture of
head and pronotum, and on sides anteriorly of meso- and meta-
thoraces.
The principal characters for separating the species are derived
from the terminal segments of the abdomen and are rarely men-
tioned in previous descriptions. We have had little success therefore
in identifying described species of which we have not seen specimens.
Precise determination of these species depends upon examination
of the types practically all of which are in Europe. We have fortu-
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 91
nately been able through the kindness of Dr. E. Bergroth to examine
the types of his species, aid which has been of the utmost value in
the study of the present genus.
However, inability to inspect other type specimens can not be per-
mitted to prevent a revision of the genus which proves to be richer in
species than has previously been suspected. This latter fact in itself
insures that few of our species will prove identical with the older
ones, while the total to be discovered in neotropical regions can only
be indicated by an estimate so large that it would be considered ab-
surd by many entomologists.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Males.
1. Mesothorax distinctly longer than prothorax ; shape of abdomen various- 2
Mesothorax little if any longer than prothorax ; abdomen gradually widen-
ing from base 20
2. Abdomen with an abrupt bulbous swelling behind middle (figs. 196,
201) 3
Abdomen without bulbous swelling (figs. 169, 210) 14
3. Spine between antennae well developed, acute ; head and prothorax usually
distinctly granulose ; elaspers of hypopygium with upper and lower mar-
gins in most species without a rounded subapical notch above or below ;
metathorax usually much attenuated anteriorly 4
Spine between antennae not developed, a mere wart, blunt ; head and pro-
thorax but little granulose ; elaspers of hypopygium long, obtriangular
with at least the upper margin notched 13
4. Hypopygium with a large apical hook like process which has an emargina-
tion or concavity on each side of hook, not entirely filled by the elaspers
(figs. 193, 194, 200) 12
Hypopygium with a small apical process which is visible only under high
magnification, the upper margin of hypopygium but little concave, the
elaspers entirely filling the space between the margin and the process
(fig. 197) 5
5. Fifth tergite bearing a pair of strongly divergent long conical horns, equal in
length to entire bulbosity (fig. 205) mirabilis, new species (p. 124).
Fifth tergite without such horns 6
6. Seventh tergite short, sixth entirely incorporated into the bulbosity which
thus appears almost terminal (fig. 201) 7
Seventh tergite long, sixth not wholly incorporated into bulbosity which is
distinctly subterminal 8
7. Sixth tergite more than half as long as fifth, provided with a smaller ele-
vation similar in shape to that of fifth (fig. 201).
filiventris Spinola (p. 123).
Sixth tergite less than half as long as fifth, without elevations.
atriclava Bergroth (p. 123).
8. Widest part of bulbosity in fourth segment ; top of abdomen with 2 distinct
longitudinal lines of gray hairs globifera Bergroth (p. 110).
Widest part of bulbosity in fifth segment 9
9. Fifth tergite lacking subangulate ridged elevations; sixth trisinuate poste-
riorly claviventris Bergroth (p. 109).
Fifth tergite with subangulate ridged elevations; sixth slightly convex
posteriorly 10
92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 6T
10. Elevation of fifth tergite distinctly inside lateral margins of disk.
approximata, new species (p. 117).
Elevations of fifth tergite on lateral margins of disk, the margins passing
over as carinae 11
11. Elevations of fifth tergite at middle ; clasper oblong, about a third as wide
as long (fig. 197) perigynium, new species (p. 120).
Elevations of fifth tergite nearer posterior margin ; clasper much narrower,
terete recondita, new species (p. 119).
12. Seventh tergite with a longitudinal carina on apical half, tip of tergite pro-
jecting well beyond apex of hypopygium ; apical central hook of latter rela-
tively small, not much curved at base and not standing well clear of the
sternite at base so that it is only visible as a hook under a moderate
magnification (fig. 193) globulata, new species (p. 118).
subglobulata, new species (p. 121).
Seventh tergite without longitudinal carina, tip of tergite projecting little if
any beyond apex of hypopygium ; apical hook of latter much curved at
base, standing well clear of the sternite so that if is usually visible as a
hook to the unaided eye (fig. 200) uncinata, new species (p. 122).
13. Hypopygial claspers each with a deep excavation on upper margin before
apex, the lower margin entire (fig. 199) ; fifth sternite with regular mi-
scroscopic striae which run from base to apex and are slightly outwardly
directed strigata, new species (p. 121).
Hypopygial claspers each with a deep rounded excavation on upper margin
before apex, and a deep incision about opposite on lower margin (fig.
194) ; fifth sternite lacking regular striae, granular, the granulations be-
ing partially grouped in irregular transverse rows.
patruela, new species (p. 119).
14. Abdomen nearly as wide at hypopygium as at any point proximad of it__ 15
Abdomen notably widest at third or fourth segment ; seventh tergite re-
markably elongated and slender, projecting beyond apex of hypopygium
by at least the length of latter (figs. 187, 188) 19
15. Hypopygium almost annular, the terminal hook large, flanked each side by
a space which is not filled by the broadly triangular claspers ; seventh
tergite not especially narrowed subapically, apex a strong process project-
ing well beyond hypopygium (fig. ISO) apiculata, new species (p. 111).
Hypopygium more elongate, hook small, concealed between apices qf
claspers ; apex of seventh tergite not strongly tuberculate nor project-
ing far beyond hypopygium (fig. 181) 16
16. Hypopygium somewhat inflated, notably deeper vertically than adjacent
part of abdomen 18
Hypopygium scarcely inflated and but little deeper than abdomen 17
17. Claspers oblong, almost truncate apically, slightly beveled off at inferior
angle ica, new species (p. 111).
Claspers broader basally, rather pointed apically, superior angle sloped off
with a long bevel (fig. 1S1) pachitea, new species (p. 111).
18. Seventh tergite longer, much narrowed and slightly transversely corrugated
subapically, the apex pointed and slightly keeled.
aracataca, new species (p. 112).
Seventh tergite shorter, but little narrowed and faintly transversely
wrinkled subapically, the apex triangular, bluntly pointed.
colona, new species (p. 112).
19. Abdomen widest at fourth segment, each tergite with a pair of small round
spots of pale yellow pile on hind margin; spiracles yellow.
assa-nutrix Bergroth (p. 114).
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 93
Abdomen widest at fifth segment, tergites lacking pilose spots ; spiracles
blackish gladiator, new species (p. 115).
20. Hind margin of sixth sternite almost straight ; head and thorax copiously,
coarsely granulate ; seventh tergite triangular apically, not keeled, ex-
rending little if any beyond hypopygium (fig. 175) ; apical antennal seg-
ment only a little longer than subapical pascoei Bergroth (p. 106).
Hind margin of sixth sternite with a broad central rounded concavity and
smaller lateral ones, the sternite longest at a point between the lateral
margin and median line 21
21. Head and thorax conspicuously granulate; length 15 to 17 mm.
minimula, new species (p. 105).
Head and thorax not conspicuously granulate ; longer species 22
22. Eighth sternite visible on its entire width, the spiracle moderately peduncu-
late \ 23
Eighth sternite with the sides more or less concealed 27
23. Abdomen nearly cylindrical ; clasper very broadly triangular, width at apex
equaling length (fig. 177) personata, new species (p. 108).
Abdomen otherwise ; clasper not so broadly triangular 24
24. Abdomen clavate, posterior angles of tergites subangularly ampliate ;
tergites lacking dark warts on middle of hind margins.
angulata (Uhler) (p. 128).
Abdomen parallel-sided ; tergites 2-6 each with a small dark wart at
middle of hind margin 25
25. Narrowed portion of seventh tergite distinctly longer than terminal ex-
panded part (fig. 170) persimilis, new species (p. 103).
Narrowed portion of seventh tergite distinctly shorter than terminal ex-
panded part 26
26. Claspers of about same width throughout their length; pale species.
productilis Barber (p. 102).
Claspers wide subbasally, much narrowed apically ; dark species.
simillima, new species (p. 102).
27. Eighth sternite visible only at center, its sides, including spiracles, covered ;
abdomen with flecks of denser pubescence ; fore femur gradually thickened
from base to first ventral spine maculata, new species (p. 108).
Spiracles of eighth sternite exposed ; head, thorax and abdomen with
patches of dense golden pubescence; fore femur thickened on basal half
of that part basad of the first ventral spine (fig. 215).
insidiatrix Bergroth (p. 126).
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Females.
1. Mesothorax (viewed from above) longer than prothorax 2
Mesothorax not longer than prothorax 17
2. Abdomen with a bulbous swelling beyond middle, and prominent lateral
elevations on either fifth or 'sixth tergites (figs. 196,201) 3
Abdomen without bulbous swelling or lateral elevations on fifth and sixth
tergites . 12
3. Fifth tergite the widest, its sides before hind margin prominently ele-
vated, usually standing above connexivum 4
Sixth tergite about as wide as or wider than fifth, bearing a large median
tubercle (fig. 184) 15
94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
4. Sixth tergite lacking a large median tubercle, though fifth and sixth ter-
gites may be more or less elevated at middle of hind margin 5
Sixth tergite with a prominent, median, falcate tubercle on its hind margin.
bethei (Dohrn) (p. 112).
5. Fifth tergite with a pair of divergent, long conical horns, each nearly equal
in length to width of tergite (fig. 208) mirabilis, new species (p. 124).
Fifth tergite without such horns 6
(i. Elevations of fifth tergite distinctly inside lateral margins of disk.
approximata, new species (p. 117).
Elevations of fifth tergite on lateral margins of disk, the margins passing
over them as carinae . 7
7. Pronotum not noticeably granulose ; abdomen with one or more pairs of
large pale pilose spots on dorsum and venter__signata, new species (p. 120).
Pronotum distinctly granulose ; abdomen not or very inconspicuously
spotted 8
8. Eighth tergite as long as wide 10
Eighth tergite much shorter than wide 9
9. Posterior lateral angles of seventh tergite produced no farther posteriorly
than median convexity of hind margin which is more or less tuberculate.
globulata, new species (p. 118).
Posterior angles of seventh tergite produced distinctly beyond middle of
hind margin, which is merely convex, not at all tuberculate.
subglobulata, new species (p. 121).
10. Posterior lateral angles of seventh tergite produced distinctly beyond middle
of hind margin which is not tuberculate gladiator, new species (p. 115).
Posterior lateral angles of sixth tergite produced no farther than median
convexity of hind margin which is slightly tuberculate 11
11. Seventh sternite about twice as long on median line as sixth, with a broad
convex process apically which is slightly emarginate medianly.
perigynium, new species (p. 120).
Seventh sternite only a third longer than sixth; somewhat angulate apically.
recondita, new species (p. 119).
12. Seventh tergite with the posterior angles produced as divergent, acute proc-
esses; other tergites ornamented on their hind margins with a pair of spots
of golden pubescence; abdomen boat-shaped assa-nutrix Bergroth (p. 114).
Posterior angles of seventh tergite not so produced ; abdomen clavate, not
so ornamented 13
13. Tergite 7 about as wide as long, with a distinct median tubercle posteriorly;
sternite 7 merely convex medianly, but little produced.
filiventris Spinola (p. 123).
Tergite 7 not tuberculate ; sternite 7 much produced and acute poste-
riorly 14
14. Tergite 7 much longer than wide, middle of hind margin conspicuously
declivate, the lateral angles prominent, acute ; sternites 5 to 7 as in
figure 191 stipitata, new species (p. 116).
Tergite 7 little longer than wide, hind margin not declivate medianly, almost
straight across, the lateral angles and median point only very slightly em-
phasized; stemites 5 to 7 as in figure 192.._siniilata, new species (p. 116).
15. Fifth tergite about equal in length to its width at hind margin; abdomen
with a bulbous swelling beyond middle pendula, new species (p. 116).
Fifth tergite about twice as long as its width at hind margin ; abdomen
tapered from base to apex, or slightly clubbed apically 16
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 95
16. Seventh sternite very slightly longer than sixth, the latter with the hind
margin slightly concave cuneata, new species (p. 113).
Seventh sternite at least 1.5 as long as sixth on median line, the latter with
a very deep concavity on hind margin aracataca, new species (p. 112).
17. Posterior angles of tergites more or less ampliate or produced, the outline
of dorsum of abdomen as seen from above not a continuous straight or
curved line (fig. 210) 18
Posterior angles of tergites (except sometimes the seventh) not produced,
the outline or dorsum of abdomen a continuous straight (fig. 169) or
curved line 23
IS. Fore femur notably thicker near base than at first strong spine (fig.
213) 19
Fore femur enlarging gradually from base to first strong spine (fig.
185) 21
19. A strong tubercle on hind margin of sixth tergite (fig. 184) 20
No obvious tubercle on hind margin of sixth tergite.
glabrata, new species (p. 128).
20. Eighth tergite with disk prominently elevated each side of a broad median
sulcus ; ninth tergite convex medianly the margin slightly elevated ; cor-
rugations of these tergites indistinct insidiatrix Bergroth (p. 126).
Eighth and ninth tergites with disk depressed and margin's elevated, each
longitudinally carinate and transversely corrugated.
amicula, new species (p. 127).
21. Angulations of tergites more pronounced ; apex of sixth notably wider
than that of seventh (fig. 210) 22
Angulation of tergites less pronounced ; apex of sixth tergite scarcely wider
than that of seventh peruviana, new species (p. 125).
22. Elevated margins of ninth tergite produced apically as distinct spines (fig.
211) annectens, new species (p. 125).
Elevated margins of ninth tergite not forming spines (fig. 213).
truncata, new species (p. 126).
23. Basal spine of fore femur at less than its own length from base of femur
(i. e. juncture of the trochanter) ; fore tibia and tarsus combined three-
fourths as long as femur (fig. 167) ; spine between bases of antennae
much reduced, a mere wart galapagensis Heidemann (p. 100).
Basal spine of fore femur at distinctly more than its own length from
base of femur; other characters not as above 24
24. Seventh sternite distinctly produced on middle of hind margin 25
Seventh sternite not produced 31
25. Hind margin of seventh tergite without tubercle 26
Hind margin of seventh tergite more or less tuberculate 28
26. Hind margin of seventh tergite concave medianly.
personata, new species (p. 108).
Hind margin of seventh tergite not concave medianly 27
27. Hind margin of seventh tergite straight across_semipallida Bergroth (p. 100).
Hind margin of seventh tergite angulate, produced medianly but not tu-
berculate alterata, new species (p. 107).
28. Median tubercle on hind margin of seventh tergite extending farther poste
riorly than lateral angles ; ninth tergite with 3 finger-like ridges at apex.
(fig. 172) persimilis, new species (p. 103).
Median tubercle on hind margin of seventh tergite not extending as far
posteriorly as laterial angles; apex of ninth tergite lacking finger-like
longitudinal ridges 29
96 PROCEEDINGS OP THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
29. Apex of ninth tergite distinctly upcurved, transversely wrinkled and with a
low median longitudinal carina; process of seventh sternite large.
productilis Barber (p. 102).
Apex of ninth tergite otherwise ; process of seventh sternite small 30
30. Apex of ninth tergite distinctly decurved, longitudinally strigate, and with
a strong median carina, the lateral margins depressed.
succincta, new species (p. 105).
Apex of ninth tergite slightly decurved, the lateral margins strongly ele-
vated, depressed median area with a carina which extends from the
upper transversely corrugated third of the sternite.
aliena, new species (p. 106).
31. Eighth tergite visible only as two small rounded laterally situated protu-
berances, below apex of seventh tergite, not continued downward in center
over base of ninth tergite (fig. 174) alveola, new species (p. 104).
Eighth tergite covering base of ninth tergite 32
32. Sixth tergite with a prominent protuberance, seventh with a smaller one
on middle of hind margin (fig. 178) 33
Sixth tergite without a prominent protuberance 34
33. Abdomen ten times as long as its greatest width; first antennal joint with
several dark bands varicornis Dohrn (p. 101).
Abdomen not so long and slender, clavate; ninth tergite rounded apically,
the depressed apex overlaid by two short tapering ridges (fig. 179).
perversa, new species (p. 110).
34. Hind margin of sixth sternite almost straight; apex of ninth tergite with
a strong bidentate tubercle on each side bicaudata, new species (p. 101).
Hind margin of sixth sternite more or less concave 35
35. Sixth sternite a third longer on sides than in middle (fig. 176).
pascoei Bergroth (p. 106).
Sixth sternite not so deeply emarginate posteriorly 36
36. Apex of ninth tergite overlaid by two strong finger-like processes (fig. 173) ;
length over 30 mm longula, new species (p. 104).
Apex of ninth tergite with a low median carina ; length less than 20 mm.
minim ula, new species (p. 105).
REMARKS ON PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED SPECIES OTHER THAN THOSE INCLUDED IN THE KEY.
analis (Emcsa) Dohrn. Emesina, 1S60, pp. 229-230, pi. 1, fig. 5 [Surinam].
This species runs to the division of our key including apiculata
and aracataca. Dohrn's figure shows that the hypopygium is not
annular with a large hook as in the former, and that the sixth tergite
projects far beyond hypopygium which is not true of the latter.
annulata (Emesa) Dohrn. Nachtrage, 1863, pp. 65-6 [S. A.?].
Closely related to analis, " last dorsal segment scarcely petiolate."
This indicates that the species is to be compared with aracataca and
may possibly be identical.
argentina Berg, Carol. Tres Reduviidae novae argentinae. Communicaciones
del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, vol. 1, No. 6, May 23, 1900, pp.
189-190 [prope Buenos Aires].
Not a Ghilianella, possibly a Ploiaria but the characters given do
not permit its being run in our key to that genus.
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 97
brasiliensis (Emesa) Dohrn. Emesina, 1860, pp. 227-8 [Brazil].
Abdomen with high and sharp lateral carinae, mid and hind
femora each with 2 yellowish rings.
bulbifwa Champion. Biologia, vol. 2, 1898, p. 171, pi. 10, figs. 17-18 [Panama].
The male runs to recondita among our species, but has the sixth
segment less involved in the bulbosity and the seventh tergite not
surpassing hypopygium and apparently not apiculate. The female
described by Champion probably is a different species; specimens
seemingly agreeing with Champion's description of that sex are
given a new name on page 116.
geistaeclceri (Emesa) Dohrn. Emesina, 1860, pp. 223-4 [Haiti].
There is very little doubt that all of the American species in sec-
tion B or Dohrn's key to Emesa, are Ghilianella. The present
species is said to have the sixth (that is seventh) segment bispinose
apically.
gibbiventris Champion. Biologia, vol. 2, 1898, p. 172, pi. 10, fig. 20 [Panama].
This species is of a different type from any we have seen, since
while the pro- and meso-thorax are subequal in length, the abdomen
in the male is bulbous.
Granulata Champion. Biologia, vol. 2, 1898, pp. 171-2, pi. 10, fig. 19 [British
Honduras].
Unidentifiable, the terminal abdominal segments of the type be-
ing missing.
ignorata Dohrn. Emesina, 1860, pp. 238-9, pi. 1, figs. 9, 11 [La Guayra, and
Brazil].
The male runs to recondita in our key but does not have the
seventh tergite produced beyond hypopygium. Champion 15 de-
scribes and illustrates a species under Dohrn's name, but he de-
fines the species on characters not mentioned by Dohrn, and does not
speak of seeing the type; hence there is no certainty that the identi-
fication is correct.
imbecilla (Emesa) Dohrn. Emesina, I860, pp. 228-9 [Para].
Mid and hind femora each with three pale rings; described from
a specimen with collapsed abdomen ; may not be identifiable.
signoreti (Emesa) Dohrn. Emesina, 1860, p. 227, pi. 1, fig. 1 [Jamaica].
This species has the mid and hind femora each with apex and two
subapical rings paler, not agreeing in this respect with any species
having the same shaped abdomen (figured) that we have examined.
spinolae Dohrn. Emesina, 1860, p. 238 [Amazon River].
Abdominal segments 1-3 yellow and longer even than in filiven-
tris indicates a species distinct from any here described.
15 Biologia, vol. 2, pp. 170-1, pi. 10. figs. 15-16. 1898.
94993—25 7
98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 07
SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES.
Claws of fore tarsus two, the inner short, closely applied to the base of outer.
(Subgenus Ghilianclla Spinola.)
Inner row of armature of fore femur consisting of hairs or bristles which
may or may not arise from wart-like bases (fig. 186), usually a
single spine at apical end of the series ; fore femur usually slender.
enlarging slightly from base toward first stout spine (fig. 185).
Fore femur rather stout, first strong spine at less than its own length
from base (that is apex of trochanter) ; abdomen racket-shaped.
galapagensis.
Fore femur usually more slender, first strong spine at more (usually
considerably more) than its own length from base.
A small wart (dark in mature specimens) at middle of hind margin
of each of tergites 2-6; spiracles dark, prominent; a dark blotch
or spot on inner side of upper surface of fore femur near apex.
Metathorax shorter than mesothorax ; unspined portion of fore
femur shorter than spined part semipallida.
varicornis.
bicaudata.
Metathorax nearly or quite as long as mesothorax ; unspined por-
tion of fore femur nearly equal in length to spined part.
simillima.
productilis.
persimilis.
longula.
No such warts on tergites 2-6 ; species lacking the above combina-
tion of characters.
Mesothorax not longer than prothorax ; abdomen not bulbous.
Prothorax longer ; spineless part of fore femur shorter than spined
portion alveola.
minimula.
succincta.
Mesothorax and prothorax about equal in length.
Spineless part of fore femur distinctly shorter than spined
portion.
aliena.
pascoei.
alterata.
Spineless part of fore femur nearly as long as spined
portion.
maculata.
personata.
Mesothorax distinctly longer than prothorax ; abdomen bulbous.
claviventris.
globifera.10
Inner row of armature of fore femur consisting of spines (which may
alternate large and small or be almost equal in size) and between
them longer fine hairs (fig. 204).
Fore femur slender in most cases, with the unspined portion rela-
tively long; abdominal tergites not angulate produced.
Mesothorax shorter than prothorax ; abdomen nearly parallel-
sided perversa.
ia See footnote 17, p. 99.
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 99
Mesothorax longer than prothorax.
Abdomen long, nearly parallel-sided apiculata."
ica.
Abdomen clavate pachitea.
colona.
bethei.
aracataca.
cuneata.
assa-nutrix.
[filiventris, female],
gladiator, male,
stipitata.
similata.
Abdomen bulbous.
Bulbosity longer than wide gladiator, female.
pendula.
Bulbosity as wide as or wider than long.
Bulbosity subterminal approximata.
globifera.18
globulata.
patruela.
perigynium.
recondita.
signata.
strigata.
subglobulata.
uncinata.
Bulbosity terminal atriclava.
filiventris, male,
mirabilis.
Fore femur stouter, the unspined portion relatively short, but little
longer than basal spine; abdominal tergites angulate produced
at sides posteriorly ; prothorax longest, mesothorax and meta-
thorax successively shorter peruviana.
truncata.
annectens.
Claw of fore tarsus single ; inner row of armature of fore femur consisting of
chitinous tubercles or spines, with a few long hairs intermixed (fig. 212) ;
a strong spine on outer side slightly distad of basal spine, out of alignment
with the others and slightly outwardly directed ; posterior angles of ab-
dominal tergites slightly ampliate.
Claw separated from tarsus by a suture ; fore femur rather slender as a
whole, but notably thicker near base than at first strong spine (fig.
215) (Subgenus Ploeodonyx new subgenus, type species GMlianeUa
insidiatrix Bergroth).
insidiatrix.
amicula.
glabrata.
Claw entirely fused with tarsus ; fore femur rather stout, little if any
thicker at base than at first strong spine ; hind margin of prothorax
with two rather long, blunt, divergent teat-like processes. ( Subgenus
Lissonyx, new subgenus, type species Emcsa angulata Uhler.)
angulata.
17 Armature of fore femur unknown.
18 Armature of fore femur unknown, the species entered in two places in the list.
100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIES.
GHILIANELLA GALAPAGENSIS Heidemann.
GhiliancUa galapagensis Heidemann, O. H. Papers from the Hopkins Stan-
ford Galapagos Expedition, 1898-1899. Entomological Results (1) Hemiptera,
Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 3, pp. 367-8, Aug. 23, 1901 [Hood Island].
Female. — General color testaceous, the abdomen considerably
clouded with fuscous; abdomen gradually widened to juncture of
fifth and sixth segments and tapered from thence to apex, the expan-
sion involving more segments (3-7) and having more of them (4-7)
of nearly equal width than in other species ; dorsal sutures transverse,
the tergites with small but progressively increasing elevations on the
hind margins of 2-6 ; posterior angles of tergite 7 rather prominent,
the hind margin between nearly straight, with a median elevation;
eighth tergite two-thirds as long as broad, very slightly sculptured,
apex very broadly rounded; exposed portion of tergite 9 much
shorter than 8, depressed apically on each side of a short keel ; hind
margins of sternites 4-5 nearly transverse, slightly inclined anteri-
orly, of 2, 3, and G, more or less emarginate medianly and arcuate
laterally, 6 most so; seventh tergite convex medianly, concave later-
ally, eighth just the reverse, with a large median emargination,
seventh with a small one. Fore leg and its armature as in figures
167, 168.
Length, 12.5 mm.
Holotype. — Female, Hood Island, Galapagos Archipelago, May
18, 1899 (type No. 4931, U.S.N.M.).
A nymph also, Albemarle Island, March 11, 1899 (U.S.N.M.).
GHILIANELLA SEMIPALLIDA Bergroth.
Ghilianella semipallida Bergroth, E. Ploeariinen 1906, pp. 317-318
[Venezuela].
Female. — A specimen without antennae, or mid and hind legs,
and with the abdomen collapsed, Corozal, Collection E. Bergroth,
is the only one we have seen. General color of upper surface stra-
mineous, of lower pale castaneous. Frontal spine porrect, sharp.
Head sparsely granulate, divisions of thorax with practically no
granulations on top and only a few along the sides; mesothorax
longer than either of the other divisions. Abdomen very long and
slender, apparently widening gradually from base to apex; tergites
without tubercles; hind margin of seventh about straight across;
eighth semicircular; ninth longer, cuneate portion of disk raised
above lateral portions, its point coalescing at apex with the slightly
elevated margins. Seventh sternite slightly angulate medianly,
slightly concave laterally; eighth sternite broadly exposed on each
side.
Length, 23 mm.
Corozal, Venezuela (Coll. E. Bergroth). The type.
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 101
GHILIANELLA VARICORNIS (Dohrn).
E.[mesa] varicornis Dohrn, A. Emesina, 1860, pp. 226-227 [Porto Rico].
Ghilianella variicomis Berg roth, E. Ploeariinen 1906, p. 317.
Dohrn had a male with collapsed abdomen and his description
deals mainly with coloration; Bergroth describes the structural
characters from a female, the specimen examined during the present
revision.
Female. — Closely related to G. productilis Barber, of the same
long slender form, and coloration including the characteristic dark
dots; those on posterior lobe of head and on pronotum are obsolete,
however, in the specimen at hand, while there is a faint pair on
front lobe of head. Legs stramineous, mid and hind pairs va-
riegated, the mid tibiae each with a single distinct, and the femora
with numerous indistinct, fuscous annuli ; some longitudinal striping
each side of the knee-joint. Basal segment of antenna with nu-
merous faint brown annuli. Frontal spine prominent, decurved;
head and thorax moderately granulate; the divisions of thorax de-
creasing in length from front to rear; a tubercle each side of base
of head on anterior margin of pronotum, prominent, rather pointed,
much more distinct than in G. productilis. Abdomen widening very
gradually from base to apex, tubercled as in G. productilis, the lat-
eral angles and median tubercle of 7 about equally produced ; eighth
semi -octagonal in shape, transversely wrinkled and indistinctly lon-
gitudinally keeled, the apex rather pointed, and the margins be-
tween apex and lateral angles slightly concave; ninth longer than
eighth, faintly transversely corrugated, slightly narrowed apically,
apex concave, with the lateral angles each side of the concavity dis-
tinctly pointed as seen from behind, broader as seen from side.
Seventh sternite distinctly concave medianly, the sides of hind mar-
gin also shallowly concave.
Length, 26.5 mm.
Porto Rico (Coll. E. Bergroth).
GHILIANELLA BICAUDATA, new species.
Female. — Testaceous, legs and thorax above washed with rufous
and lightly marked, the thorax below and abdomen above more
heavily, variegated, with fuscous; a pair of dark blotches near
hind margin of each sternite; species in general appearance much
like productilis. Abdomen widening gradually to juncture of fourth
and fifth segments, then tapering very slightly to end; connexivum
slightly elevated; central strips of tergites with a longitudinal
ridge; seventh tergite with the lateral angles slightly flaring and
projecting well posteriorly, the hind margin between them nearly
straight and bearing at the middle a terete, pointed, porrect tubercle,
which slightly exceeds the lateral angles (fig. 169) ; eighth tergite
102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
more than twice as wide as long, strongly transversely corrugated,
apical margin wide, erose; ninth tergite longer than eighth, trans-
versely wrinkled, narrowed apically, the posterior angles raised into
two strong bidentate tubercles; hind margins of sternites 2-6
slightly concave; seventh somewhat convex medianly and concave
laterally ; eighth narrowly visible on each side.
Length, 24 mm.
Holotype. — Female, Cayamas, Cuba, Jan. 24, E. A. Schwarz
(U.S.N.M.).
Type.— Female, Cat. No. 26740, U.S.N.M.
GHILIANELLA SIMILLIMA, new species.
A species closely allied to productilis, agreeing with it even in
shape of seventh tergite (in contrast to persimilis) , but in the single
male specimen at hand, dark castaneous so that the characteristic
dark dots of this group of species are much obscured. However,
they are discernible upon close inspection. Legs and antennae paler
castaneous than body but without pale annuli. Hypopygium rather
short, opening upward, the sides rather pinched in, the upper mar-
gin flaring laterally and ridged posteriorly, claspers as described
in key.
Length, 29 mm.
Holotype.— Male labelled "Cuba, Sojo, 6 Al. 83" (Paris Mus.).
GHILIANELLA PRODUCTILIS Barber.
Ohilianella prodiwtilis Barber, H. G. Insects of Florida, vol. 2, Hemiptera,
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 33, pp. 502-3, Aug. 21, 1914. [Marco, Fla.]
Male. — General color light reddish-brown, more or less variegated
with fuscous; the legs and antennae stramineous, punctate but not
annulate with the general color. There is a distinct black dot on
the upper surface of each fore femur near the apex, a pair of dots
about middle of posterior lobe of head, and another pair sometimes
larger than the preceding about middle of pronotum; each abdom-
inal sternite from 3-6, also bears near its hind margin a pair of
black dots which tend to become larger and blotch-like posteriorly.
Pilosity fine, short, pale, more abundant toward apices of mid and
hind legs and antennae. Abdomen almost parallel-sided, widest at
hypopygium, a black wart on middle of hind margin of tergites
2-6, the connexivum more or less elevated, the spiracles dark. Sev-
enth tergite somewhat longer than sixth, a little constricted beyond
middle, the apical moiety faintly transversely corrugated, lanceolate
in outline, with a rounded keel apically, and projecting a little
beyond hypopygium. Posterior margins of sternites 2-6, more or
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 103
less emarginate medianly, and arcuate laterally, most pronounced
on 6 ; 7 a little emarginate, 8 a little convex medianly, both slightly
concave laterally ; claspers oblong.
Female. — Color as in male; form of abdomen much the same,
seventh tergite about one-third shorter than sixth, the lateral angles
produced distinctly beyond the keeled and slightly tuberculate mid-
dle of hind margin; eighth tergite about semicircular, keeled longi-
tudinally and corrugated transversely; ninth somewhat longer than
eighth, keeled, corrugated herringbone fashion, narrowed, rounded,
and upturned apically; sutures between sternites less sinuate than
in male; seventh sternite somewhat shorter than sixth, its hind
margin concave laterally and forming a distinct rounded process
medianly; eighth sternite appearing as an elliptical plate on each
side, spiracle barely visible.
Length, 23-25 mm.
Holotype.—Mz\z, Marco, Fla., April 19, 1912, Wm. T. Davis (Coll.
Davis) ; males, females, and nymphs from Big Pine, Fla., March 8,
1919, H. S. Barber; and Vict, de las Tunas, Cuba, W. M. Mann
(U.S.N.M.).
In the male nymph the eighth tergite is broadly visible across
base of anal tube, the ninth apparently is membraneous, the seventh
has a large upwardly and backwardly projecting pointed process,
and the lateral angles slightly pointed tuberculate; in the female
nymph the seventh tergite has a rather prominent erect tubercle, the
eighth and ninth are keeled and less rounded apically than in adult
since they form the roof of complete segments inclosing the anal tube.
GHILIANELLA PERSIMILIS. new species.
Male. — Very similar to male of prdductilis; the only tangible
difference seems to be that in this species the narrowed portion of the
seventh tergite is distinctly longer than the terminal expanded, then
apiculate part (fig. 170), while in productilis it is distinctly shorter.
Hypopygium of male as in figure 171.
Female. — Color much as in male ; very similar to female of produc-
tilis, the chief distinction, being in the form of tergites 7-9 and
sternite 7 ; these have been mentioned in the key, to the descriptions
in which may be added that the eighth tergite is much broader than
long, transversely wrinkled, and very obtusely angulate at apex;
tergite 9 is somewhat wrinkled above and much narrowed apically ;
hind margin of sternite 7 is only slightly convex medianly and con-
cave laterally (fig. 172).
Length, 21-23 mm.
Eolotype. — Male, allotype female, Vict, de las Tunas, Cuba,
W. M. Mann. (U.S.N.M.)
Type and allotype.— -Male, Cat. No. 26741, U.S.N.M.
104 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
A female nymph with same data has the lateral angles of seventh
tergite less prominent, the median tubercle long, and elevated at an
angle of 45° ; eighth and ninth tergites indistinctly keeled and trans-
versely wrinkled. Another female nymph, apparently of this species
has the data: Havana, Cuba, 1908, P. Serre (Paris Mus.).
GHILIANELLA LONGULA, new species.
Female. — Color dark reddish brown, legs paler, femoral and
frontal spines whitish; head and thorax only slightly granulate;
hairs throughout abundant, short grayish to yellowish; abdomen
attaining nearly its full width at third segment, widening almost
imperceptibly caudad, except at end of seventh tergite, the posterior
angles of which are flaring and moderately angulate-produced ; hind
margin of this tergite between the produced angles nearly straight,
bearing medianly a porrect tubercle considerably shorter than the
lateral productions; eighth tergite broad, much wrinkled, the proc-
esses much elevated, free and pointed apically (fig. 173) ; hind mar-
gins of sternites 2-6, moderately emarginate medianly, and slightly
sinuate laterally ; seventh sternite convex medianly, concave laterally.
Length, 32 mm.
Holotype.— Female, San Bias, Pinar del Kio, Cuba, 1918, W. M.
Mann (U.S.N.M.).
Type.— Female, Cat. No. 26742, U.S.N.M.
GHILIANELLA ALVEOLA, new species.
Female. — Legs stramineous tinged with reddish; head and thorax
testaceous, darker below, conspicuously granulate; abdomen testa-
ceous, marbled with fuscous, lightly above and heavily below ; ab-
domen widening gradually to apex of seventh tergite, lateral strips
of tergites and the connexivum coelevated, vertical except at extreme
apex; sutures between tergites transverse, each tergite with an in-
distinct longitudinal ridge, darker colored posteriorly; seventh
tergite roughened on disk, expanded apically, the posterior angles
prominent, rounded, the margin between them convex, bearing at
the middle a short pointed tubercle; eighth tergite as described in
key; ninth transversely corrugated, and broadly longitudinally
sulcate from base to near apex where elevations each side of the
sulcus are interrupted, apical margin elevated, calloused (fig. 174) ;
hind margin of sixth sternite decidedly sinuate laterally, the preced-
ing sternites with only a suggestion of this form; hind margin of
seventh sternite very broadly and shallowly emarginate; eighth
sternite visible as an elliptical plate on each side.
Length, 20 mm.
Holotype.— Female, Balthazar, Grenada, H. H. Smith (U.S.N.M.).
Type.— Female, Cat. No. 26743, U.S.N.M.
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 105
GHILIANELLA MINIMULA, new species.
Male. — Head and body dark reddish-brown, legs and antennae
yellowish, fuscous near joints; head and thorax decidedly granulate,
pubescence short and sparse. Frontal spine strong, porrect, head
with a pair of divergent pointed tubercles just behind transverse
sulcus. Abdomen widest at the anterior part of fifth segment,
tapering gradually both fore and aft; seventh tergite narrowing
rather rapidly from middle to the rather broadly rounded apex which
projects a little beyond hypopygium. Hind margins of all sternites
emarginate medianly, those of 5 and 6 most so, that of 7 very broadly
and shallowly, and that of 8, narrowly and slightly. Hypopygium
short, opening upward, claspers short, tapering from base to apex.
Female. — Color, granulation and pubescence, also spine and tuber-
cles of head as in male. Abdomen widening to end of seventh ter-
gite, which has a moderate median tubercle a little farther produced
than the hind angles. Eighth tergite short, semi-elliptical, ninth
moderately long, rounded at apex, each with a median carina and
transverse corrugations. Sutures between sternites on the same plan
as in male, hind margin of seventh prominent but not produced
medianly, concave laterally; eighth visible only on sides.
Length, 15-17 mm.
Holotype. — Male, paratype female, allotype, female, Chapada,
Brazil, September, no date, and August, respectively (Carnegie
Mus.).
GHILIANELLA SUCCINCTA, new species.
While this species runs in our key to the same couplet with G. pro-
ductilis, it is not as closely related to that species as is persimilis,
lacking the long terete head and characteristic dark dots, in addition
to having a distinctively shaped abdomen.
Female. — Fuscous, spotted and marbled with ochraceous; head
and thorax indistinctly granulate, but with plentiful, short, crinkly,
pale reddish hair, abdomen more sparsely provided with similar but
straight hairs; the seventh tergite is but little longer than wide (in
productilis it is twice as long as wide) ; lateral pieces of this tergite
produced posteriorly as short rounded angles, the hind margin be-
tween them slightly convex but not tuberculate medianly; eighth
tergite semi-elliptical, with broad median carina and transverse cor-
rugations ; ninth as described in key. Hind margin of sixth sternite
slightly emarginate medianly and less so laterally, of seventh rather
strongly concave, with a short triangular process in the middle.
Length, 23 mm.
Holotype. — Female, Para, Brazil (Carnegie Mus.).
94993—25 8
106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 07
GHILIANELLA ALIENA, new species.
Female. — Legs and antennae yellow, head and body darker, brown,
the former practically without markings, the abdomen with some
paler marblings. Frontal spine porrect, stramineous; pubescence
short, grayish. Prothorax longest, metathorax shortest; thorax
and head conspicuously granulate. Abdomen long and smoothly
clavate, widest at distal part of fourth segment. Seventh tergite
nearly square, the hind margin declivate, the posterior angles and
median tubercle slightly and about equally produced ; eighth tergite
semicircular, carinate medianly, corrugated laterally; ninth as
described in key. Seventh sternite moderately convex medianly,
concave laterally.
Length, 18 mm.
Holotype. — Female, Sarare, Venezuela, 1896, F. Geay (Paris
Mus.).
A teneral female, same data, apparently of the same species, is
21 mm. long.
GHILIANELLA PASCOEI Bergroth.
Ghilianella pascoci Bergroth, E. Ploeariinen 1906, pp. 315-317 [Venezuela].
Male. — General color dark reddish brown (less mature specimens
yellow-brown, variegated with darker), hairs numerous but short
and little aggregated into patches; abdomen widening gradually
from base to hypopygium; seventh tergite a fourth longer than
sixth, somewhat corrugated transversely on posterior two-thirds;
second sternite slightly sinuate laterally, third and fourth almost
transverse, fifth rounded emarginate medianly, sixth almost trans-
verse, seventh and eighth shallowly emarginate medianly, slightly
convex laterally, spiracle of latter included within border of seg-
ment; hypopygium rather short, claspers oblong, narrowed apically
the upper margin convex (fig. 175). Sternites 2-7, finely wrinkled
transversely.
Female. — Color as in male; in pale specimens the abdomen is
marbled and leg markings are evident ; abdomen widening gradually
from base to juncture of fourth and fifth segments, narrowing little
posterior of that point ; connexivum more or less carinate ; hind mar-
gins of tergites 2-6 very slightly elevated medianly, otherwise un-
modified; tergite 7 with the posterior angles prominent and very
slightly flaring, middle of hind margin with a small angulate prom-
inence, extending about as far posteriorly as lateral angles, margin
between prominences slightly concave and declivate; eighth tergite
rather long, convex posteriorly, short median line, two transverse
lines near upper end of former, and margin, slightly elevated, ar-
cuate both transversely and longitudinally, median line almost
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 107
carinate on upper third, apex rounded; hind margins of sternites
2-6 emarginate medianly, 6 most so, this sternite a fourth longer on
side than on middle (fig. 176) ; seventh sternite a third longer than
sixth on median line, its hind margin convex medianly, concave
laterally, eighth sternite visible as an elliptical plate on each side,
or when exposed, rounded emarginate medianly, convex laterally.
Length, 17-22 mm.
Pair from La Guaila, Venezuela (Coll. E. Bergroth), male, the
type. Three males, Trinidad, March 26, 1916, R. A. Wood (Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; one male Botanic Garden, Port-of -Spain, Trini-
dad, Oct. 13, 1918, Harold Morrison (U.S.N.M.).
Females agreeing with pascoei in general appearance and in most
characters but differing in details of eighth and ninth tergites from
the female assigned to this species by Bergroth are left without
definite determinations for the present. All of these have the head
and thorax conspicuously granulate, the sternites finely corrugated
transversely, and both sternites and tergites up to and including
7 similar to those of pascoei. Three from Trinidad, March 26,
1916, R. A. Wood (Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.), and one from Mont-
serrat, Trinidad, June 29, A. Busck (U.S.N.M.), have the eighth
tergite depressed medianly, with transverse wrinkles or irregular
elevations each side of the depression; and ninth tergite is arcuate
both transversely and longitudinally, but is depressed apically and
more or less concave between the apices of the somewhat elevated
lateral margins. A single female from Ivon Beni, Bolivia, January,
1922, M. R. Lopez (U.S.N.M.), has the eighth tergite distinctly
carinate medianly and corrugated transversely on each side; the
ninth tergite has a median carina above which widens so as to cover
the whole apex, this part of the tergite being distinctly elevated
above the sides of the disk, apex truncate. While these variations
are rather greater than we should expect in a single species, the
weight of evidence in hand seems to be against attributing them to
specific distinctness.
GHILIANELLA ALTERATA, new species.
Female. — Dark castaneous; beak, antennae and mid and hind legs
yellow-brown but unmarked ; frontal spine stramineous. Head and
thorax copiously granulate and yellowish-white haired ; prothorax
longest, metathorax shortest of the three divisions. Abdomen
smoothly clavate, attaining its greatest width at posterior part of
fourth segment; tergites except 1, longer than wide, seventh with
the posterior angles prominent but not produced, median portion
declivate and triangularly produced, slightly surpassing lateral
angles. Eighth tergite short and broad, faintly rugose; ninth much
longer, narrowing rapidly and rounded apically; middle of apex
108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
and some irregular small areas each side of the median line de-
pressed. Seventh sternite moderately subangulately produced in the
middle of hind margin, concave laterally.
Length, 22 mm.
Holotype. — Female, Sarare, Venezuela, 1899, F. Geay (Paris
Mus.).
GHILIANELLA MACULATA, new species.
Male. — Head, thorax and legs yellow brown; frontal and femoral
spines pale; abdomen reddish brown; pilosity of head and thorax
gray, abundant, markedly pollinose; pile of abdomen pale tawny,
aggregated into irregular spots especially on segments 3-6, spots
more numerous anteriorly and on sides of both tergites and sternites ;
abdomen nearly circular in cross-section, forming almost a smooth
cone based on hypopygium ; seventh tergite a little longer than sixth,
transversely corrugated on posterior third, tapered from the middle,
and apiculate, terminating in a moderate point which extends well
beyond hypopygium. Sternum without keel; sutures between ster-
nites emarginate medianly, arcuate laterally, this condition most
pronounced between sixth and seventh ; eighth sternite almost trans-
verse posteriorly, with a narrow rounded emargination ; ninth ster-
nite very narrowly visible, with a similar but smaller emargination ;
claspers closely fitting the upper margin of hypopygium, their own
upper margin broadly emarginate medianly. Fore leg and its arma-
ture as in figures 185 and 186.
Length, 28 mm.
Holotype. — Male, Cayamas, Cuba, Jan. 16, E. A. Schwarz.
(U.S.N.M.)
Type.— Male, Cat. No. 26744, U.S.N.M.
GHILIANELLA PERSONATA, new species.
Male. — Light to dark reddsh-brown, almost uniform; head and
thorax without granulations, short gray slightly flocculent pubescence
abundant, much shorter and less conspicuous on abdomen. Abdomen
widening gradually to hypopygium, dorsum convex, without ridges
or tubercles, sutures mostly obsolete; seventh tergite long, narrowed
gradually from a point two-fifths of its length from base, terminal
fifth more abruptly tapering, moderately pointed, thickened and
projecting beyond hypopygium. Sternum unkeeled, ventral sutures
as described in key, hind margin of seventh sternite nearly straight,
and eighth narrowly and slightly emarginate; ninth sternite or
hypopygium long, with a transverse impression bounding the
thickened margin, opening upward and backward, the apex pro-
jecting as a rounded triangle, the claspers broadly triangular, (fig.
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIAMINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 109
177), filling the space between hypopygium and seventh tergite, ex-
cept for a narrow vertical space between their apices.
Female. — Color and pubescence as in male; abdomen widening
gradually from base, the dorsal sutures evident; seventh tergite
with the hind angles moderately produced as obtusely pointed pro-
cesses, margin between distinctly concave, without tubercle; eighth
tergite semielliptical, with a median carina interrupting the trans-
verse corrugations; ninth tergite rather short, median carina and
cross corrugations low, indistinct, apex narrowly rounded. Seventh
sternite moderately produced medianly as a rounded lobe, the sides
of hind margin concave ; eighth sternite visible only as a long ellipse
on each side.
Length, 25-28 mm.
Holotype. — Male, paratype male, allotype female, Chapada,
Brazil, collected in July, April, and August, respectively (Carnegie
Mus.).
GHILIANELLA CLAVIVENTRIS Bergroth.
Ghilianella claviventris Bergroth, E. Ploeariinen 1906, pp. 318-9 [Vene-
zuela].
Male. — Dark reddish-brown, frontal spine, connexivum, hind edge
of sixth tergite, posterior third of seventh and a few other edgings,
yellowish. Head and thorax scarcely granulate; pale reddish
pubescence very short, fine and sparse. Abdomen widening gradually
to apical fourth of fourth segment, which is abruptly inflated and
together with the fifth and most of the sixth segment forms a
globular expansion of the abdomen ; remainder of abdomen tapering
posteriorly and upcurved. The fifth tergite is finely longitudinally
strigate and is smoothly inflated, without ridged elevations laterally.
The sixth tergite is distinctly trisinuate posteriorly, and the seventh
narrowing from the basal third, has the posterior half transversely
wrinkled and an acuminate apex which slightly surpasses hy-
popygium. Sutures between sternites concave anteriorly, that be-
tween sixth and seventh most so ; hind edge of seventh conspicuously
emarginate medianly and only slightly less so laterally; eighth
sternite visible on its entire width, nearly straight posteriorly ; ninth
sternite, or hypopygium, rather long, more or less granulate and
transversely wrinkled, opening upward, claspers oblong, somewhat
upturned and bluntly pointed at apex.
Length, 26 mm.
Two males, Colonia Tovar, E. Simon 1.11.88 (Coll. E. Bergroth).
One the type. Another male Cerro del Avila, 6,000 feet, Venezuela,
December, 1913, S. M. Klages (Carnegie Mus.).
110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
GHILIANELLA GLOBIFERA Bergroth.
Ohilianella glotiifera Bergroth, E. Ploeariirien 1906, pp. 319-320 [Vene-
zuela].
Color throughout dark reddish-brown, legs and antennae without
pale markings ; the sharp downwardly slanting frontal spine, most of
beak, the spiracles and edgings on genital segments pale. Gray
pubescence rather plentiful, a little more prominent on fourth to
sixth sternites and in two percurrent lines on dorsum. Bulbosity
farther forward than in any other species examined, widest at fourth
segment and sixth not at all involved in it ; seventh tergite long, the
process making up two-thirds of length, wrinkled transversely, ridged
longitudinally, and punctate apically, rather pointed. Seventh stern-
ite well exposed, eighth moderately long, opening upward, claspers
oblong, narrowed and incurved apically.
Length, 19 mm.
Male, Caracas (Coll. E. Bergroth.). The type.
Two males, Sarare, Venezuela, F. Geay, 189G; and two (one teneral
and damaged), Llanos, Venezuela, F. Geay, 1896 (Paris Mus.).
Length of these specimens, 18.5-20 mm.
GHILIANELLA PERVERSA, new species.
Female. — Legs testaceous with more or less distinct dark bands,
ground color elsewhere testaceous, but obscured largely above, and
almost entirely below, by fuscous to black marbling; granulations
prominent on head, inconspicuous on thorax; pubescence short and
fine; proportions of pro-, meso-, and meta-thoraces as 8, 6, and 3;
abdomen widening gradually to junction of fifth and sixth segments,
tapering gradually posteriorly; unusually narrow median strips of
tergites with indistinct longitudinal ridge; hind margin of tergite 6
with a prominent backwardly projecting tubercle; that of tergite 7
with a short, porrect, blunt tubercle from which the margin slopes
away on each side to the simply rounded lateral angles; eighth ter-
gite nearly as long as wide, the general form broadly elliptical, the
disk wrinkled and granulate, the apex apiculate. Hind margins of
all sternites more or less sinuate laterally, 3 least and 6 most so, the
latter sternite a fourth wider on sides than in middle ; seventh sternite
slightly convex medianly and concave laterally; eighth visible as an
elliptical plate on each side (fig. 178). Appearance of female hypo-
pygium from rear as in figure 179.
Length, 18 mm.
Eolotype. — Female, Aracataca, Magdalena, Colombia, August 12,
1920, in heavy forest with dense undergrowth, J. A. G. Rehn (Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila.).
ABT. 1 AMERICAN FliOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 111
GHILIANELLA APICULATA, new species.
Male. — General color dull blackish, pale vestiture unusually abun-
dant, patch at anterior end of metathorax crossing the notum, pubes-
cence on top of abdomen arranged in lines; beak, frontal and
hypopygial spines pale yellow to reddish, spiracles concolorous; sixth
tergite with a slight prominence on middle of hind margin ; sternum
without keel; sternites 4-6 more or less emarginate medianly and
sinuate laterally, this feature becoming more pronounced posteriorly ;
seventh sternite broadly emarginate medianly, eighth about trans-
verse; ninth with supero-posterior angles prominent, extending as
far posteriorly as base of hypopygial hook (fig. 180), the latter ante-
riorly and upwardly directed, the apex bent forward, divaricate,
and apparently otherwise modified.
Length, 27 mm.
Holotype. — Male, Blanton Mine, north of San Christobal, Repub-
lic of Dominica, July 26, 1919, Harold Morrison (U.S.N.M.).
Type.— Male, Cat. No. 26745, U.S.N.M.
GHILIANELLA ICA, new species.
Male. — Color castaneous, chiefly dark", scarcely relieved by pale
markings. Frontal process mammiform; head and thorax scarcely
granulate- Seventh tergite narrowed gradually from middle to near
apex, then rather abruptly pointed, transversely corrugated on pos-
terior half. Seventh sternite rounded emarginate medianly, almost
straight laterally; eighth nearly straight posteriorly, spiracle mod-
erately pedicellate; ninth rather long, opening upward, a little
elevated along hind margin which is produced between the claspers,
where it bears the anteriorly directed somewhat curved process,
which is a little widened and slightly concave at apex; claspers
oblong, beveled off on lower side at apex.
Length, 28 mm.
Holotype. — Male, Rio lea, Crevaux, 1880 (Paris Mus.).
GHILIANELLA PACHITEA, new species.
Male. — Differs from pascoei Bergroth in having the ventral spines
on fore femora and the one between the bases of antennae dark
brown instead of stramineous; also the spine between bases of an-
tennae is much stouter and a little shorter than in pascoei; the cross
striation of abdominal sternites is much finer than in that species,
and the hypopygium is as in figure 181.
Length, 22 mm.
Holotype. — Male, Pachitea, Peru (Bueno).
112 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 07
GHILIANELLA COLONA, new species.
Male. — Similar in general to G. aracataca, but the pubescence of
head and thorax less abundant and none of it pollinose; abdomen
gradually widening to seventh segment, which differs from that of
aracataea as described in key ; eighth sternite almost straight on hind
margin, the spiracles conspicuously pedunculate.
Length, 22 mm.
Holotype. — Male, Don Diego, Dept. Magdalena, Colombia (Car-
negie Mus.). A nymph with same data probably is this species.
GHILIANELLA BETHEI Dohrn.
Ghilianella bethel Dohrn, A. Nachtrage, 1S63, pp. 68-70 [Bogota].
Female. — Fuscous, relieved by ochraceous spots and clouding; leg
bands faint. Head and thorax distinctly granulate, short pale pu-
bescence rather abundant, that of abdomen shorter and less plenti-
ful. Frontal spine pale, decurved. Abdomen widening to apex
of fifth segment and narrowing gradually to end, clavate rather
than bulbous in shape. Fifth tergite with angular dilatations near
hind angles, sixth with a prominent, acute, falcate tubercle ; seventh
nearly straight across hind margin, the middle of latter slightly
elevated and with a short pointed tubercle; eighth tergite semi-cir-
cular, transversely rugose, but scarcely longitudinally carinate; 9th
rather inflated basally, obsoletely rugose, depressed subapically, with
the apical margin rounded and elevated. Sutures between sternites
inclined anteriorly and showing more or less anterior curvature
medianly; hind margin of seventh moderately angulate, prominent
medianly and slightly concave laterally.
Length, 20-22 mm.
Cacagualito, Colombia, May; Bonda, Colombia, June (Carnegie
Mus.).
The specimens listed seem to answer well to the original descrip-
tion, the only real discrepancy being that none of them show " a
slight cross furrow " on the apic'al half of tergite 5. However, this
appearance in Dohrn's specimen may have been due to bending at
the time of capture or to some effect of drying.
GHILIANELLA ARACATACA, new species.
Male. — Dark reddish-brown, pubescence rather abundant, more
or less pollinose in character anteriorly ; beak yellow-brown, frontal
spine whitish, leg bands moderately distinct; abdomen gradually
widened to fifth segment, sixth narrowed, seventh swollen, as thick
as fifth; tergites slightly elevated at the middle of their posterior
margins, seventh twice as long as sixth; sternites 2-7 more or less
emarginate apically and sinuate laterally, the sixth most pronounced
art. 1 AMERICAN P1.0IAR1INAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 113
in these respects, eighth with a small, triangular median projection,
the supero-posterior angles rounded, and the spiracles not conspicu-
ously pedunculate (fig. 182).
Female. — Similar to the male in color, pilosity somewhat less con-
spicuous, pollinosity rather more so; abdomen widest at fifth seg-
ment, tapering gradually both fore and aft, tubercle of sixth tergite,
projecting posteriorly, bluntly falcate; seventh tergite with 'a straight
median porrect process extending considerably beyond the promi-
nent but not produced lateral angles; eighth tergite rounded tri-
angular somewhat broader than long; ninth with the sides convexly
sloping apically, the median line keeled and apiculate (fig. 183) ;
sternites 2-4 slightly emarginate medianly, and sinuate laterally, en-
tire posterior margins of sternites 5 and 6 anteriorly arcuate, the
latter most deeply, this sclerite being a fifth longer on sides than
in middle: seventh sternite concave on sides of posterior margin,
with a rather prominent rounded median projection ; eighth sternite
visible as an elliptical plate on each side (fig. 184).
Length, 22-24 mm.
Tlolotjfpe. — Male and allotype female. Aracataca, Magdalena, Co-
lombia, Aug. 6, 1920, in heavy forest with dense undergrowth, J. A.
G. Kehn (Acad. Nat, Sci., Phila.)
GHILIANELLA CUNEATA, new species.
Female. — Yellowish to reddish brown, the leg bands more or less
distinct, the abdomen marbled with fuscous; pubescence in no way
unusual; abdomen widened gradually to apex of sixth segment, then
tapering to apex of seventh ; hind margin of all of the tergites promi-
nent medianly, sixth with large slightly falcate tubercle, and the
posterior angles a little prominent and expanded; the hind margin
of the seventh with a short, median, pointed tubercle which extends
slightly farther posteriorly than the prominent lateral angles ; eighth
tergite considerably wider than long, with transverse corrugations
and a central keel which is produced in a point slightly beyond gen-
eral line of the posterior margin; ninth tergite much longer than
eighth, somewhat wrinkled transversely, the narrowed apex with a
broad prominent keel; sutures between sternites 2-6 slightly anteri-
orly directed, that between six and seven quite concave anteriorly;
sternite seven about a fourth longer than six on the median line, its
hind margin slightly concave laterally, somewhat produced medianly,
the extreme apex with a small emargination ; eighth sternite narrowly
visible on each side.
Length, 23-26 mm.
Holotype. — Female, Alhajuelo, Panama, April 18, 1911, Aug.
Busck; five female paratypes, Porto Bello, Panama, March 16, 1911,
114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
Feb. 19, A. Busck; Feb. 17, 1911, E. A. Schwarz; Upper Pequiru
River, Camp No. 3, Panama, A. H. Jennings; Buena Ventura,
Panama, March 1911, A. Busck (U.S.N.M.).
Type and paratopes. — Female, Cat. No. 26746, U.S.N.M.
GHILIANELLA ASSA-NUTRIX Bergroth.
Ghilianella assa-nutrix Bergeoth. Ploeariinen 1906, pp. 314^5 [Venezuela].
Male. — General color dark reddish-brown, frontal spine pale; the
usual patches of pilosity a little more extensive than in average
species, the metathoracic patches contiguous over dorsum, color of
pile in general sordid yellowish, tending to be golden in the denser
patches; in addition to the typical patches there are two small
rounded spots on the posterior margin of each tergite from 2-6,
largest on 4; most of the first tergite and adjacent disk of second
also are covered by a patch of golden pubescence; seventh tergite
more than twice as long as sixth, strongly transversely corrugated
about the middle, and tapering apically into a long, roof-shaped,
pointed process which exceeds hypopygium by more than length of
latter; sternum unkeeled; sutures between sternites directed moder-
ately forward ; posterior margin of six and seven rounded emarginate
medianly, and arcuate laterally ; eighth narrow, transverse, spiracle
moderately pedunculate; hypopygium with a terminal, anteriorly
and upwardly directed hook, margin receding and arcuate each side
of this; claspers oblong, bluntly rounded apically (fig. 187).
Female. — Color and pubescence as in male. Abdomen widening
gradually from anterior part of second segment to about middle of
fifth, and increasing in depth, as seen from side, to anterior part of
seventh segment. Hind margins of tergites 1-5 nearly straight, of
six slightly convex posteriorly, of seven slightly prominent medianly,
concave each side of this, with acute divergent lateral processes as
described in key; eighth tergite short, semielliptical, depressed
medianly, and with obliquely transverse wrinkling each side of the
depression; ninth tergite longer than eighth, an oblique impression
each side of middle near base, the median line elevated, especially
near apex, where it forms a distinct carina joining the raised apical
margin; the surface near apex is polished, with two subsidiary
oblique ridges each side of the median one. Hind margins of sternites
more or less concave posteriorly, that of six most so; seventh slightly
convex medianly, and concave laterally; eighth moderately exposed,
the spiracle barely visible from the side.
Length, 28-30 mm.
Male and female San Esteban, Venezuela, March, 1888, E. Simon
(Coll. E. Bergroth). One the type.
Two males, San Esteban, Venezuela, Oct.-Nov., 1910, M. A. Car-
riker, jr. (Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). One male, Caracas (Cophenhagen
Mus.).
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIAEIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 115
GHTLIANELLA GLADIATOR, new species.
Male. — General color dark reddish-brown, pilosity much more
abundant than usual, short, grayish; abdomen widest at fifth seg-
ment, tapering gradually both fore and aft ; seventh tergite twice as
long as sixth, with a projection similar to that of assa-nutrix ; all
sternites more or less emarginate medianly and arcuate laterally,
6 and 7 most pronouncedly so ; eighth varying from slightly emargi-
nate to transverse, narrow, spiracle moderately prominent; hypo-
pygial spine small, margins not excavated each side of it, claspers
long, narrow, slightly enlarged apically (fig. 188).
Female. — General color reddish-brown to blackish ; short, fine
yellowish pubescence abundant, much denser than usual on head and
thorax, particularly about rear parts of the posterior divisions of
the latter and on the fourth and fifth tergites ; bulbosity of abdomen
rather long, including half of fourth, all of fifth and sixth, and
half of seventh segments; sutures between tergites 2-7 all nearly
transverse; the ninth tergite is narrowly keeled along the sides, and
more prominently elevated medianly, especially at the narrowed
apex; the sutures between sternites 2-5 slope anteriorly, the hind
margin of the fifth is emarginate medianly and arcuate laterally,
and that of the sixth concave throughout; the seventh sternite is
prominently angulate produced medianly, and the eighth is nar-
rowly visible on each side.
Length, 24-26 mm.
Holotype. — Male, allotype female, and paratype male, Trinidad,
March 26, 1916, R. A. Wood. (Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila.)
Paratype. — Female, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, F. W. Urich
(U.S.N.M.), Cat. No. 26747, U.S.N.M.
The latter specimen is accompanied by some eggs (figs. 189. 190)
and newly emerged nymphs ; the former are 1.75 mm. in length, with
sparse longitudinally arranged, irregular granulations, a nipple-like
longitudinally striate cap, which is surrounded by about 18 delicate,
tapered, and finely pointed appendages of the main egg case, the
apices of which are bent inward at about the same level as peak of
the cap (fig. 189). The nymphs are notable chiefly for the surpris-
ingly advanced state of development of the thorax and its append-
ages, and for the very undeveloped condition of the abdomen ; they
are certainly equipped for capture before digestion of prey.
The males and females here listed are associated as one species not
only because of their general agreement in color and form but specif-
ically because they share a character unusual in the genus, namely,
absence of central keel on meta- and meso-sterni.
116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
GHILIANELLA STIPITATA, new species.
Female. — Much like the same sex of G. filiventris except in shape
of abdomen and details of genital segments. Length of prothorax
and mesothorax as 3 is to 4. The abdomen is smoothly, almost round
clavate, with the fifth segment the largest in all dimensions; tergites
4-7 are relatively longer than in fiUventris, the last especially being
distinctive as described in key (fig. 191). Eighth tergite rather long
and narrow, the middle line and margins slightly elevated, apex
rounded; ninth tergite longer than eighth, narrowing and rounded
apically, the median line, some irregular oblique branches from it,
and the apex somewhat elevated. Seventh sternite rather strongly
and acutely produced medianly, concave laterally.
Length, 25 mm.
Holotype. — Female, Llanos, Venezuela, 1895, F. Geay (Paris
Mus. ) .
GHILIANELLA SIMILATA, new species.
Female. — Much like stipitata in form, but head and thorax de-
cidedly less granulate, and the mid and hind femora each with 3
pale bands on apical half, instead of unicolorous as in that species.
Length of prothorax and mesothorax as 3.75 is to 4. The seventh
tergite is as described in key, the eighth nearly semicircular, de-
pressed medianly, and obscurely wrinkled; ninth about as long as
eighth, but considerably narrower and somewhat tapered posteriorly,
margins and median line elevated, apex blunt, slightly convex. Ven-
ter as in figure 192.
Length, 19-20 mm.
Holotype. — And another female, Caracas, Meinert (Copenhagen
Mus.).
GHILIANELLA PENDULA, new species.
Ghilianella bulMfera Champion (females) Biologia, vol. 2, p. 171, fig. 18,
Oct. 1S9S. [Bugaba, Panama.]
Female. — Color varying from yellowish- to dark reddish-brown,
the paler specimens have the abdomen more or less variegated with
fuscous and the leg bands more distinct; pubescence and granula-
tion in no way unusual. Abdomen rather smoothly clavate, widest at
fifth and sixth segments (the sixth tergite widest), but the bulbosity
includes the entire sixth segment; posterior angles and middle of
hind margin of segments 4-7 prominent, most conspicuously so on
six where the median elevation is a large slightly posteriorly in-
clined cone ; on the hind margin of seventh tergite a small triangular
prominence extends slightly farther posteriorly than the prominent
but blunt lateral angles; eighth tergite broader than long, rounded
apically, ninth a trifle longer than eighth, narrowed, and the margins
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 117
raised apically, but 8 and 9 with low median keels and more or less
corrugated ; hind margins of sternites 4-6 emarginate medianly, ar-
cuate laterally, the lateral convexity on 6 being almost angulate;
seventh sternite a third longer than 6, slightly angulate-produced
medianly ; eighth narrowly visible on each side.
Length, 21-24 mm.
Holotype. — Female, Cabima', Panama, May 18, 1911, Aug. Busck;
paratype female, Alhajuela, Panama, A. H. Jennings; another fe-
male without locality.
Type and paratype.— -Female, Cat. No. 26748, U.S.N.M.
For disposition of males of bulbifcra see page 97.
GHILIANELLA APPROXIMATA, new species.
Male. — Head, thorax and appendages, bulbosity and hypopygium
piceous, remainder of abdomen chiefly, frontal spine, anterior tibia
and tarsus, and spines of front femur, yellow-brown or paler. Pubes-
cence sordid gray, rather dense and matted over thorax and in
patches elsewhere. Bulbosity formed chiefly by fifth segment, fourth
and sixth only slightly involved. Seventh tergite rather long,
neither wrinkled nor coarsely punctate as in many species, rather
sharply apiculate and slightly surpassing hypopygium. Sternites of
ordinary form, eighth almost straight across on hind margin, slightly
concave laterally, moderately exposed. Ninth sternite long, open-
ing upward, claspers oblong, pointed apically.
Female. — Generally paler than male, with edgings and much mar-
bling of yellow-brown ; legs with usual pale markings. Mesothorax
shorter than in male, but longer than either of its fellow thoracic
parts. Bulbosity involving more of fourth and sixth segments, the
elevations of fifth tergite more remote from lateral margins than in
male. Hind margin of sixth tergite concave each side the median
point, which is about as far produced posteriorly as the rounded
lateral angles; hind margin of seventh tergite of similar shape,
declivous each side of median prominence; eighth tergite semi-cir-
cular, low carinate medianly and radiately corrugated each side in
best developed specimen; ninth longer, narrowed and notched at
apex, the margins elevated above the disk which has three coarse
transverse wrinkles. Eighth sternite broadly exposed, angles each
side the median cleft are thickened, pointed, black, and with a tuft
of long golden hairs.
Length, 24—25 mm.
Holotype. — Male, Kurrenabaque, Bolivia, Oct. 1921; allotype fe-
male, Huachi, Bolivia, 1922; another fejinale Corenda, Bolivia, 1921,
and two males, Huachi, Bolivia, Sept. 1921, W. M. Mann (U.S.N.M.) .
Type, allotype, and paratypes. — Cat. No. 26749, U.S.N.M.
118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM vol. 67
GHILIANELLA GLOBULATA, new species.
Ohilianella ignorata Champion, Biologia, vol. 2, pp. 170-171, pi. 10, figs.
15-16, 1898 [Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, Panama], not of Dohrn, Emesina,
1860, pp. 238-9, pi. 1, figs. 9-11 [La Guayra and Brazil].
Male. — Color dark reddish-brown, sometimes with irregular dark
maculations, legs and antennae without pale annuli or sometimes
with markings as described for female; head and thorax strongly
granulate; segments 2-4 of abdomen slender, widening gradually
to apical fourth of fourth, which is abruptly expanded, bulbosity
composed chiefly of the fifth segment which is about three times
as wide as anterior part of fourth; fifth tergite angulate dilated at
about middle of sides, margin receding abruptly behind the dila-
tion; sixth segment about half as wide as fifth, the tergite rounded
emarginate posteriorly ; seventh tergite about twice as long as sixth,
projecting considerably beyond hypopygium, strongly transversely
corrugated, and with a conspicuous central keel on posterior half.
Sixth sternite with a rather deep rounded median emargination,
seventh emarginate, both medianly and laterally, eighth transverse,
narrow; hypopygium inflated, with a slightly projecting, moderately
large terminal hook, the tip of which is concealed between the ob-
long claspers (fig. 194).
Female. — Color somewhat paler, front femora with two partial
bands, mid and hind femora with two bands and a subapical spot,
and hind tibiae with subbasal spot, pale; the abdomen is stouter
throughout, the fourth and fifth segments in particular being broader
and more involved in the bulbosity ; sixth tergite slightly emarginate
and a little elevated in the middle behind; seventh tergite equally
but only slightly prominent; eighth tergite about a third shorter
than ninth, the latter transversely wrinkled and longitudinally keeled,
depressed on each side of keel apically; fifth sternite shallowly and
sixth more deeply emarginate posteriorly; 7th with a short rounded
projection; eighth sternite visible as a narrow elliptical plate on each
side.
Length, 23-26 mm.
Holotype. — Male, Cacao Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala,
April 9 ; allotj^pe female, same locality April 23, 8 male and 4 female
paratypes, same locality, March 27, 29, 30, April 2, 7, 15, 18, 22, 26,
29, E. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber ; 1 male paratype, same locality
June, 1907, and 1 female Nov.-Dec, 1906, G. P. Goll; 1 female,
Polochi River, Guatemala, March 22, Barber and Schwarz, 1 male,
La Ceiba, Honduras. Jan. 24, 1916, F. J. Dyer (U.S.N.M.) ; 1 female,
Yurimaguas, Peru, June 14, 1920, H. S. Parish (McAtee).
Type, allotype, and paratypes. — Cat. No. 26750, U.S.N.M.
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 119
Nymphs. — Several nymphs presumably of this species are at hand
from Cacao, Trece Aguas, March 27 to April 2G. There is a rather
prominent triangular elevation on the middle of the hind margin of
each tergite, that on the seventh being most prominent and angularly
projecting; the lateral angles also are tuberculate prominent; the
eighth and ninth tergite roofing the anal tube of the female have
only suggestions of the corrugations and keels they later acquire.
GHILIANELLA PATRUELA, new species.
Male. — Color dark reddish brown, pale markings of legs merely
suggested; granulations of head and thorax nearly obsolete, a few
small ones on sides of mesothorax; abdomen about as in strigata,
lacking the wartlike elevations, however, and the suture between the
fourth and fifth tergites is straight across, instead of posteriorly
convex as in that form; all sternites rounded emarginate medianly,
arcuate laterally, the posterior ones more pronouncedly so; hy-
popygium rather long, the posterior margin bisinuate on each side,
the lower angle conspicuous but by no means so much so as in strigata,
the more slender genital hook arising from within the angle and
directed posteriorly and upwards, the apex simply truncate ; claspers
and fifth sternite as described in key (fig. 194).
Length, 20 mm.
Holotj/pe. — Male, San Carlos, Costa Rica, Schild and Burgdorf.
(U.S.N.M.).
Type.— Male, Cat. No. 26751, U.S.N.M.
GHILIANELLA RECONDITA, new species.
Color reddish-brown to pitchy-black, legs and antennae without
pale annuli, spines of fore tibiae yellowish; spine between antennae
also yellowish, and with an enlarged base; head, and thorax dis-
tinctly granulate.
Male. — Segments 2-4 of abdomen very slender, the fourth abruptly
expanded apically, forming anterior fourth of the bulbosity; the
latter composed chiefly of the fifth segment which is greatly ex-
panded, the sides elevated and forming rather pointed tubercles
somewhat behind the middle ; sixth segment posteriorly only a third
as wide as fifth and somewhat shorter; seventh tergite almost twice
as long as fifth, acuminate apically and projecting somewhat beyond
hypopygium (fig. 195) ; seventh sternite slightly emarginate at the
middle of hind margin, eighth half as long as the seventh.
Female. — Segments 2-4 of abdomen less slender, the fourth not
so abruptly expanded, about half of sixth segment involved in the
bulbosity (fig. 196) ; seventh tergite slightly bisinuate apically, the
120 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
posterior lateral angles and median convexity not at all prominent;
eighth tergite about as long as ninth, the latter not especially modi-
fied apically, that region being only slightly impressed medianly;
fourth and fifth sternites broadly but shallowly emarginate at the
middle of hind margin ; seventh sternite slightly angulated at middle
of hind margin; eighth sternite narrowly visible on each side of
hypopygium.
Length, 18-20 mm.
Holotype. — Male, allotype, female, and 3 paratypes, 2 males and
1 female from Minca, Magdalena, Colombia, 2,500 feet, July 24—25,
1920, and 1 paratype male from Aracataca, Magdalena, Colombia,
dense undergrowth, J. A. G. Kehn (Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.).
GHILIANELLA PERIGYNIUM, new species.
Male. — Similar to recondita in many respects, but longer and with
more abundant grayish-yellow pile; general color reddish-brown,
connexivum of segments 2-4 narrowly pale ; hypopygium much as in
recondita, claspers differing as described in key (fig. 197) ; seventh
sternite more deeply emarginate and sixth sternite also with a broad,
deep median emargination.
Female. — Similar in color to male, tending to be somewhat paler
with dark mottlings; structure about the same as in female of
recondita, eighth tergite not depressed medianly near apex and the
latter somewhat flaring or upturned and notched medianly, while it
is rather rounded off in recondita; hind margin of seventh sternite
concave laterally, convex medianly, with a slight emargination at the
extreme apex.
Length, 23-28 mm.
Holotype. — Male, allotype female, and one paratype female, Pachi-
tea, Peru (Bueno).
GHILIANELLA SIGNATA, new species.
Female. — General color dark reddish brown, shading to blackish
on distal parts of legs and abdomen ; head and thorax unusually free
from granulations, some present along dorsal carinae of mesothorax;
pile pale tawny, distribution on head and thorax about typical,
aggregated into scattering minute tufts and regularly arranged large
patches on abdomen, a pair of latter on posterior margin of fourth
tergite, and a pair covering postero-lateral angles of fourth, fifth,
and sixth sternites; bulbous expansion of abdomen including fifth
segment, posterior third of segment 4, and anterior third of segment
C; lateral elevations of segment 5 somewhat posteriorly directed, a
little wrinkled dorsally and bluntly falcate; segments 6 and 7 con-
jointly elevated at middle of suture, the elevation surmoimted by a
minute nipple on 6; tergite 7 a little longer than 6, hind margin
akt. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 121
moderately prominent medianly and laterally, thus being slightly
bisinuate; eighth tergite much broader than long, broadly rounded
apically, strongly corrugated and keeled ; ninth tergite pale basally,
with broad, rounded, low, pale side margins; disk dark, corrugated,
and keeled, the apex narrowed and bent so that it is at right angles
to general plane of tergite (fig. 198) ; ventral sutures little special-
ized; hind margin of seventh sternite slightly angulate-produced
medianly, concave laterally; eighth sternite rather broadly exposed
each side, the spiracle, however, only barely visible, the hind margin
deeply rounded emarginate medianly.
Length, 25 mm.
Holotype. — Female, Hacienda Cincinnati, Sierra San Lorenzo,
Magdalena, Colombia, Trail to Vista Nieve, 4,500-4,700 feet, July 21,
1920, J. A. G. Rehn (Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; female paratype, Vista
Nieve, Colombia, Dec. 16, 1922 (C. Carriker).
GHILIANELLA STRIGATA, new species.
Male. — General color yellowish-brown, legs with faint yellowish
annuli in the standard positions; the head and thorax are only ob-
soletely warty, almost smooth; the mesothorax and the metathorax
with a few warts on the sides; abdomen abruptly expanded at pos-
terior third of segment 4, segment 5 widest, the tergite with rounded
elevations laterally ; segments 2-5 each with a wart-like elevation on
middle of hind margin, most conspicuous on 4; segment 6 rapidly
tapering to about half width of 5 ; tergite 7 half again as long as 6,
transversely corrugated posteriorly, moderately acuminate and ex-
tending slightly beyond hypopygium; sternites 6-8 rounded emar-
ginate medianly, arcuate laterally, the eighth about a third as wide
as seventh, the spiracle conspicuously pedunculate; ninth sternite
longest on lower half, which forms apically a prominent rounded
angle from which arises the long anteriorly and upwTardly directed
genital hook, the apex of which is bluntly trilobate; claspers and
fourth sternite as described in key (fig. 199).
Length, 22-23 mm.
Holotype. — Male, San Carlos, Costa Rica; paratype male, Costa
Rica, Schild and Burgdorf (U.S.N.M.).
Type and paratype.— Cut No. 26752, U.S.N.M.
GHILIANELLA SUBGLOBULATA, new species.
MaU. — Practically a copy of globulata except in the following
particulars. Pedicel of abdomen is shorter and thicker, each of seg-
ments 2-4 being shorter than width of bulbosity which the corre-
sponding segments of globulata equal ; sixth tergite not longer than
wide at base, while it is distinctly longer in globulata. Ninth sternite
not opening so nearly posteriorly as in globulata, the hook higher
122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM vol.67
therefore, and less easily distinguished ; claspers oblong, incurved at
tips, each with a distinct rounded subapical notch in upper margin.
Female. — Females assigned to this species are still closer dupli-
cations of globulata than is the male, for the reason that the abdomen
is short and the segments of the same proportions as in that species.
The only tangible difference is that the posterior angles of seventh
tergite are distinctly produced beyond median part of hind margin
which is merely convex and not at all tuberculate.
Length, 19-21 mm.
Holotype. — And one other male, allotype female, Venezuela, Noual-
hier, 1898 (Paris Mus.) ; two other females, Maraeaibo, Venezuela,
Wibske (Copenhagen Mus.).
Two teneral and damaged females which may belong here have
the prominences of fifth tergite more conspicuous, projecting dis-
tinctly beyond sides of abdomen. If assignment to the present
species is correct the indication would be that these prominences
may undergo a reduction from the condition attained in the
nymphal or teneral state in the processes of ecdysis or hardening.
The data for these specimens is Venezuela, one collected by G. Fal-
lon, 1895, the other by Noualhier 1898 (Paris Mus.).
GHILIANELLA UNCINATA, new species.
Male. — Color dark reddish-brown, head and thorax with more
abundant short, semipollinose hair than usual in the genus; legs
with faint pale bands disposed as in last species; abdomen a little
stouter than in allied species, about a third of segment 4, and about
half of segment 6 involved in the bulbosity; tergite 5 widely angu-
larly emarginate anteriorly, tergite 6 almost transverse posteriorly,
with a small rounded elevation on middle of hind margin; seventh
tergite about half again as long as sixth, faintly corrugated, without
keel but more or less apiculate, extending little if any beyond hypo-
pygium. Sternites all more or less angulate emarginate posteriorly
and sinuate laterally, the former condition most marked on 7, the
latter on 6; eighth sternite plainly visible, shallowly rounded emar-
ginate; ninth sternite long, straight, rather trough-like, terminating
in a large, prominent hook; claspers oblong, narrowed above sub-
apically, the apices turned inward and slightly upward (fig. 200).
Length, 21-25 mm.
Holotype. —Male, Trinidad Rio, Panama, March 29, 1912, A.
Busck; paratype males same locality March 23, November 2, 5;
Cabima, Panama, May 18, 1911; Alhajuelo, Panama, April 15, 1911;
Porto Bello, Panama, March 10, 13, 1911; April 21, 1912, all A.
Busck; last locality, Feb. 17, 1911, E. A. Schwarz; and no date, A. H.
Jennings, 12 in all (U.S.N.M.).
Type and paratypes.— Cat. No. 26753, U.S.N.M.
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 123
GHILIANELLA ATRICLAVA Bergroth.
GMlianella atriclava Bergroth, E. New Neotropical Ploeariinae. Psyche,
vol. 18, No. 1, Feb., 1911, pp. 19-20 [French Guiana].
Body in general yellow-brown, bulbosity and legs piceous, the
latter practically without pale markings. Frontal spine pale, short,
decurved. Abdomen long pedicillate, increasing but slightly in
thickness from base to posterior third of fourth segment which ab-
ruptly expands and together with the fifth and sixth segments forms
an almost globular expansion beyond which the short seventh seg-
ment projects but little. Elevations of fifth tergite large, subacute,
compressed, longitudinal^ ridged; sixth and seventh tergites very
short, the latter transversely corrugated on the apical half, which is
short acuminate; ninth sternite short, opening upwards, the claspers
oblong, the upper posterior angles truncate.
Length, 24 mm.
Male, French Guinana (Coll. E. Bergroth). The type.
GHILIANELLA FILIVENTRIS Spinola.
Ghilianella ftUventris Spinola, M. Generi Insetti Artroidignati, 1852, pp.
143, 144 [Para].
Dohrn 19 describes and illustrates a species of Ghilianella as filiven-
tris Spinola and it is upon this work that the present identification
is based. Certainly the males before us are the same species that
Dohrn figured ; discrepancies in color from what he described are not
a matter for concern in this genus. The specimens agree also with
Spinola's description and some of them are from the type locality.
The association of sexes here made is based on examination of a
series of 18 specimens from the same locality collected at the same
season, the genitalia of a number of which show evidences of recent
use.
Male. — Color chiefly dark reddish (one specimen has peduncle
yellowish) ; head and thorax copiously granulate; fine, short
pubescence plentiful on head and thorax, sparse on abdomen and
legs. Abdomen reaching the greatest degree of pedunculation
seen in any species, segments 2, 3, and most of 4 forming a stalk of
almost uniform diameter, the apex of fourth segment abruptly ex-
panded, and together with the fifth and sixth forming a globular
expansion which on account of the shortness of the seventh segment
seems almost to terminate the abdomen (fig. 201) ; this is the only
species observed to have ridged prominences near posterior angles
of the sixth as well as on the fifth tergite; the seventh tergite has
the basal portion almost square, this tapering rapidly into a short
more or less upturned apiculation, slightly surpassing the hypopygium
19 Emesina, 1860. pp. 237, 238. pi. 1, figs. 8, 10.
124 PKOCEEDINGS OP THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
(fig. 202). Sternites 5, 6, and 7 are shorter than in less bulbous
species and each is broadly emarginate medianly; the ninth sternite
or hypopygium is short and opens upward; the claspers are short-
oblong, narrowed apically. Fore leg and its armature as in fig-
ures 203, 204.
Female. — In color like the male, with a greater tendency, how-
ever, to yellowish spotting or marbling; granulation and pubescence
about the same. The abdomen widens gradually from base to apex
of fourth segment, from which point to end of seventh the width is
nearly uniform; it is thus a veiw good illustration of the clavate
form: the median line of tergites is slightly elevated, subapically
the lateral margins of tergite 6 tend to project beyond the common
lateral outline of abdomen, and the hind margin of tergites 5 and
6 is bisinuate, the slight median angulation and the lateral angles
projecting about equally posteriorly; hind margin of the seventh
tergite slightly concave, with a distinct small median tubercle;
eighth tergite almost semicircular, radiately wrinkled; ninth trun-
cate cuneate, the base faintty transversely corrugated, the apex raised
medianly, more or less concave distally, sometimes faintly longitudi-
nally ridged ; the hind margins of sternites 2 and 3 are emarginate
medianly, those of 4, 5, and 6 are nearly simply concave; that of
7 is convex medianly and slightly concave laterally; and the ex-
posed portions of 8 are elliptical.
Length, 23-27 mm.
Santarem, April-July 1919, S. M. Klages; Chapada, Para, all
Brazil (Carnegie Mus.) ; a male labelled Amazon, Stevens (Stock-
holm Mus.) ; two females Itaituba, Amazon, Brazil, Noualhier, 1898;
three males, Para, and one Amazonas, Noualhier, 1898 (Paris Mus.).
GHILIANELLA MIRABILIS, new species.
Male. — Head and thorax moderately granulate; pubescence short;
color castaneous, varying in depth, but without definite pale mark-
ings anywhere ; frontal spine porrect, sharp, stramineous. Abdomen
terete and of nearly uniform diameter from base to posterior fourth
of fourth tergite which expands abrupt!}7 to form anterior wall of
bulbosity. The largest component of the latter is the remarkably
horned fifth segment described in key (figs. 205, 206), but the sixth
segment is wholly included and the seventh is so short that the
bulbosity is practically terminal. Seventh tergite an approximately
equilateral triangle (fig. 207), corrugated transversely, and elevated
and apiculate distally. Hind margin of the fourth sternite with
a shorter and deeper median, and broader but shallower lateral con-
cavities ; fifth deeply concave, thus being very short on median line ;
sixth also deeply concave but of about same length in middle as on
'sides; seventh longer, with a short but distinct median emargina-
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 125
tion; eighth sternite barely visible; ninth short, strongly curved,
opening upward; claspers oblong, narrowed apically.
Female. — Similar in general to male, but showing traces of pale
leg markings, and abdominal marblings. Abdomen from base to
and including fifth segment like that of male, the horns of fifth
tergite shorter however (fig. 208) ; bulbosity much longer than in
male, due to greater length of sixth and seventh segments which
may be said to form part of it. Hind margin of seventh tergite
with the median point and lateral angles slightly more prominent
than intervening portions; eighth semicircular; ninth much longer,
cuneate, faintly corrugated basally and striate apically, the apex
rounded, margin slightly thickened (fig. 209). Sternites up to 6
inclusive of about same shape as in male, seventh much longer on
median line than fifth and sixth together, the hind margin some-
what convex medianly and slightly concave laterally ; eighth broadly
exposed on each side.
Length, 27-29 mm.
Male holotype, female allotype, and a teneral male, Rio Autuz,
Amazon, Roman (Stockholm Mus.).
GHIILIANELLA PERUVIANA, new species.
Female. — Dark castaneous, pubescence short and inconspicuous;
head and thorax rather strongly granulate ; central region of tergites
with a percurrent ridge ; a strong blunt tubercle at hind margin of
6 ; seventh with the hind margin nearly straight, bevelled off medianly
on each side of the fairly prominent apex of longitudinal ridge;
eighth tergite semicircular, considerably depressed medianly, with a
low carina in the depression; ninth tergite tapering rather rapidly,
rounded and slightly emarginate apically; with indistinct corruga-
tions and no prominent longitudinal or marginal ridges.
Length, 22 mm.
Holotype. — Female, El Campamiento, Col. Perene, Peru, June
21, 1920, Cornell University Expedition, Lot 569 (Cornell Univ.).
GHILIANELLA ANNECTENS. new species.
Emesa angulata Uhleb, P. R. Heteroptera of St. Vincent, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., pp. 717-8, Nov. 21, 1893 [Panama specimens in part].
Female. — Testaceous, more or less variegated with fuscous and
washed with rufous; thorax and head decidedly granular; pu-
bescence sparse; abdomen widening gradually to apex of sixth seg-
ment, seventh somewhat narrower but nearly parallel-sided ; tergites
with a percurrent nodulose median ridge, becoming more prominent
posteriorly and culminating in a large backward sloping tubercle
on hind margin of tergite 6; posterior angles of tergites 3-6 pro-
gressively elevated and expanded, thus interrupting the lateral out-
126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 6T
line of abdomen as seen from above (fig. 210) ; seventh tergite almost
straight across hind margin, the lateral angles slightly prominent
and the median line near apex with a small recumbent tubercle which
scarcely projects beyond the medianly depressed hind margin ; eighth
tergite broadly elliptical, wrinkled transversely and with a median
keel which is elevated posteriorly and forms a small projection on
hind margin; ninth tergite twice as long as eighth, with sinuate
transverse wrinkles, a low median keel, the sides elevated and toothed
posteriorly, the apex narrowed, depressed and black in color (fig
211) ; sutures between sternites while not greatly modified have a
tendency toward median emargination and lateral sinuation; 6 is
more concave behind and 7 somewhat produced medianly and con-
cave laterally; an elliptical, vertically ridged and horizontally
wrinkled portion of eighth sternite visible on each side. Arma-
ture of fore femur as in figure 212.
Length, 20 mm.
Holotype. — Male, Panama, Scudder (Uhler Collection, U.S.N.M.).
Type.— Male, Cat. No. 26754, U.S.N.M.
GHILIANELLA TRUNCATA, new species.
Emesa angulata Uhler, P. R. Heteroptera of St. Vincent, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., pp. 717-8, Nov. 21, 1893 [Panama specimens, in part].
Very similar to the preceding; ninth tergite differing as noted in
key; eighth with the median keel not projecting behind posterior
margin (figs. 213, 214).
Length, 21 mm.
Holotype. — Female, labelled Emesa angulata Uhler, Panama
(U.S.N.M.).
Type.— Cat. No. 27091 U.S.N.M.
GHILIANELLA (PLOEODONYX) INSIDIATRIX Bergroth.
Ghilianella insidiatriw, Bergroth, E. Konowia, vol. 1, pp. 219-220, August 20,
1922 [French Guiana].
Male. — Head and body dark, legs and antennae paler castaneous;
front femora with 2 pale bands across the spined portion ; antennae
pale at base; mid and hind legs with faint pale annuli. Frontal
spine short but pointed and decurved; head and thorax practically
without granulation but prothorax is obsoletely rugulose; tubercles
of pronotum each side of neck rather prominent, also a pair on hind
margin; divisions of thorax successively shorter posteriorly.
Pubescence golden, short and sparse in general, but aggregated in
dense patches as follows: Posterior lobe of head above (front lobe
also of more than average hairiness), top and sides of front end of
pronotum, top and sides of thorax at sutures between meso- and
meta-thoraces, and between metathorax and abdomen ; upper surfaces
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARIINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 127
of mid and hind coxae, first termite, series of blotches practically
forming a ring about abdomen at front of fourth segment, and simi-
lar patches or indications of them on following two segments. Ab-
domen widest about middle of fifth segment, holding its width well
posteriorly, but narrowed considerably anteriorly especially segment
2; a slight elevation on the ampliate posterior angle of each tergite,
and on middle of hind margin of sixth; median strip of dorsum
with a series of squarish depressions; seventh tergite obsoletely
ridged, wrinkled transversely on posterior half, narrowed in round-
ing fashion then abruptly apiculate, apex projecting slightly beyond
hypopygium. Sternites of ordinary shape, seventh shallowly emargi-
nate medianly, nearly straight laterally, eighth well exposed and
broadly convex medianly, retreating laterally but not covered by
seventh, spiracle moderately pedunculate ; ninth sternite rather long,
opening upward; claspers oblong, not narrowed apically. Fore leg
and its armature as in figures 215, 216.
Length, 21-22 mm.
Holotype. — Male, French Guiana [Coll. Bergroth]. Other male
specimens: Bourdon ville, French Guiana, R. Benoist, August, 1914;
Lunier River, Tumac Humac Mts., French Guiana, 1898, F. Geay;
Napo River, Upper Amazon, 1899, Sarkady (Paris Mus.).
This series shows considerable variation in the extent of the
patches of golden hair, and some in thickness of claspers, but these
are not regarded as of taxonomic import.
We are accepting the female (allotype from French Guiana, ex-
amined by us) assigned to this species by Bergroth. His specimens
of this sex apparently were collected at the same time and place as
the males and probably are of the same species. However, among
the three species of females of this group we have examined, one (f/la-
brata) agrees better in structural characters with the male insidia-
trix than does the specimen from Bergroth's collection. All of the
females differ considerably from the male in characters other than
those used in defining the subgenus. The frontal spine is much
blunter, there are no patches of golden hair, and the leg markings
are much fainter.
The allotype from Bergroth collection is pale castaneous, with the
head and thorax almost free from granulations. The hypopygium
is as described in key; the following details may be added: There
is no longitudinal carina in the depression of tergite 8 ; and the apical
margin of tergite 9 has on each side two ridges which are confluent
medianly. Length, 25 mm.
GHILIANELLA (PLOEODONYX) AMICULA, new species.
Female. — Description in most particulars would read like that of
insidiatrix, from which the present species differs chiefly by hypo-
128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
pygial characters as described in key; eighth tergite is moderately
long, squarish apically, with subobsolete radiating ridges.
Length, 23.5 mm.
Holotype. — Female, Charvein, French Guiana, November, 1914;
R. Benoist (Paris Mus.).
GHILIANELLA (PLOEODONYX) GLABRATA, new species.
A rather dark species with the head and body fuscous and the
appendages yellowish to reddish-brown. Head and thorax practi-
cally without granulations; pubescence rather sparse, short, pale
reddish. Central region of tergites nodulose but hardly tuberculate ;
hind margin of seventh tergite slightly concave, with a small median
pointed tubercle. Eighth tergite almost semicircular, strongly trans-
versely wrinkled; ninth tergite with a few strong cross wrinkles,
tapering rather rapidly, otherwise as described in key.
Length, 24 mm.
Holotype. — Female, Essequebo River, British Guiana, July, 1921,
Aug. Busck (U.S.N.M.).
Type.— Female, Cat. No. 26755, U.S.N.M.
GHILIANELLA (LISSONYX) ANGULATA (Uhler).
Emesa angulata Uhler, P. R. A list of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera col-
lected in the Iskmd of St. Vincent by Mr. Herbert H. Smith, with Descriptions of
New Genera and Species. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1893, pp. 717-718 [St. Vincent,
W. I.].
Male. — General color yellow-brown, more fuscous on underside of
thorax and hypopygium; legs banded and upper surface more or
less variegated with dark-brown; mid and hind femora each with
four dark bands and tibiae with 3, the latter also more or less
darkened apically ; front tibiae each with one pale band, and femora
with two bands and some pale spots above; head and thorax
with few and inconspicuous granulations; each succeeding division
of thorax is shorter than that in front of it; abdomen widening
gradually to juncture of fifth and sixth segments and narrowing
as gradually to middle of seventh tergite posteriorly; the posterior
angles of tergites 3-6 are slightly expanded laterally; tergite 7 is
decidedly narrowed about the middle, transversely corrugated and
broadly rounded apically, with a prominent median apiculation
reaching about as far posteriorly as any part of hypopygium; hind
margins of sternites 2-5 fairly straight, a little emarginate medianly,
that of sixth decidedly so and arcuate laterally, of seventh and
eighth on same plan as that of sixth but less pronounced; spiracle
of eighth rather pedunculate; ninth sternite elongate, rather com-
pressed posteriorly, with a strong anteriorly and almost horizontally
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIARITNAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 129
directed apical hook; claspers obtriangular, broadened apically,
the angles rounded (fig. 217).
Female. — Frontal spine and pronotal tubercles much smaller than
in male, color of head, thorax, and legs paler, the dark markings
merely indicated, abdomen more heavily maculated with fuscous;
posterior angles of tergites 3-6 expanded laterally into rather promi-
nent slightly backwardly directed teeth; tergites 4-6 each with a
tubercle on median line near hind margin; seventh tergite almost
parallel-sided, the hind angles but slightly concave, with a small
median tubercle; eighth tergite about two-thirds as long as wide,
transversely wrinkled and apiculate medianly; ninth tergite trans-
versely corrugated, narrowed subapically, the margins raised, the
disk depressed and smooth apically; hind margins of sternites 2-5
slightly emarginate medianly and sinuate laterally, of 6 deeply
concave; seventh sternite nearly twice as long as sixth, the hind
margin convex medianly, slightly concave laterally; eighth sternite
barely visible from side.
Male, labelled St. Vincent Island, H. H. Smith. Length 17 milli-
meters.
Female, labelled Balthazar, Windward Side. Grenada, W. I..
H. H. Smith. Length 18 millimeters.
The female from Grenada here described, with shorter pronotal
tubercles, and with elevations on the hind margins of tergites 4-6,
and other differences, may well be a species distinct from the true
angulata of St. Vincent. However, settlement of this question may
well await the availability of more material.
APPENDIX 1.
GENOTYPES OF THE FABRICIAN GENERA.
Certain authors claim that Fabricius indicated types of various
hemipterous genera by repeating generic characters in the specific
descriptions of the so-called genotypes. Much is made also of the
fact that in most cases some of the phrases in these descriptions begin
with italicized words.
In examining these claims it will be well to state the historical
background of the case. Of the various early authors credited with
the selection of genotypes in Hemiptera, Latreille (Considerations
generates, etc., 1810) is the only one who asserts his definite inten-
tion (l'indication de Pespece qui leur sert de type) and who consist-
ently names only a single species to a genus. Lamarck and Laporte
frequently .cite more than one species to a genus and are only credited
with fixing types when they happen to name just one illustration of
a genus. Now it is clear that using the term in the modern sense
94993—25 9
130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
these last two authors were not selecting genotypes. Because of ex
2>ost facto considerations we credit them with so doing when they
accidentally mention but one species for a genus, but essentially we
are putting a false construction on their work. Their system of
citing illustrations of genera was followed by much later authors
(as for instance Fieber, 1866) ; Stal who named more genera than
any other hemipterist described many of them without any species,
and never made a practice of naming genotypes; Reuter also still
later paid little or no attention to type designation. In fact conscious
selection of genotypes is a comparatively modern development in
taxonomy and it is only in the most recent catalogues that an effort
has been made to indicate definite type fixations for all the genera in
large groups of insects.
In the light of these facts what probability is there that Fabricius
in 1803 or earlier as in 1794 (as some authors claim) took action that
we can consider as genotype fixation? The answer is there is no
probability whatever that such was the case. Going further into
the matter it should be said in this connection that the works of
Fabricius have been viewed in an entirely different way than those
of the other early authors. The latter are credited with type fixa-
tion only when they chanced to name a single species as an illustra-
tion of a genus or in connection with the description of a new genus.
Fabricius had only one such instance in the Systema Rhyngotorum
(1803), but in numerous cases he gave a preponderantly structural
description of one of the species in a genus (not a repetition of the
generic characters as has been stated) and in most of these instances
he italicized the names of the different anatomical parts described.
The statistics in the m'atter are: 45 genera are recognized in the
Systema Rhyngotorum, of which 30 have species with special struc-
tural descriptions, and all but 2 of these have the italicized words.
If Fabricius had been intentionally indicating genotypes it is highly
probable he would have given all the genera uniform treatment : in-
stead of only two-thirds of them. Further light can be had by
tracing the matter back to the Entomologica Systematica (vol. 4,
1794). Kirkaldy finding some of the chiefly structural descriptions
of species in that work logically accepted them as being as good in-
dications of genotypes as those in the Systema Rhyngotorum. Other
hemipterists do not agree with him, but the so-called type fixations
in the earlier work stand or fall with those in the later, as they have
exactly the same basis. In both works the descriptions in ques-
tions are merely more structural than others (compare genus Mem-
bracis for instance), and neither work gives them for all the genera,
nor uniformly so far as italicization is concerned.
art. 1 AMERICAN PLOIAMINAE McATEE AND MALLOCH 131
The four genotypes accepted by Kirkaldy from the earlier work
are here listed with comment on their treatment in the later.
1794 1S03
1. Coreus scapha Given a much shorter though structural de-
scription.
2. Lygaeus valgus The structural description is transferred to tene-
prosus.
3. Miris dolabratus No species has a structural description.
4. Gerris lacustris Species is transferred to Hydrometra retaining
the structural description.
Again we would repeat the question, Does this look like type fixa-
tion?, and again we answer, It does not. If Fabricius had been fixing
genotypes he would not have altered his choice from a certain species
in his earlier to 'another in the later work (2) ; after selecting a type
in the former treatise he would not have left a genus entirely with-
out one in the latter (3) ; nor would he have attempted to make the
same species serve as type for two different genera (4).
It has been asserted that Fabricius somewhere has mentioned his
intention of selecting genotj^pes, and that Fallen says he did, etc. We
have examined the Philosophia Entomologica, 1778, and there is
nothing in it to indicate that Fabricius had any conception of geno-
types. He says nothing about selecting types in the Systema Rhyn-
gotorum so the requirements of the International Code of Nomen-
clature, that type fixation must be definite, are not met. What Fa-
bricius or any other 'author may have thought or said subsequent ito
publication has no effect on nomenclatorial practice.
132
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
APPENDIX 2.
SUMMARY OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
Genera seen.
vol. 67
Genus synonyms indented.
Described
species
seen*.
1
8
2
1
1
1
2
Described
species
not seen.
New
species.
Total.
Emesopsis Uhler 1893. _
1
Empicoris Wolff 1811
1
4
8
1
12
Ploiariodes White 1881.
Ploiariola Reuter 1888.
Stenolemus Signoret 1858
11
Phantasmatophanes Kirkaldy 1908.
Stenolemoides, new subgenus.
Deliastes Dohrn 1863 __ __ _ __
2
Panamia Kirkaldy 1907
1
Lutevopsis Champion 1898. _
1
4
5
2
14
11
"7
2
36
2
Emesa Fabricius 1803
11
Westermannia Dohrn 1860.
Westermannias Kirkaldy 1904.
Myiagreutes Bergroth 1911.
Phasmatocoris Breddin 1904.
Rothbergia, new subgenus.
Pola.uchenia, new genus _
2
Ploiaria Scopoli 1786 ____•_
8
1
2
4
13
6
2
12
28
Cerascopus Heineken 1830.
Emesodema Spinola 1840.
Luteva Dohrn 1860.
Ploiariopsis Champion 1898.
Gardena Dohrn I860.
12
Emesaya, new name
11
Emesa Authors.
Metapterus Costa I860..
6
Barce Stal 1865.
Carambis Stal 1866.
Mantisoma Iakovlev 1874.
Ghilianella Spinola 1852
61
Ploeodonyx, new subgenus.
Lissonyx, new subgenus.
Total
44
26
90
160
° Three new subspecies also described.
Genera not seen.
Genus.
Described
species
not seen.
Total.
Emesella Dohrn 1860 . _ _
3
1
2
3
Malacopus Stal 1862 __
1
Palacus Dohrn 1863- _ -
2
Total... .
6
6
INDEX
Page numbers in boldface type indicate the principal account of the group concerned.
Generic names in parentheses are those of combinations not valid in the sense of this
paper.
Page
aberrans, Metapterus 84, 85, 86
affinis, Emesa 77
Emesaya 77
agrippina, Gardena 63,69,73
alata (Ploiaria) 23
albipennis, Ploiaria 51, 53, 60
aliena, Ghilianella 96,98, 106
alterata, Ghilianella 95, 98, 107-108
alveola, Ghilianella 96,98,104
americana, Gardena 67, 69, 69-70, 74
amicula, Ghilianella 95, 99, 127-128
analis (Emesa) 96
Ghilianella 96
angulata (Emesa) 99, 125, 126,128
Ghilianella 93, 99, 128-129
annectens, Ghilianella 95, 99, 125-126
annulata (Emesa) 96
Ghilianella 96
(Westermannia) 38,40
annulatus, Emesa 40-41
annulipes (Barce) 83,88
Metapterus 83, 85, 86, 88-89
apiculata, Ghilianella 92, 99, 111
approximate, Ghilianella 92, 94, 99, 117
aptera (Mantisoma) 84
Metapterus 84
Ploiaria 51, 53, 66
aracataca, Ghilianella— 92,95,99, 112-113
argentina (Ghilianella) 96
arizonensis (Luteva) 26, 28
Stenolemus -. 26, 28-29
armata (Ploiariedes) 20
armatus, Empicoris 16, 20—21
assa-nutrix, Ghilianella 92, 94, 99, 114
a triclava, Ghilianella 91, 99, 123
australis, Emesaya 79-80
Bactrodinae 2
Ba.^auda 5
Barce 4, 5, 11, 83, 84
Bargylia 4
banksi, Emesaya 76, 77-78
banksii (Barce) 87
Metapterus 85, 86, 87
barberi, Empicoris 15, 16, 19
(Ploiariodes) 19
bethei, Ghilianella 94, 99, 112
biannulata, Polauchenia 47,48
bicaudata, Ghilianella 96, 98, 101-102
bispina, Ploiaria 51, 53, 59
brachmanni, Deliastes 34, 35
Page
brasiliensi3 (Emesa) 97
Ghiliaoiella 97
brevicoxa (Emesa) 77
Emesaya 76, 77
brevipennis, Emesaya 75, 76, 77, 78-81
(Ploiaria) 75,78
brunnea (Barce) 87
Metapterus 87
Ploiaria 52,53,54
bulbifera, Ghilianella 97
caesonia, Gardena 68, 69, 70
californica (Ploiariodes) 17
californiensis, Ploiaria 52
canadensis (Ploiariola) 18
canadensis (Cerascopus) 65
Carambis 83
Carolina (Emesodema) 58
Ploiaria 51, 53, 58-59, 64
caspica (Carambis) 83
(Emesa) 83
Metapterus 83
cellularis, Malacopus 11
Cerascopus 4, 5
chilensis, Lutevopsis 38
choctawana (Dmesa) 78, 80
claviventris, Ghilianella 91, 98, 109
colona, Ghilianella 92, 99, 112
concolor (Luteva) 48
crispina, Gardena 68,69, 70-71
cubensis, Palacus " 11
culiciformis (Cimex) 23
Empicoris 16, 23-24
cuneata, Ghilianella 95, 99, 113-114
De)iaste3 9, 10, 12, 34-36
denticauda, Ploiaria 50, 53, 63-64
difflcilis (Westermannia) 38,46-47
diffinis, Emesa 45, 46
dohrni, Emesella 11
domestica, Ploiaria 48
domitia, Gardena 68,69,71
Emesa 4, 7, 10, 12, 38-47, 74, 75
Emesaria 4, 5
Emesaya 6, 10, 12, 74-83
Emesella 11
Emesodema 48
Emesopsis 9, 11, 12, 13
Empicoris 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 13-25
errabunda (Ploiaria) 24
(Ploiariodes) 23
errabundus, Empicoris 15, 16, 24—25
133
134
INDEX
Page
erraticus (Gerris) 23
Eugubinus 5
euryale (Ploiariodes) 17
eutropia, Gardena 68, 69, 71
fairmairei (Emesodema) 52
faustina, Gardena 68, 69, 70, 78-74
filiventris, Ghilianella 90,
91, 94, 99, 128-124
fllum (Emesa) 39,78
floridana (Luteva) 59
Ploiaria 51,53,59
fraterna (Ploiaria) 89
fraternus, Metapterus 85, 86, 89-90
froggatti (Ploiariola) 17
galapagensis, Ghilianella 95, 98, 100
Gardena 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 66-74
gerstaeckeri (Emesa) '. 97
Ghilianella 97
Ghilianella 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 13, 90-129
gibbiventris, Ghilianella 97
glabrata, Ghilianella 95, 99, 127, 128
gladiator, Ghilianella 93, 99, 115
globifera, Ghilianella 91, 98, 99, 110
globulata, Ghilianella___ 92, 94, 99, 118-119
Gomesius 5
granulata, Ghilianella 97
Ploiaria 50, 53, 57-58
gundlachi (Luteva) 48,56
Ploiaria 52, 53, 56
hirticornis, Ploiaria 50, 53, 64-65
(Ploiariopsis) 64
hirtipes (Ploiariodes) J 18
Stenolemus 27, 28, 32
ica, Ghilianella 92, 99, 111
ignorata, Ghilianella 97, 118
imbeeilla (Emesa) 97
Ghilianella 97
immitis, Emesella 11
incisa, Emesaya 76, 78
insidiatrix, Ghilianella— 93, 95, 99, 126-127
interstitialis, Stenolemus 27, 28, 81-32
Ischnobaena 4, 5
Ischnonyctes 4, 6, 11
Loistarcharia 4, 5
linearis, Metapterus 83
lineata, Emesaya 76, 77, 81
Lissonyx 6, 11, 99, 128-129
longimanus, Lutevopsis 37-38
longipes (Cimex) 77, 78, 80
(Emesa) 39,77
Emesaya 77
(Zelus) 39,77
longula, Ghilianella 96, 98, 104
Luteva 4, 5, 10, 48, 50, 53
Lutevopsis 10, 12, 87-38
maerophtlialma (Luteva) 53
Ploiaria 52, 53, 53-54
maerophthalmus (Luteva) 48,53
maculata, Ghilianella 93, 98, 108
(Ploiaria) 23,24
Malaeopus 4, 11
manni, Emesaya 76, 88
mansueta (Ploiariola) 20,21
mantis, Emesa 38, 39, 40, 41, 74
(Gerris) 41
(Westermannia) 41
Page
Mantisoma 84
marcia, Gardena 68, 69, 72
marginata, Ploiaria 48, 51, 53, 65-66
marginatus (Cerascopus) 48,65
marmoratus, Emesa 40, 41-42
megalops (Ploiariopsis) 49,52
melinarthrum, Gardena 66
messalina, Gardena 68, 69, 72
Metapteraria 4, 5, 6
Metapterus 4, 5, 11, 13, 83-90
mexicanus, Stenolemus 27, 28, 32-33
minimula, Ghilianella 93, 96, 98, 105
minor, Emesa 43
mirabilis, Ghilianella 91, 94, 99, 124-125
modica, Emesaya 76, 81
muiri (Phantasmatophanes) 25
muscicapa, Lutevopsis 38
Myiagreutes 40, 42-43
Myiophanes 5, 10,39
nebulosa, Emesella 11
neglectus, Metapterus 85, 86, 87
nubilus, Emesopsis 13
nudus, Empicoris 16, 22
occidentalis, Emesaya 78, 80-81
ornata (Luteovopsis) 36, 37
Panamia 86-87
orthoneuron, Empicoris 15, 16, 18-19
Orthunga 4, 5
pachitea, Ghilianella 92, 99, 111
Palacus 11,34
pallida, Palacus 11
Ploiaria 11
pallidipennis, Stenolemus 27, 28, 80
Panamia 10, 12, 36-87
parshleyi, Empicoris 15, 16, 22-28
(Ploeariola) 22
pascoei, Ghilianella 93, 96, 98, 106-107
patruela, Ghilianella 92, 99, 119
pendula, Ghilianella 94, 99, 116-117
perigynium, Ghilianella 92, 94, 99, 120
perplexus, Stenolemus 27, 28, 33
persimilis, Ghilianella— 93, 95, 98, 103-104
personata, Ghilianella— 93, 95, 98, 108-109
peruviana, Ghilianella 95, 99, 125
perversa, Ghilianella 96, 98, 110
Phantasmatophanes" 25
Thasmatoeoris 40, 44
pia (Emesa) 78,80
pilicornis, Ploiaria 51, 53, 61
pilosa (Ploearia) 18
pilosus, Empicoris 18
pipara, Gardena 68, 69, 72-73
Ploearia 5, 49
Ploeariodes 14
Ploeariola 14
Ploeodonyx 6, 99, 126-128
Ploiaria 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 48-66
Ploiariaria 4
I loiariinae 2, 5
Ploiariodes 10, 13, 14
Ploiariola 5, 14
Ploiariopsis 49
Polauchenia 10, 12, 47-48
pollex, Emesaya 76, 77, 82-83
poppaea, Gardena 68, 69, 74
praecatorius (Gerris) 39
1NDKX
135
Page
praecellens, Emesa 42-43
(Myiagreutes) 42
praedator (Ploiariopsis) 49, 52
precatoria, Emesaya 82
precatorius (Emosa) 38,39,82
pristinus, Stenolemus 26, 28, 29-80
productilis, Ghilianella— 93, 96, 98, 102-108
protentor, Polauchenia 47-48
punctipes, Ploiaria 51, 53, 62
pyrallis, Gardena 68, 69, 73
rapax, Emesa 44, 45-46
recondita, Ghilianella___ 92, 94, 99, 119-120
reticulata, Ploiaria 50, 53, 63
(Ploiariopsis) 63
reticulatus, Deliastes 34, 35
Empicoris 15, 16, 20
Rothbergia 40, 44-46
rubromaculata (Ploiariodes) 16
rubromaculatus, Empicoris 15, 16-17
rufoannulata (Luteva) 57
Ploiaria 52,53,57
Saicinae 2, 5
schwarzi (Stenolaemus) 30
Stenolemus 27, 28, 30-31
semipallida, Ghilianella 95, 98, 100
setulifera, Ploiaria 52, 53, 55-56
sicaria, Ploiaria 52, 53, 55
signata, Ghilianella 94,99, 120-121
signoreti (Emesa) 97
Ghilianella 97
similata, Ghilianella 94, 99, 116
similis, Ploiaria 51, 53, 62
simillima, Ghilianella 93, 98, 102
simplicipes (Emesodema) 88
Metapterus 88
sonoraensis (Ploiariopsis) 52
Page
spectrum, Emesa 44
(Phasmatocoris) 44
spiniger, Stenolemus 27, 28, 88
spiniventris, Stenolemus 25, 28
spinolae, Ghilianella 97
Steuolaemaria 5
Strnolaemus 5, 25
Stenolemoides 26, 28-29
Stenolemus 4, 7, 10, 12, 25-33
stipitata, Ghilianella 94, 99, 116
stramineipes, Deliastes 34,36
strigata, Ghilianella 92, 99, 121
subglobulata, Ghilianella 94, 99, 121-122
subparallelus, Empicoris 16, 21-22
succincta, Ghilianella 96, 98, 105
tenerrima (Westermannia) 38, 46
testaceus, Emesa 44, 45
texana, Ploiaria 52—53
Tinna 4, 5
truncata, Ghilianella 95,99,126
tuberculata (Ploiariodes) 24, 25
uhleri (Barce) 86
Metapterus 85, 86-87
umbrarum, Ploiaria 51,53,60
uncinata, Ghilianella 92,99,122
uniseriata, Ploiaria 51, 53, 61-62
vagabundus (Cimex) 14, 17
Empicoris 16, 17-18
(Gerris) 13
variatus, Stenolemus 27, 28, 81
varicornis (Emesa) 101
Ghilianella 96, 98, 101
varlpennis, Ploiaria 52, 53, 56-57
Westermannia 10, 38
Westermannias 38, 75
white! (Ploiariodes) 14
winnemana, Empicoris 16, 19-20
Plate 1.
Fig. 1. Emesopsis nubila, fore wing, 3 mm.20
2. Empicoris rubromaculatus, apex of abdomen of male from below. 0.25
mm.
3. Empicoris vagabundus, apex of fore wing. 2.25 mm.
4. Empicoris orthoneiu'on, fore wing, markings omitted. Apical notch
possibly too pronounced. 2.75 mm.
5. Empicoris orthoneuron, male hypopygium from below. 0.2 mm.
6. Empicoris winnemana, apex of fore wing. 2 mm.
7. Empicoris winnemana, cross-veins of hind wing. 1 mm.
8. Empicoris armatus, apex of abdomen of male from below. 0.25 mm.
9. Empicoris culiciformis, same from side. 0.25 mm.
10. Empicoris culiciformis, hind wing. 2.75 mm.
11. Empicoris errabundus, fore wing. 3 mm.
12. Empicoris errabundus, apex of abdomen of male from below. 0.25 mm.
13. Empicoris errabundus, fore tibia and tarsus. 1 mm.
14. Stenolemus arizonensis, fore wing. 7 mm.
15. Stenolemus arizonensis, hind wing. 5.5 mm.
16. Stenolemus arizonensis, apex of abdomen of male from side. 0.75 mm.
17. Stenolemus pristinus, fore leg. Femur 1.8 mm.
S — Stigma ; B — Basal discal cell ; D — Discal cell.
20 Since the scale of the drawings varies, length in mm. is given in each case for the
object shown or some definite part thereof.
136
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 67, ART. I PL. I
15 16
Structural Details of Emesopsis, Empicoris, and Stenolemus
For explanation of plate see page 136
04!)!>3 — 25 10
131
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67. ART. I PL.
Structural Details of Stenolemus and Myiophanes
For explanation of plate see page 139
L38
Plate 2.
Fig. 18. Stenolenius arizonensis, fore tibia and tarsus. 3.5 mm.
19. Stenolenius pallidipennis, profile of head and thorax. Length without
antenna, head to end of pronotum 3 mm.
20. Stenolenius pallidipennis, fore leg. Femur '2 nun.
21. Stenolenius pallidipennis, fore wing. 7..~> nun.
22. Stenolenius pallidipennis, hind wing. .~>.7.~> nun.
23. Stenolenius schwarzi, fore winy. 7 mm.
24. Stenolenius variatus, basal discal eell of fore winy. 1 nun.
25. Stenolenius interstitialis, same. 1 mm.
26. Stenolenius hirtipes, fore wing. 7 mm.
27. Stenolenius Mrtipes, fore tibia and tarsus. 2 mm.
2S. Stenolenius mexicanus, basal discal cell of fore winy. 1.2 mm.
29. Stenolenius spiniger, fore winy. (3.5 mm.
•'in. Stenolenius spiniger, profile of head and thorax. Length without
antenna, head to end of pronotum. 3.5 mm.
31. Stenolenius spiniger, thoracic spines in profile. 0.75 mm.
.".2. Stenolemus perplexus, same. 0.75 mm.
33. Myioplianes tipulina, fore winy. 13 mm.
139
Plate 3.
Fig. 34. Deliastes reticulatus, fore wing. 0.75 mm.
35. Deliastes reticulatus, apex of male abdomen from behind. 1 mm.
36. Deliastes reticulatus, apex of abdomen of female from behind. 1 mm.
37. Deliastes stramineipes, process of hypopygium of male from behind.
0.2 mm.
38. Panamia ornata, fore wing. 4.75 mm.
39. Panamia ornata, head from above. 0.5 mm.
40. Panamia ornata, apex of abdomen of male from side. 0.5 mm.
41. Panamia ornata, same from behind. 0.3 mm.
42. Panamia ornata, hind wing. 4.5 mm.
43. Lutevopsis longimanus, fore wing. 5.5 mm.
44. Lutevopsis longimanus, head from above. 1.1 mm.
45.a Emesa annulatus, fore wing.
4G.2' Emesa mantis, same.
47. Emesa marmoratus, same. 8 mm.
48.a Emesa annulatus, apex of abdomen of female from side.
49.a Emesa annulatus. same from behind.
50." Emesa mantis, apex of abdomen of female from side.
51.21 Emesa mantis, same, from behind.
52.21 Emesa mantis, head and anterior part of prothorax from above.
53. Emesa marmoratus, hind wing. 7.5 mm.
-1 Figs. 45, 4G, 48, 40, 50, 51, 52, fiom sketches by W. E. China.
140
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. I PL. 3
Structural Details of Deliastes, Panamia, Lutevopsis, and Emesa
For explanation of plate see page 140
141
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. I PL. 4
68 69
Structural Details of Emesa. polauchenia, and Ploiaria
For explanation of plate see pace 143
142
Platk 4.
Fig". 54. Emesa praecettens, fore winy. 10.5 mm.
55. Emesa praecellens, hind wing. '.* nun.
56. Emesa spectrum, apex of abdomen of male from side. From type:
not measured.
57. Emesa rapax, prothorax from side. 2.75 mm.
58. Emesa rapax, basal discal cell of fore wing. 2~> nun.
59. Emesa testaceus, same. 1.9 mm.
60. Emesa diffinis, same. 1.5 nun.
61. Emesa diffinis, prothorax from side. 1.5 mm.
62. Emesa.' difficilisf, fore wing, from sketch by W. E. China.
63. Polauchenia protentor, head and prothorax in profile. 6.75 mm.
t>4. Polauchenia protentor. fore femur. 4.f> mm.
V>4a. Polauchenia protentor, fore tarsus. 1.1 mm.
65. Polauchenia protentor. fore wing, markings omitted. 6 mm.
66. Polauchenia biannulata, fore wing. 10 mm.
67. Ploiaria macropJithahna, head from above. 1 mm.
68. Ploiaria macrophthalma, apex of discal cell of fore wing. 1.5 mm.
69. Ploiaria brunnea, head from above. 0.75 mm.
70. Ploiaria sicaria, right clasper of male hypopygium. 0.2 mm.
71. Ploiaria setulifera, fore wing. 5.5 mm.
143
Plate 5.
Fig. 72. Ploiaria gundlachi, head from above. O.S mm.
73. Ploiaria varipennis, lore wing, markings omitted. 7 mm.
74. Ploiaria varipennis, fore leg. Femur 3.2 mm.
75. Ploiaria Carolina, hypopygium male, hind margin. 0.33 mm. wide.
76. Ploiaria florid an a, same. 0.3 mm. wide.
77. Ploiaria bispina, same. 0.25 mm. wide.
78. Ploiaria pilicomis, head from above. 0.66 mm.
79. Ploiaria pilicomis, male hypopygium, hind margin. 0.2 ram.
80. Ploiaria uniseriata, fore leg. Trochanter plus femur. 1 mm.
81. Ploiaria uniseriata. discal cell of fore wing. 1 mm.
82. Ploiaria punctipes, same. 1.2 mm.
83. Ploiaria punctipes. hind wing. 3.5 mm.
84. Ploiaria similis. fore wing. 5.9 mm.
85. Ploiaria denticaiida. head from above. 0.66 mm.
86. Ploiaria denticaiida, apex of abdomen of male from above, 0.66 nun.
87. Ploiaria denticaiida. male hypopygium. hind margin. 0.2 mm.
88. Ploiaria denticaiida. apical tergite of female. 0.33 mm. wide.
89. Ploiaria denticaiida. fore wing. 4.25 mm.
90. Ploiaria hirticornis, apical tergite of female. 0.33 mm. wide.
91. Ploiaria hirticornis, male hypopygium. hind margin. 0.25 mm. wide.
92. Ploiaria hirticornis, apical tergite of male. 0.25 mm. wide.
93. Ploiaria marginata, male hypopygium. 0.6 mm.
94. Gardcna americana. fore wing. 8 mm.
95. Gardena americana, for tibia and tarsus. 3.75 mm.
96. Gardena americana, hypopygium of male, hind margin. 0.75 mm.
97. Gardena americana, apex of abdomen of male from above. 1.25 mm.
98. Gardena crispina, male hypopygium, hind margin. 0.66 mm.
99. Gardena eutropia. hypopygial clasper of male. 0.2 mm.
100. Gardena marcia, same. 0.15 mm.
101. Gardena pipara, same. 0.15 mm.
102. Gardena faustina, male hypopygium, hind margin. 0.75 mm.
103. Gardena faustina, hypopygial clasper of male. 0.1 ram.
104. Gardena poppaea, male hypopygium, hind margin. 0.75 mm.
105. Gardena domitia, same. O.S mm.
106. Gardena domitia, hypopygial clasper of male. 0.1 mm.
107. Gardena messalina, apex of abdomen of female from below. 0.G6 mm.
144
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. I PL. 5
100 '0'
Structural Details of Ploiaria and Gardena
For explanation of plate see page 144
145
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. I PL. 6
126 130
STRUCTURAL DETAILS OF GARDENA AND EMESAYA
FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 146
146
Plate 6.
10S. Gardcna crispina, apex of abdomen of mule from above. 1.25 mm.
109. Gardena domitia, same. 2 nun.
110. (lard) an domitia, apex of abdomen of female from below. <>.:;:', mm.
111. Gardena eutropia, apex of abdomen of male from above. 2 mm.
112. Gardena tnarcia, same (».•"> nun.
113. Gardena caesonia, apex of abdomen of female from below. 0.75 mm.
114. Gardena poppnea, apex of abdomen of male from above. 1.25 mm.
115. (tunic mi fa uxt hut. same. 1.25 mm.
116. Emesaya banksi, apex of abdomen of female from above. 1.1 mm.
117. Emesaya banksi, same from side. 1 mm.
118. Emesaya incisa, apex of abdomen of male from below. 0.5 mm.
119. Emesaya incisa, same from side. 1.25 mm.
120. Emesaya incisa, hypopygial clasper of male from above. 0.66 mm.
121. Emesaya brevipennis, apex of abdomen of male from side. 2.2 mm.
121(/. Emesaya brevipennis, same from below. 0.75 mm. wide.
122. Emesaya brevipennis, hypopygial clasper of male from above. 0.5
mm.
123. Emesaya brevipennis, apex of apical tergite of female. 0.6 mm. wide.
124. Emesaya brevipennis, apex of abdomen of female from side. 1.25
mm.
125. Emesaya brevipennis, egg. 2.1 mm.
126. Emesaya brevipennis, occidentals, apex of abdomen of female from
above. 1.1 mm.
127. Emesaya lineata, same. 0.66 mm.
128. Emesaya modica, same from side. 0.5 mm.
129. Emesaya modica, same from above. 0.5 mm.
130. Emesaya apiculata, apex of abdomen of male from side. 1.0 mm.
131. Emesaya apiculata, hypopygial clasper of male. 0.5 mm.
131a. Emesaya apiculata, apex of abdomen of female from above. 0.S
mm.
1316." Emesaya precatoria, male from above.
131c.'-'2 Emesaya precatoria, male hypopygial process from behind.
132. Emesaya apiculata, apex of abdomen of female from side. 0.8 mm.
132<7. Emesaya poller, apex of abdomen of male from side. 1.25 mm.
133. Emesaya poller, hypopygial clasper of male. 0.2 mm.
134. Emesaya polio-, apex of abdomen of female from side. 1 mm.
135. Emesaya poller, apex of last tergite of same from above. 0.2 mm.
136. Emesaya brevipennis, fore tibia and tarsus. 4 mm.
137. Emesaya brevipennis, fore wing. 10.5 mm.
138. Emesaya brevipennis, hind wing. 10 mm.
--From sketclips supplied by William Lundbeck.
147
Plate 7.
Fig. 130. Metapterus fraterna, head from side. 1.25 mm.
140. Ischnonyctes, species, head and prothorax in profile. 2.S mm.
141. Metapterus fraternus, section of fore tarsus showing ventral arma-
ture. 0.33 mm.
142. Metapterus fraternus, fore wing-. G.5 mm.
143. Metapterus fraternus, hind wing. 6 mm.
144. Ischnonyctes, species, fore leg except coxa. Femur 3 mm.
145. Metapterus annulipes, fore tibia and tarsus. 1.9 mm.
146. Metapterus uhleri, fore leg except coxa. Femur 1.8 mm.
147. Metapterus aberrant:, apex of abdomen of male from side. 1 mm.
14S. Metapterus uhleri, apical tergite of female from above. 0.6 mm.
149. Metapterus uhleri. apex of abdomen of female from below. 1.2 mm.
150. Metapterus uhleri, apex of abdomen of male from side. 1 mm.
151. Metapterus uhleri, hypopygial hook and apices of claspers of male
from rear, 0.2 mm.
152. Metapterus neglectus, male hypopygium from behind. 0.7 mm.
153. Metapterus neglectus, hypopygial hook from side. 0.2 nun.
154. Metapterus neglectus, apical tergite of female from above. 0.9 mm.
155. Metapterus banlcsii. male hypopygium from behind. 0.7 mm.
156. Metapterus annulipes, apex of abdomen of female from below. 1 mm.
157. Metapterus annulipes, apex of male abdomen from side. 2 mm.
158. Metapterus annulipes, hypopygial hook of male from behind. 0.15 mm.
wide.
159. Metapterus annulipes, hypopygial clasper of male. 0.6 mm.
160. Metapterus fraternus, apex of abdomen of male from side. 1.8 mm.
161. Metapterus fraternus, hypopygium of male from behind. 0.8 mm.
162. Metapterus fraternus, apical tergite of female from above. 0.8 mm.
163. Metapterus fraternus, egg. 1 mm.
104. Metapterus fraternus, same, cross section. 0.3 mm.
148
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. I PL. 7
.52 "' '50
Structural Details of Metapterus and Ischnonyctes
For explanation o- plate see page 148
14!)
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. I PI
IS3 179
Structural Details of Ghilianella
for explanation of plate see page 151
150
Plate S.
Fig. 165. Ghilianella, species. Head in profile. Aboul 2 nun.
166. Ghilianella, species. Section of fore tarsus showing ventral anna
ture. About <>..", nun.
KiT. Ghilianella galapagcnsis, fore leg except coxa. Femur .'!.<> nun.
16S. Ghilianella galapagensis, section of fore femur. About 0.2 nun.
lti'.t. Ghilianella bicaiidata, apex of abdomen of female from above. 5.2 mm.
170. Ghilianella persimilis, apical tergite of male from above. 2.."> mm.
171. Ghilianella persimilis, apex of abdomen of male from side. 2 mm.
172. Ghilianella persimilis, apex of abdomen of female from behind.
0.8 mm.
17-">. Ghilianella longula, same. 1 mm.
17 1. Ghilianella alveola, same. 1 m.
175. Ghilianella pascoei, apex of abdomen of male from side. 1.lT» mm.
17<>. Ghilianella pascoei, apex of abdomen of female from side. 4 mm.
177. Ghilianella personata, apex of abdomen of male from side. 2 mm.
ITS. Ghilianella perversa, apex of abdomen of female from side. 5.5 mm.
17!). Ghilianella pcrrcr.su, same from behind. 1.25 mm.
180. Ghilianella apiculata, apex of abdomen of male from side. 2. mm.
1S1. Ghilianella pachitea, same. 1.8 mm.
182. Ghilianella aracataca, same. :j mm.
is:'.. Ghilianella aracataca, apex of abdomen of female from behind.
1.1 mm.
184. Ghilianella aracataca, same from side. 2.2."> nun.
is.".. Ghilianella maculata, fore leg except coxa. Femur 6.2 mm.
1S6. Ghilianella maculata, section of fore femur. 0.5 mm
1ST. Ghilianella ussa-nutrix, apex of abdomen of male from side.
4.7."» mm.
1S8. Ghilianella gladiator, apex of abdomen of male from side. -•'. mm.
189. Ghilianella gladiator, egg. 1.6 mm.
190. Ghilianella gladiator, same, cap. 0.2 nun.
191. Ghilianella stipititata, abdomen of female from below. 6 nun.
192. Ghilianella similata, same. 4.75 mm.
1.11
Plate 9.
Fig. 193. Ghilianella globulata, apex of abdomen of male from side. 3.25 mm.
194. Ghilianella patruela, same. 3 mm.
195. Ghilianella recondita, same. 1.9 mm.
196. Ghilianella recondita, apical portion of abdomen of female from
above. G mm.
197. Ghilianella perigynium, apex of abdomen of male from side. 1.5 mm.
19S. Ghilianella signata, apex of abdomen of female from behind.
1.25 mm.
199. Ghilianella strigata, apex of abdomen of male from side. 2.25 mm.
200. Ghilianella uncinata, apex of abdomen of male from side. 2.5 mm.
201. Ghilianella filiventris, abdomen of male from above, in mm.
202. Ghilianella filiventris, apex of same from side. 3.5 mm.
20.".. Ghilianella filiventris, fore ley except coxa. Femur 5.5 mm.
204. Ghilianella filiventris, section of fore femur. 0.7 mm.
205. Ghilianella mirabilis, apex of abdomen of male from side. 6 mm.
long. 5 mm. high.
206. Ghilianella mirabilis, same from behind. 5 mm. across points.
207. Ghilianella mirabilis, apical tergite of male from above. 0.S mm.
208. Ghilianella mirabilis, apex of abdomen of female from side. 6 mm.
209. Ghilianella mirabilis, same from behind. 1 mm.
210. Ghilianella annectens, apex of abdomen of female from above. 6 mm.
211. Ghilianella annectens, same from side. 1.5 mm. high.
212. Ghilianella annectens, section of fore femur in front of basal spine.
1 mm.
213. Ghilianella truncata, apex of abdomen of female from side. 1.25
mm. high.
214. Ghilianella truncata, same from behind. 1.25 mm. high.
215. Ghilianella insidiatrix, fore leg except coxa. Femur 7 mm.
216. Ghilianella insidiatrix, section of fore femur. 1 mm.
217. Ghilianella angulata, apex of abdomen of male from side. 2 mm.
1 52
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. I PL. 9
211
214
Structural Details of Ghilianella
For explanation of plate see page 152
04903—25 11
153
o
NOTES ON THE METEORIC STONE OF COLBY, WIS-
CONSIN
By George P. Merrill
Head Curator of Geology, United States National Museum
The stone described below was made the subject of a preliminary
description 2 shortly after its fall by Prof. H. L. Ward, then direc-
tor of the Public Museum of Milwaukee. Other data than those
given were subsequently secured by Mr. Ward and an informal
agreement entered into by which a joint descriptive paper was to be
prepared by Mr. Ward and the present writer. Ill health and busi-
ness matters on the part of the first named prevented the carrying
out of this agreement and the matter has lain dormant — indeed was
forgotten — until recently found while clearing up matters relating
to my recent investigations under a grant from the National Aca-
demy of Sciences. As in the meantime the stone has been widely
circulated, it would seem advisable to publish so much of the matter
as pertains to my own studies, together with that which is essential
from the first publication of Professor Ward.
The fall took place about 6.20 in the afternoon, July 4, 1917, with-
in the corporate limits of Colby, Clark County, Wis. According to
Professor Ward's original paper
two pieces fell, the smaller about one half mile NNE, from the other. The
larger stone (said to weigh 150 pounds) fell in a pasture, striking a granite
rock, at least 2 inches in thickness, lying upon or near the surface, breaking
this rock into many fragments and itself breaking into 27 or more pieces. The
larger mass, weighing 22% pounds, penetrated the stiff Colby clay to a depth
of 5 feet. Some of the smaller pieces are said to have distributed themselves
in the soil to the extent of about 4 feet.
The smaller stone fell in a cultivated field without breaking and is said to
have penetrated the soil about 2 feet. This stone is variously described as
about 10 by 14 by 3 or 4 inches, 17 or IS inches by 9 by 9 inches and 21 by 11
by 11 inches at larger end, sloping in two directions to a wedge shape with
rounded corners. This piece was said to be entirely covered with crust and
to have weighed from 75 to 85 pounds.
The man who extracted it from the earth informs me that it was so cold
that frost immediately formed on its surface when exposed to the air.
1 Science, vol. 46, Sept. 14, 1917.
No. 2574.— Proceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. 67, Art. 2.
22245—25 1
2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. G7
Of the 75 or 85 pounds of material mentioned above, two pieces
weighing, respectively, 1,686 and 1.956 grams, were received at the
United States National Museum, and it is upon these that the fol-
lowing descriptive matter is based.
Macroscopically the stone is of a fine compact texture, sufficiently
firm to take a polish, showing on a sawn surface an abundant
sprinkling of small white and gray chondrites in part breaking
with the matrix and but little metal, though it must be confessed
that there is apparently more than indicated in the analysis quoted
below. There are a number of sharp black veins along which a slight
movement has taken place, producing slicken-sided or hornischflache
surfaces. They are plainly fractures due to crushing or some sudden
shock, and not true veins.
Microscopic examination shows the silicate portion of the stone
(91.415 per cent) to consist of olivine and enstatite, with small
amounts of a maskelynite and more rarely the calcium phosphate
merrillite. (See pi. 1.) There are also small black granules, assumed
to be chromite. Troilite is rather abundant. An analysis made by
Dr. J. E. Whitfield for the Milwaukee Museum, which I am per-
mitted to use here, yielded :
Mineral portion 91. 415
Metallic portion |
Iron nickel alloy J
Troilite (FeS) 7.590
100. 000
Composition of the m'neral portion:
Silica (Si02) 45.280
Alumina (A1203) 3.103
Chromic acid (Cr^03) 0.547
Phosphoric acid (P-Oo) 0.284
Ferrous oxide (FeO) 16.484.
Manganese oxide (MnO) _* 0.500
Calcium oxide' (CaO) none
Magnesium oxide (MgO) 32.166
Nickel oxide (NiO) 0.231
Cobalt oxide (CoO) 0. 02S
Soda (Na20) 1.218
Potash (K20) 0. 158
99. 999
The composition of the metal alloy obtained by analysis of 0.4400
grams separated from accompanying troilite is as follows:
Per cent
Iron , 0.4025=91.4777
Nickel 0.0338= 7.682
Cobalt 0.0037= 0.841
-ART. 2
COLBY, WISCONSIN, METEORIC STONE— MERRILL
Recalculated, this gave the following totals:
SiOc 41. 39
A1203 2. 83
Cr203 0. 50
P205 0. 25
FeO 15. 06
M11O 0. 45
CaO none
MgO 29. 40
NiO 0. 21
CoO 0. 02
Na.O 1. 11
KsO.
Fe__
Ni__
Co__
Fe__
S___
0.14
0.90
0.07
0.02
4.83
2.76
Silicate portion.
Metallic portion.
•Troilite.
99.94
Two features of the fall of this stone, as reported, are of unusual
interest. (1,) The force of impact which was such as to fracture a
piece of granite two inches in thickness and to penetrate the stiff
clay — probably ground moraine — to a depth of five feet, and (2,) the
temperature, which was so low that frost formed immediately upon
its surface. In this respect the fall resembles that of Dhurmsala.
The statement made by Professor Ward that the stone was an
achondrite is obviously an error, due either to a superficial examina-
tion or perhaps a typographical error. According to the prevailing
method it should be classed as an intermediate chondrite.
o
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 2 PL. I
Meteoric Stone from Colby, Wisconsin
For reference to plate see page 2
STUDIES ON THE LARVAE OF CRABS OF THE FAMILY
XANTIIIDAE *
By O. W. Hyman
Of the College of Medicine, University of Tennessee
The larval stages of the Xanthidae are better known than those
of any other family of the Brachyura. This doubtless is due to the
fact that the adults habitually are found in shallow water near
the shore and usually are very abundant. Ovigerous females may
be taken without trouble, and thus the early zoeal stages may be
known with certainty.
The family is well represented at Beaufort, N. C., and the writer
is able to incorporate in these pages descriptions of the larvae of
five genera based upon material collected there. Most of the known
Xanthid larvae hatch with the prezoeal cuticle still intact. This
is shed, however, within a few minutes. The first zoeal stage is
characterized by the presence of dorsal, lateral, and rostral spines
on the carapace and usually long and robust antennae.
The known zoeas of the family are separable into two groups.
Those of Panopeus and X ant ho have extremely minute exopoclites
on the antennae. Those of the remaining genera so far known have
a well-developed exopodite. When arranged in a series, the zoea
of Panopeus is found to be most highly specialized, while that of
Pilumnus is least so.
The author is greatly indebted to Drs. Mary J. Rathbun and
Waldo L. Schmitt of the United States National Museum for their
generous aid in preparing the material of this paper for the press.
The indebtedness of the author is also acknowledged to the United
States Bureau of Fisheries for the use of the facilities of its Beau-
fort, N. C, station. The director, Mr. Charles Hatsel, has been of
great assistance in collecting the material presented here.
1 This is the third of a series of studies on the larval stages of crabs. The first.
Studies on larvae of crabs of the Family Pinnotheridae was published in the Proceedings
of the U. S. National Museum (vol. 64, art. 7, pp. 1-9, pis. 1-6), and the second, Studies
upon larvae of crabs of the Family Grapsidae, in the same serial, vol. Go, art. 10, pp. 1-8,
pis. 1—2. A further study on the Development of Gelasimus [Uca] after hatching, Is
cited in the accompanying bibliography.
No. 2575. — Proceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. 67, Art. 3
22246—25 1 1
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM
vol. 67
KEY TO KNOWN ZOEAS
a.1 Exopodite of antenna minute.
b.1 Distal third of antenna smooth Neopanope texana sayi.
ft.2 Distal third of antenna hairy.
c.1 Antennule bearing pigment spot distally.
Eurypanopeus depressus.
c.2 Antennule without pigment.
d.1 Third maxilliped distally bifurcated Xantho.
d.2 Third maxilliped not distally bifurcated.
Panopeus herbstii.
a.2 Exopodite of antenna a distinct segment.
b.1 Antenna longer than rostral spine Pilumnus.
b.2 Antenna shorter than rostral spine.
c.1 Tip of rostral spine hairy Trapezia.
c2 Tip of rostral spine smooth.
d.1 Antenna one-half as long as rostral spine
Menippe mercenaria.
d? Antenna two-thirds as long as rostral spine.
Eriphia spinifrons.
PIGMENTATION
Although the pigmentation of the zoeas of each species is a con-
stant feature and is often of diagnostic value, the older papers do
not describe it except in the most general terms. The following
table is based upon the material collected at Beaufort. The pig-
ment color varies from black to brown.
Table shotting position of chromatophores of zoeas
Neopa-
nope
Eurypa-
nopeus
Panopeus
Hexapa-
nopeus
Menippe
Anterior rostral
Interorbit.nl.. --
Supracardiae
Dorsal carapace spine
Lateral to first abdominal segment
Postero-ventral lobe.
La brum -
Mandible.
Antennule -
Sternal
Base of antenna
Basipodite first maxilliped
Basipodite second maxilliped
Dorso-lateral first abdominal segment
Ventral firs labdominal segment
Ventro-lateral second abdominal segment.
Ventrolateral third abdominal segment...
Ventro-lateral fourth abdominal segment.
Ventro-lateral fifth abdominal segment...
Telson -
+
++
++
++
+
++
++
+
++
+
METAMORPHOSIS
The complete larval history of Neopanope has been described
while a nearly complete description has been given for Xantho,
Pilumnus, and Eriphia. Only the prezoeal and first zoeal forms
are known for the other genera.
art. 3 STUDIES ON LARVAE OF CRABS HYMAN 3
In Neopanope the prezoea is followed by four zoeal stages and
at least two megalops stages. The juvenile history of the crab
stages has not been reported.
NEOPANOPE TEXANA SAYI (Smith)
Plate 1, figs. 1, 3, 7, 11, 13, 17 ; plate 2, figs. 23, 27, 31 ; plates 3-8
The larval history of this species has been reported very fully
by Birge. The writer has checked over the development on mate-
rial secured at Beaufort, where the species is abundant. The follow-
ing description varies from that of Birge in a number of details.
rilBZOEA (fig. 1)
The larva hatches with the embryonic cuticle still intact. It is
generally sluggish at first but becomes more active and — under
laboratory conditions — sheds the cuticle in a few hours.
Gephalothorax. — The cuticle covering the cephalothorax is smooth
and without processes, but the processes of the first zoeal stage
may be seen folded beneath it. The dorsal spine is bent forward.
It is telescoped upon itself and is quite wrinkled. The lateral spines
are quite difficult to see but are present, folded against the side of
the body. The rostral spine is wrinkled and telescoped like the
dorsal spine. It is folded posteriorly and ventrally, lying between
the bases of the appendages.
Cephalic appendages. — The antennular process (fig. 3) of the
embryonic cuticle is greatly prolonged. It is bifurcated distally.
One ramus is much longer and is sparsely hairy while the other is
short, blunt, and smooth. The antennule of the first zoea extends
out into the process, reaching to the point of bifurcation. At its
tip it bears several sensory hairs that are partially invaginated.
The prezoeal antennal process (fig. 7) is also entirely different
in shape from the zoeal antenna that it incloses. The prozoeal
antenna is biramous. One ramus is a simple, smooth, blunt process
into which the great spine of the zoeal antenna extends. The
other ramus carries three sparsely hairy spines that are digitately
arranged. A fourth spine is present as a minute, smooth process.
The antenna of the zoea is seen within the cuticle. It is wrinkled
and its distal two-thirds is telescoped on itself.
The mandibles (fig. 11), the maxillules (fig. 13), and the maxillae
(fig. 17) are inclosed in simple sac-like prolongations of the cuticle.
Each is typically brachyuran except that the hairs are invaginated.
Thoracic appendages. — Four pairs of thoracic appendages are
recognizable, three pairs of maxillipeds and the chelipeds. Each
is inclosed in a closely fitting, unsegmented sac of the embryonic
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
cuticle. The first and second maxillipeds (figs. 23 and 27) are well
developed. The endopodite of the first shows five segments and
that of the second three. All of the hairs are invaginated. The
third maxillipeds and the chelipeds appear as buds.
Abdomen, — The five segments and telson are clearly defined. The
segments are closely invested by the embryonic cuticle, which is,
however, not segmented. The cuticle covering the telson (fig. 31)
is bifurcated. Each ramus bears seven large spines. Of these, the
median three are sparsely hairy, elongated, and tapering. The
middle spine is short, blunt, and smooth. Two of the lateral group
are sparsely hairy and tapering, while the most lateral spine again
is short and smooth. The zoeal telson nearly fills the cuticle. The
tips of its cornua are invaginated. They extend out into the middle
blunt spine. The hairs of the telson are only slightly invaginated.
They extend out into the remaining spines.
first zoea (figs.. 35 and 36)
After a few hours the embryonic cuticle is shed and the striking
first zoea emerges. The elongated spines and antennae give the
larva an awkward appearance, but it is quite active and swims well.
Cephalothorax. — Among the most striking features of the zoea
are the dorsal and rostral spines. The dorsal spine rises from a
slightly swollen base and sweeps upward and backward as a long,
tapering process. It is almost straight. The rostral spine is longer
and more slender than the dorsal. It extends ventrally and slightly
anteriorly. The lateral spines are short and slender.
Cephalic appendages. — The antennae (fig. 59) are noteworthy.
The spine is tremendously elongated, extending even beyond the
rostral spine of the carapace. It is smooth to its tip. The minute
exopodite is scarcely discernible where it is attached to the spine
near its base. The other cephalic appendages are typical.
Thoracic appendages. — The first and second maxillipeds (figs. 63
and 67) show the usual four swimming hairs on the exopodites.
The proximal segments of the endopodites are developed as masti-
cating organs while the distal segments bear sensory hairs. The
remaining thoracic appendages are discernible as minute buds.
Abdomen. — It is characteristic that the posterior lateral border of
each segment is produced posteriorly as a spinous process. These
are not very pronounced in this early stage. The corniua of the
telson (fig. 72) are slender and greatly elongated. In addition to
the usual three hairs on the median margin of each cornu, there are
three minute spines placed laterally and dorsally.
art. 3 STUDIES ON LARVAE OF CRABS HYMAN 5
second zoea (figs. 45 and 46)
According to Birge, the zoea molts a large number of times before
it reaches the condition designated as the second zoeal stage. While
my observations are not numerous enough to justify a dogmatic
statement, I have not found this to be the case. Each of the first
zoeas under my observation became transformed into a second-stage
zoea at the first molt.
Cephalothorax. — The dorsal and rostral spines are longer and
more slender. The eyes are movable.
Cephalic appendages. — The antennae (fig. 60) are longer and
more slender. The maxillae (fig. 56) show changes in the scaphog-
nathite, which is now a flattened plate with hairs along its border.
Thoracic appendages. — The number of swimming hairs on the
first and second maxillipeds (figs. 64 and 68) is now six or seven.
The third maxillipeds are larger and, at their distal ends, cleft
into exopodite and endopodite. The chelipeds also show cleft ex-
tremities. The buds of the remaining pereiopods are easily iden-
tified.
Abdomen. — The lateral spinous processes on the segments are
somewhat more pronounced. The anlagen of the abdominal ap-
pendages are visible beneath the cuticle but do not yet form protru-
sions. The cornua of the telson (fig. 73) are further elongated.
third zoea (figs. 47 and 49)
Again Birge states that several molts occur before the third
zoeal stage is reached but my observations indicate that the second
zoea becomes a third-stage zoea at the first molt.
While the earlier zoeas are taken in large numbers at the surface
of the water, the third-stage form is rather rare. It is taken in
small numbers both from the surface and from near the bottom.
It doubtless has difficulty in maintaining itself at the surface on
account of its increased weight.
Cephalothorax. — The dorsal and rostral spines are again longer
and relatively more slender. The eyes are more freely movable and
are relatively larger.
Cephalic appendages. —The antennules (fig. 39) are appreciably
larger and are superficially constricted near the base. The antennae
(fig. 61) are longer and more slender. Each shows now the anlage
of the flagellum of the permanent antenna. This appears as a bud
between the exopodite and the spine. The maxillule (fig. 53) shows
a minute but significant change — a single epipodal hair appears on
' the basipodite.
Thoracic appendages. — The swimming hairs are now eight or nine.
The exopodites of the first and second maxillipeds (figs. 65 and 69)
6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
show a sharp constriction indicating a division into two segments.
The endopodite of the second maxilliped is significantly enlarged.
The third maxillipeds and the remaining thoracic appendages are
more prominent.
Abdomen. — The telson is now divided from the sixth abdominal
segment. Each segment except the first shows a pair of buds — the
abdominal appendages. The lateral spines on the third, fourth, and
fifth segments are further prolonged. A fourth median spine ap-
pears on each cornu of the telson (fig. 74).
fourth zoea (figs. 49 and SO)
The fourth and last zoea is larger and heavier and correspondingly
clumsier. It is found most commonly on the bottom, where it swims
spasmodically upward toward the light at intervals, but in the main
is rolled along by the sweep of the tides.
Cephalothorax. — The body is now appreciably increased in weight
while the spines are scarcely longer than in the previous stage.
Cephalic appendages. — The basal portion of the antennule (fig. 40)
is now swollen and partially separated from the distal region by a
deep constriction. The beginning of the statocyst appears in the
swollen part. The tip of the antennule is divided into two rami.
The inner ramus bears five or six sensory hairs; the outer is a short
blunt bud. The flagellar bud of the antenna (fig. 63) is elongated.
Its cuticle is not segmented but the internal fleshy part shows four or
five segments distally. The mandible (fig. 44) now shows the anlage
of its palp as a simple bud.
Thoracic appendages. — There are now twelve swimming hairs.
The third maxilliped is well-developed although slender and weak
in comparison with the first and second. Its exopodite carries a
few hairs distally. Its endopodite shows indications of five seg-
ments. The pereiopods are large and, although they are short, all of
their segments are clearly marked. A number of gill buds are dis-
tinguishable at this stage as follows: One on the third maxilliped,
two on the cheliped, and one on each of the second and third pereio-
pods.
Abdomen. — The lateral spines and the cornua of the telson (fig.
75) now reach their maximum development. The buds of the ab-
dominal appendages are elongated and cleft into exopodite and mi-
nute endopodite.
megalops (figs. 76 and 77)
According to Birge, there are at least four molts during the
megalops stage. The changes at each molt are slight, however. The
megalops is an active and powerful swimmer. It occurs most com-
monty at the surface, but may be taken near the bottom. As its
aet. 3 STUDIES ON LARVAE OF CRABS HYMAN 7
final molt approaches it seeks a crevice in some shell or stone near
the tide line.
C ephalotherax. — An astonishing change in the form of the cara-
pace occurs when the zoea changes to the megalops. The dorsal and
lateral spines disappear completely. The frontal spine remains as
a short, notched projection anteriorly. It is quite inconspicuous.
The whole cephalothorax is now depressed rather than compressed.
Cephalic appendages. — The antennule (fig. 81) now acquires very
nearly its permanent form. The basal part is composed of four
large segments. The most proximal of these is swollen and con-
tains the statocyst. The bud of the outer flagellum is elongated and
separated from the basal segments by a joint. It carries a few hairs
at its tip. The inner flagellum arises from the tip of the distal
segment of the basal portion. It is composed of two or three seg-
ments, each bearing several hairs.
The antenna (fig. 83) now assumes practically the adult condi-
tion. It is composed of a basal portion of three large segments and
a distal flagellum of about nine segments.
The mandible (fig. 85) is completely formed. Its palp shows
three segments.
The maxillule (fig. 88) changes considerably. The two lobes of
the basal portion become greatly elongated. The distal part loses
its joint, becomes flattened, and is bent sharply outward.
The changes in the maxilla (fig. 91) are similar to those of the
maxillule, although not so pronounced. The basal lobes are elon-
gated and the distal part becomes a flattened plate bent slightly
outward.
Thoracic appendages. — The maxillipeds all undergo profound
changes. On the first maxilliped (fig. 94) there appears a large
epipodite for the first time. The basipodite is produced into three
or four lobes along its median margin and is much enlarged. The
exopodite loses its joint, but is permanently flexed medially at that
point. Its hairs are reduced to four or five and these are small. The
endopodite loses its joints and becomes a flattened plate with few
hairs. The appendage has lost its locomotor function and becomes
an organ of mastication with, possibly, some sensory function.
The second maxilliped (fig. 97) is changed much like the first. Its
epipodite appears. Its basipodite forms obscure median lobes, but
is only slightly enlarged. The changes in the exopodite are like
those in the first maxilliped but the retrogression is not so great.
The endopodite becomes four-segmented and flattened.
The third maxilliped (fig. 100) is greatly enlarged, becoming the
most robust of the three. It has a large epipodite. Its basipodite
is scarcely larger. The exopodite is similar to that of the other
8 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM vol. 67
two. The endopodite is composed of five segments and is greatly
enlarged.
At the change to the megalops, the pereiopods acquire what is
practically the adult condtion. Each appendage, however, is rela-
tive longer and more slender than in the adult. There is "no differ-
ence between the right and left chelae.
Abdomen. — The whole abdomen becomes depressed. The telson
is greatly changed. Its long cornua are lost and it becomes a simple
plate with a rounded posterior border. The abdominal appendages
(figs. 103 and 104) now become the chief organs of locomotion. In
each the exopodite becomes flattened and carries long swimming
hairs along its distal border. There are 18 such hairs on the append-
age of the second segment and 6 on that of the sixth. The endopo-
dite in each case is a small simple bud.
first crab (flgs. 7S and 70)
After at least four molts, the megalops assumes the form of the
first crab stage. The structural changes are not great. The animal
now loses the power of swimming and crawls about near the tide
line.
Cephalathorax. — The carapace is somewhat broadened. The last
trace of the rostral spine is lost and the frontal margin of the cara-
pace very closely resembles that of the adult. The eye is still a
single segment and can not be erected.
Cephalic appendages. — The antennule assumes the adult condi-
tion. The external flagellum disappears and the internal becomes
divided into six segments. The other cephalic appendages undergo
very slight modifications.
Thar-acic appendages. — The maxillipeds are very slightly changed.
The most noticeable change is in the endopodite of the third. Its
proximal two segments become enlarged to form an operculum for
the mouthparts and the distal three segments appear as a palp.
Abdomen. — With the assumption of the crab form the abdomen
undergoes a considerable change. It is further flattened and is
permanently flexed under the sternum. Birge does not describe the
abdominal appendages of the juvenile crab stages. Possibly the
larval appendages of the megalops atrophy and are replaced by the
permanent organs as in Una (G 'elaslmus) .2
EURYPANOPEUS DEPRESSUS (Smith)
Plate 1, figs. 2, 4, 8, 14, 18 ; plate 2, figs. 24, 28, 32 ; plate 9
This species is not uncommon at Beaufort, but it is not so abund-
ant as Neopanope. Its zoeas are frequently found in the tow and
-' Hyman. 1920, p. 409; 1922, pp. 457,. 458.
art. 3 STUDIES ON LARVAE OF CRABS HYMAN 9
they may be distinguished from those of Neopanope at all stages,
including the megalops, by the simple fact that all stages of the
zoea and megalops of Eurypanopeus have a pigment spot on the
antennule.
Birge mentions the first zoea of this species and gives certain
characters by which it may be distinguished from sayi. I have
studied only the prezoea and first zoea in detail, but have identifed
the remaining zoea and megalops stages in specimens from the tow.
Superficially, the development seems to be the same as in sayi. The
characteristic differences between the first zoeal forms hold
throughout.
TREZOEA (fig. 2)
The prezoea is appreciably larger and more robust than that of
sayi, but it agrees in structure except in certain details.
The prezoeal antennal cuticle (fig. 4) shows four large digita-
tions on the lobe instead of three large ones and one minute one.
The remaining appendages approximate those of sayi very closely,
differing only relatively. In the telson (fig. 32) of depresses the
spines of the prezoeal cuticle are longer than in sayi.
first zoea (figs. 106 and 107)
In general the zoea shows the features that characterize sayi.
There are differences in detail, however, that make the zoeas more
easily distinguishable than the adults.
Cephalothorax. — The dorsal and rostral spines are very long and
slender. The dorsal spine is strongly hooked at its extremity.
Cephalic appendages. — The antennules are of the usual type, but
each bears a large pigment spot distally (fig. 108). The antennae
(fig. 109) are long and slender and gently curved. They bear bristles
for nearly a third of their length distally.
There is nothing about the remaining appendages or the abdomen
that would distinguish this species from sayi.
PANOPEUS HERBSTII (Milne Edwards)
Plate 1, figs. 5, 9, 15, 19; plate 2, figs. 21, 25, 29, 33; plate 10
Panopeus herbstii is the most abundant Xanthid at Beaufort. It
swarms under shells and debris all along the shores. I have studied
the development up to the megalops stage, but only the prezoeal and
first zoeal stages in detail. These resemble similar stages in depressus
quite closely. The remaining zoeal stages develop as in sayi. The
characteristics that distinguish the first zoea distinguish all subse-
quent zoeal stages.
PREZOEA (fig. 21)
The prezoea is large, as in depressus, and is quite robust. The
carapace is in an unusually immature condition, extending poste-
riorly hardly beyond the heart. The resemblances to the prezoea of
22246—25 2
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. C7
depressus are so close that one would have great difficulty in dis-
tinguishing the two, except that in herbstii the antennule does not
have a pigment spot.
first zoea (fig*. 110 and 117)
The resemblance of the first zoea to that of depressus is very clost.
They may be distinguished by the absence of pigment on the anten-
nule of herbstii and by several relative though pronounced differ-
ences.
The dorsal and rostral spines are slender as in depressus and the
dorsal shows a terminal hook. However, both are distinctly shorter
than in depressus. The antennae are shorter than in depressus and
the exopodite is much larger.
The remaining appendages and the abdomen are like those of
depressus except in minute details.
HEXAPANOPEUS ANGUSTIFRONS (Benedict and Rathbun)
Plate 1, figs. 6, 10, 12, 16, 20; plate 2, figs. 22, 26, 30, 34
This species is rare at Beaufort. A single female was identified
by Dr. W. P. Hay and presented to me in 1916. The eggs hatched
but none of the prezoeas molted. None of the zoeal stages have
been found in the tow.
PKEZOEA (fig. 22)
The prezoea resembles that of sayi quite closely in size and gen-
eral appearance. It may be distinguished by details of structure.
The lobe of the prezoeal cuticle of the antenna (fig. 6) has four
large digitations instead of three. The telson (fig. 34) is bicornu-
ate, but prezoeal^cuticle of either ramus carries six hairs or processes
instead of seven.
Genus XANTHO
Plate 11; plate 12, figs. 141-151
The development of Xantho has been studied by Couch, Gourret,
and Cano. Cano has given the most nearly complete description of
its metamorphosis. He studied X. rividosus, X. floridus, and X.
tubereulatus but did not distinguish between the larval stages of the
different species.
The zoeas of Xantho resemble those of Neopanope quite closely.
They have the same type of carapace spines and of antennae.
FIRST ZOEA (fig. 125)
Cephalotliorax. — The rostral and dorsal spines are long and
slender. The lateral spines are short and slender.
Cephalic appendages. — The antennules (fig. 138) have the typical
conical form. The antennae (fig. 133) are as long as the rostral
akt. 3 STUDIES ON LARVAE OF CKABS HYMAX 11
spine and are hairy along their distal two-thirds. The exopodite
is minute. The remaining appendages are typical.
Thoracic appendages. — These are typical, except that the third
maxilliped is unusually far advanced. Its bud already shows a
distal bifurcation.
Abdomen. — The telson (fig. 150) is bicornuate. Each cornu bears
three large spines medially, one minute hair dorsally, and two small
hairs laterally.
SECOXD ZOEA
This stage has not been described. It seems to have been over-
looked by Cano.
third zoea (figs. 126 and 127)
This stage is characterized by the increase in the number of swim-
ming hairs to 9 or 10. and the presence of abdominal appendages
as finger-shaped buds.
CephaZothorax. — The dorsal and rostral spines are still further
elongated. The eye stalks are differentiated and the eyes are mov-
able although the stalks can not be lifted from the orbits.
Cephalic appendages. — The antennule (fig. 126) shows a super-
ficial differentiation into proximal and distal portions. The proxi-
mal portion is slightly enlarged. On the antenna (fig. 126) the
anlage of the future flagellum appears as a finger-shaped bud be-
tween the exopodite and the spine.
Thoracic appendages. — The swimming hairs are now 9 or 10.
The third maxilliped and the remaining thoracic appendages are
long, finger-shaped buds and their points are indicated by super-
ficial annulations.
Abdomen. — The telson is separated from the sixth abdominal seg-
ment by a joint. Each segment except the first bears a pair of
finger-shaped buds — the abdominal appendages. The lateral spines
on the third, fourth, and fifth segments are longer.
FOURTH ZOEA (fig. 128)
In the last zoeal stage the body is increased in size and weight
without *a corresponding increase in the size of the carapace spine
or the appendages.
Cephalic appendages.— -The proximal portion of the antennule
(fig. 134) is composed of two enlarged segments. The distal of
these bears two rami, an inner of a single segment bearing sensory
hairs and an outer that is a simple bud.
The flagellum of the antenna (fig. 134) is considerably elongated.
The mandible (fig. 137) shows the bud of the future palp. The
maxillule and the maxilla (fig. 142) reach their maximum differ-
entiation.
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM vou 67
Thoracic appendages. — There are now 11 or 12 swimming hairs.
All of the thoracic appendages are developed and the segments of
each are evident. Gill buds appear on the third maxilliped and the
first and second pereiopods.
Abdomen. — The lateral spines of the third, fourth, and fifth seg-
ments are greatly elongated. The abdominal appendages are elon-
gated and biramous.
FIRST MEGALOFS (fig. 129)
After the molt from the last zoeal stage, the form of the car-
apace is almost completely changed. The dorsal and lateral spines
are lost. The rostral spine has disappeared and two small frontal
spines protrude from the anterior border of the carapace. The perei-
opods are fully developed and the abdominal appendages are power-
ful swimming organs. The sense organs are all well developed in
consonance with the more independent habits of the megalops.
Cephalic appendages. — The antennule (fig. 135) is now well
formed. Its basal segment is greatly enlarged and contains the
statocyst. Distally its two rami appear as short flagella that carry
numerous sensory hairs.
The antenna (fig. 135) assumes what is practically the adult con-
dition. The tremendous spine of the zoea disappears completely as
does also the minute exopodite. The endopodite remains as a slender,
many jointed flagellum that is sparsely hairy at the joints.
The mandible (fig. 138) also assumes the adult condition. The
palp is divided into three segments, each of which bears a few hairs.
The maxillule (fig. 140 and the maxilla (fig. 143) begin to de-
generate at this stage. Their endopodites begin to lose their joints
and hairs.
Thoracic appendages. — The maxillipeds undergo a very striking
transformation. They are no longer swimming organs, but are
changed into masticatory appendages with sensory palps.
The first maxilliped (fig. 145) shows these typical changes. The
exopodite becomes relatively smaller and permanently flexed near its
middle. Its distal portion becomes a short flagellum and i£ carries
several small hairs at its tip. The endopodite loses its joints and
becomes adapted for mastication. The lobes of the basipodite are
enlarged and adapted for mastication. A large epipodite is present.
The second maxilliped (fig. 146) has an exopodite like the first.
The endopodite shows five segments. The basipodite carries a small
epipodite and a gill bud.
The third maxilliped now becomes the largest of the three. Its
exopodite is like that of the first and second. The endopodite is
greatly enlarged and consists of six segments. The proximal three
are large and flattened and form an operculum, while the distal three
just. 3 STUDIES ON LARVAE OF CRABS HYMAN 13
form a sensory palp. The basipodite carries an epipodite and two
gills.
The pereiopods assume practically the adult condition (fig. 149).
The cheliped shows the characteristic spine on the third segment.
Abdomen. — The abdomen is broadened and depressed. Each seg-
ment, beginning with the second, bears a well-developed appendage.
Each typically consists of a proximal segment bearing a flattened
exopodite and a minute endopodite. The exopodite carries long,
plumose swimming hairs along its border. The hairs of the en-
dopodite are small and curled inward as hooks. The appendages of
the hist segment do not have endopodites.
SECOND MEGALOPS (fig. 130)
The second megalops stage differs only slightly from the first. The
front of the carapace is altered and the whole carapace somewhat
broadened in outline.
FIRST CKAB (fig. 131)
The carapace is further depressed and its front is gently rounded.
The outline of the carapace dorsally is almost circular. The appen-
dages have undergone minor changes only.
ERIPHIA SPINIFRONS (Herbst)
Plate 12, figs. 152-161
Cano has described the development of Eriphia and compared it
with Xantho. The two show close agreement in many particulars,
but Eriphia belongs with Menippe, Trapezia, and Pilumnus in hav-
ing smaller antennae with well-developed exopodites.
FIRST ZOEA (fig.. 152)
The first zoea is sharply distinguished from those of Panopeus
and Xantho by the relatively inconspicuous antenna. The dorsal
spine is long and robust, as is also the rostral, although neither is as
long as in the above-mentioned forms. The lateral spines are
slender.
Cephalic appendages. — The antennule (fig. 155) is typical.
The antenna (fig. 155) has a short spine that is hairy along its
distal three-fourths. The spine is approximately half as long as
the frontal spine of the carapace. The exopodite is composed of a
single fingerlike segment that bears two or three hairs distally. It
is two-thirds as long as the spine. The other cephalic appendages
are typical.
Thoracic appendages. — These all have the typical brachvuran
form.
Abdomen. — The telson (fig. 159) has three median spines and two
minute lateral spines on each cornu.
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
THIRD (SECOND?) ZOEA (fig. 153)
It is difficult to decide from Cano's description and figures whether
his second zoeal stage should arise directly from his1 first or whether
he has overlooked a stage between the two. Figure 153 seems to
be that of a second zoea. There are only five abdominal segments.
The pleopods are not protruding as is typically the case in the third
zoea. The swimming hairs number six. On the other hand the an-
tenna (fig. 156) shows the bud of the endopodite, a characteristic
of the third zoeal stage, and the telson (fig. 160) shows four pairs
of medial spines that also characterize the third zoea.
It may be that Eriphia has only three zoeal stages or it may be
that Cano has failed to distinguish the second stage from the third
and thus has described the appendages of the third stage as belonging
to the second.
FOURTH ZOEA (fig. 154)
The last zoeal stage described by Cano agrees very closely with
the fourth zoeal stage of Panopeus and Xantho. The swimming
hairs number 12 to 14. The endopodite of the antenna is elongated
and the pleopods are elongated and biramous.
Cephalic appendages. — The antennule (fig. 157) shows a proximal
portion composed of three enlarged segments. The first of these
contains the developing statocyst. Distally the inner ramus of the
antennule shows evidence of two or three joints, while the outer
is a simple bud.
The endopodite of the antenna (fig. 157) is almost as long as the
spine and shows the outlines of its future joints.
Thoracic appendages. — The pereiopods are all well formed and
their gill buds are prominent, The first and second maxillipeds are
the only thoracic appendages that are functional as yet however.
Abdomen. — The telson is now separated from the sixth abdominal
segment by a joint. The pleopods are elongated and biramous,
although none of them bear hairs as yet. The telson (fig. 161) has
four pairs of median spines.
MENIPPE MERCENARIA (Say)
Plate 13
Menippe mercenaria is quite abundant at Beaufort and its zoeas
are frequently taken in towing. However, only the prezoeal and first
zoeal stages are known. Menippe differs from many other
Brachyura in that its eggs do not always hatch at dusk or at night.
They seem to hatch at any hour of day or night.
riiEzoEA (fig. 163)
The prezoea sheds its cuticle in a few minutes after leaving the
egg. It differs from that of Panopeus in details only. The cuticle
abt. 3 STUDIES ON LARVAE OF CRABS HYMAN 15
of the prezoeal antennule (fig. 164) shows two broad spines of un-
equal lengths. The antenna (fig. 165) terminates in a blunt point.
It bears a lateral ramus near its tip that is prolonged into four sub-
equal hairy digitations. The telson (fig. 166) carries seven spines on
each cornu. The middle spine is short and smooth, the others long
and hairy.
first zoea (figs. 167 and 168)
The zoea of Menippe differs strikingly from that of Panopeus and
Xantho, but resembles that of Eriphia closely. The carapace spines
are all robust. The antenna is scarcely as long as the rostral spine
and its exopodite is as long as the antennal spine. The pigmentation
along the anterior surface of the dorsal carapace spine is helpful in
identifying this zoea.
Cephalic appendages. — The antennule (fig. 169) is simple and
conical but it is longer than usual. The antenna (fig. 170) is com-
paratively small for a Xanthid. Its spine is slender and hairy along
its distal portion. The exopodite is quite long and, with its terminal
hairs, equals or exceeds the spine in length. The remaining cephalic
appendages (figs. 171 and 172 and 173) have the typical brachyuran
form.
Thorax and abdomen. — The thoracic appendages are typical
(figs. 171 and 175). The fourth and fifth abdominal segments are
characterized by short lateral spines that spring from their posterior
borders. The telson (fig. 176) has the three pairs of median spines.
In addition each cornu has a minute lateral spine and a minute
dorsal spine.
Genus TRAPEZIA
Plate 12, fig. 162
Spence Bate has described the first zoea of Trapezia very briefly
and given one figure. The description is confined to the enumeration
of the appendages present but other details may be learned from the
figure.
The dorsal spine of the carapace is slender and is curved posteri-
orly. The rostral spine is short and covered with spines near its tip.
The antenna is nearly as long as the rostral spine. The antennal
spine is hairy near its tip. Its exopodite is nearly as long as its
spine. The posterior borders of the third, fourth, and fifth abdomi-
nal segments are produced laterally into long, spinous processes.
Genus PILUMNUS
Plate 14
Cano studied Pilumnus hirtellus, P. villosus, and P. spinifer but
he did not distinguish between the species in his descriptions. Gour-
ret states that the larvae of P. spinifer hatch at night but he does not
16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 6T
describe them. Couch simply states that P. hirtellus hatches as
a zoea. The following descriptions are based on Cano.
FIRST ZOEA (fig. 177)
The zoea of Pilumnus is distinguished by its slender rostral spine
and relatively large antenna. The buds of all the thoracic append-
ages are present and that of the third maxilliped is obviously bira-
mous.
Cephalic appendages. — The antennule (fig. 183) has the usual
conical form. The antenna (fig. 183) is nearly twice as long as the
small rostral spine. The exopodite is as long as the antennal spine
and bears a lateral hair near its tip. The remaining cephalic ap-
pendages are typical.
Thoracic appendages and abdomen. — The first and second maxilli-
peds are typical. The third maxilliped and the pereiopods are pre-
cociously developed. The buds are all large and that of the third
maxilliped is biramous. The telson (fig. 192) has three median
spines, two lateral spines — one very minute — and one dorsal spine
on each cornu.
SECOND ZOEA (fig. 178)
The second zoea shows the usual changes. There are six swim-
ming hairs on each maxilliped. The gill buds have appeared on the
thoracic appendages. Cano does not give a detailed description of
the stage.
THIRD ZOEA
Cano seems to have overlooked the third zoeal stage. His third
stage apparently is the fourth zoea.
FOURTH ZOEA (fig. 179)
The fourth zoea has ten to twelve swimming hairs, six abdominal
segments, and biramous pleopods.
Cephalic appendages. — The antennule (fig. 184) now has a swollen
basal segment for the statocyst. The inner of the two distal rami
shows several constrictions and bears several sensory hairs; the outer
is a simple bud. The antenna (fig. 184) shows an endopodite that
nearly equals its spine in length.
Thoracic appendages and abdomen. — The third maxilliped and
pereiopods are greatly enlarged and all their segments are differen-
tiated. The pleopods, except that of the sixth segment, are bifur-
cated. The telson (fig. 193) is somewhat larger than in earlier
stages but otherwise is not changed.
FIRST MEGALOPS (fig. 180)
The rostral spine leaves a slight remnant. The thoracic appen-
dages reach what is practically the adult condition. The abdominal
abt. 3 STUDIES ON LARVAE OF CRABS HYMAN 17
appendages become the organs of locomotion, each appendage being
equipped with numerous long swimming hairs.
Cephalic appendages. — These are typical for the megalops.
Thoracic appendages. — The first maxilliped is relatively smaller
and its endopodite and exopodite are degenerated (fig. 186). It car-
ries a large epipodite. The second maxilliped (fig. 188) is small. Its
exopodite is degenerated and its exopodite has become a palp of five
segments. It carries a small epipodite and a small gill bud. The
third maxilliped (fig. 189) is quite large. Its endopodite is com-
posed of six segments. It carries an epipodite and two gills. The
cheliped (fig. 191) shows the typical spine on its third segment and
has two gills on the coxopodite.
SECOND MHGAL0PS (fig. 182)
The carapace is further broadened and depressed. The frontal
margin is broadened and somewhat bulbous. The abdomen is per-
manently flexed under the sternum.
The first maxilliped (fig. 187) is somewhat enlarged and has ac-
quired its adult form. The third maxilliped (fig. 190) has reached
its adult form. Both exopodite and endopodite terminate in palps.
The proximal segments of the endopodite form an operculum for the
other mouth parts.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1879. Bate, C. Spence. Report on the present state of our knowledge of the
Crustacea. Part 4. On development. Report Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci.,
48th Meeting. 1878, pp. 193-209, pis. 5-7.
1882. Birge, E. A. Notes on the development of Panopseus sayi (Smith).
Johns Hopkins University Studies, Biol. Lab., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 411-426,
pis. 30-33.
1891. Cano, G. Sviluppo postembrionale dei Caneridi. Bull. Soc. Entomol.
Ital., 1891, vol. 23, pp. 146-158, pis. 3, 4.
1843. Couch, R. Q. On the metamorphosis of the Decapod Crustaceans. 11th
Ann. Rept. Roy. Cornwall Polytechnic Soc, pp. 28-43, pi. 1.
1880. Faxon, W. On some points in the structure of the embryonic zoea.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard College, vol. 6, no. 10, pp. 1-8, pis. 1-2.
1883. Gourret, P. Considerations sur la faune pelaglque du Golfe de Mar-
seille. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Marseille, Zool., vol. 2, mem. 2, pt. 1,
pp. 14-24, pis. 1, 2, Marseille, 1882.
1920. Hyman, O. W. On the development of Gelasimus after hatching. Journ.
Morphology, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 485-524, pis. 1-12.
1922. Adventures in the life of a Fiddler Crab. Smithsonian Rept. for
1920 (1922), pp. 443^00, pis. 1-6.
18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM vol.67
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
Plate 1
Fig. 1. Prezoea, Neopanope tcxana sayi.
2. Prezoea, Eurypanopeus depressus.
3. Antennule, Neopanope texana sayi.
4. Antennule, Eurypanopeus depressus.
5. Antennule, Panopeus herbstii.
6. Antennule, Hexapanopeus angustifrons.
7. Antenna, Neopanope texana sayi.
8. Antenna, Eurypanopeus depressus.
9. Antenna, Panopeus herbstii.
10. Antenna, Hexapanopeus angustifrons.
11. Mandible, Neopanope texana sayi.
12. Mandible, Hexapanopeus angustifrons.
13. Maxillule, Neopanope tcxana sayi.
14. Maxillule, Eurypanopeus depressus.
15. Maxillule, Panopeus herbstii.
18. Maxillule, Hexapanopeus angustifrons.
17. Maxilla, Neopanope texana sayi.
18. Maxilla, Eurypanopeus depressus.
19. Maxilla, Panopeus herbstii.
20. Maxilla, Hexapanopeus angustifrons.
Plate 2
Fig. 21. Prezoea, Panopeus "herbstii.
22. Prezoea, Hexapanopeus angustifrons.
23. First maxilliped, Neopanope texana sayi.
24. First maxilliped, Eurypanopeus depressus.
25. First maxilliped, Panopeus herbstii.
26. First maxilliped, Hexapanopeus angustifrons.
27. Second maxilliped, Neopanope texana sayi.
28. Second maxilliped, Eurypanopeus depressus.
29. Second maxilliped, Panopeus herbstii.
30. Second maxilliped, Hexapanopeus angustifrons.
31. Telson, Neopanope texana sayi.
32. Telson, Eurypanopeus depressus.
33. Telson, Panopeus herbstii.
34. Telson, Hexapanopeus angustifrons.
Plate 3
Neopa)iope texana sayi
Fig. 35. First zoea, frontal view.
36. First zoea, lateral view.
37. Antennule, first zoea.
38. Antennule, second zoea.
39. Antennule, third zoea.
40. Antennule, fourth zoea.
41. Mandible, first zoea.
42. Mandible, second zoea.
43. Mandible, third zoea.
44. Mandible, fourth zoea.
art. 3 STUDIES ON LARVAE OF CRABS HYMAN ]9
Plate 4
Neopanope texana sayi
Fig. 45. Second zoea, frontal view.
46. Second zoea, lateral view.
47. Third zoea, lateral view.
48. Third zoea, frontal view.
Plate 5
Neopanope texana sayi
Fig. 49. Fourth zoea, frontal view.
50. Fourth zoea, lateral view.
51. Maxillule, first zoea.
52. Maxillule, second zoea.
53. Maxillule, third zoea.
54. Maxillule, fourth zoea.
55. Maxilla, first zoea.
56. Maxilla, second zoea.
57. Maxilla, third zoea.
58. Maxilla, fourth zoea.
Plate 6
Neopanope texana sayi
Fig. 59. Antenna, first zoea.
60. Antenna, second zoea.
61. Antenna, third zoea.
62. Antenna, fourth zoea.
63. First maxilliped, first zoea.
64. First maxilliped, second zoea.
65. First maxilliped, third zoea.
66. First maxilliped, fourth zoea.
Plate 7
Neopanope texana sayi
Fig. 67. Second maxilliped, first zoea.
68. Second maxilliped, second zoea.
69. Second maxilliped, third zoea.
70. Second maxilliped, fourth zoea.
71. Pleopod, fourth zoea.
72. Telson, first zoea.
73. Telson, second zoea.
74. Telson, third zoea.
75. Telson, fourth zoea.
Plate 8
Neopanope texana sayi (after Birge)
Fig. 76. First megalops. lateral view.
77. First megalops, dorsal view.
7S. Carapace of first crab stage, dorsal view,
79. Carapace of first crab stage, ventral view.
20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM vol.67
Fig. SO. Carapace of adult crab, dorsal view.
81. Antennule, first megalops.
82. Antennule, adult.
83. Antenna, first megalops.
84. Antenna, adult megalops.
85. Mandible, first megalops.
86. Mandible, late megalops.
87. Mandible, adult.
88. Maxillule, first megalops.
89. Maxillule, first crab.
90. Maxillule, adult.
91. Maxilla, first megalops.
92. Maxilla, young crab.
93. Maxilla, adult.
94. First maxilliped, first megalops.
95. First maxilliped, first crab.
96. First maxilliped, adult
97. Second maxilliped, first megalops.
98. Second maxilliped, first crab.
99. Second maxilliped, adult.
100. Third maxilliped, first megalops.
101 . Third maxilliped, first crab.
102. Third maxilliped, adult.
103. Last pleopod, first megalops.
104. Third pleopod, first megalops.
105. Third pleopod, adult.
Plate 9
Eurypanopeus depressus, first zoea
Fig. 106. First zoea, lateral view.
107. First zoea, frontal view.
108. Antennule.
109. Antenna.
110. Mandibles.
111. Maxillule.
112. Maxilla.
113. First maxilliped.
114. Second maxilliped.
115. Telson.
Plate 10
Panopeus herbstii, first zoea
Fig. 116. First zoea, lateral view.
117. First zoea, frontal view.
118. Antennule.
119. Antenna.
120. Maxillule.
121. Maxilla.
122. First maxilliped.
123. Second maxilliped.
124. Telson.
ART. 3 STUDIES ON" LARVAE OF CRABS HYMAN 21
Plate 11
Xantho (after Cano)
Fig. 125. First zoea, lateral view.
126. Third zoea, frontal view.
127. Third zoea, lateral view.
128. Fourth zoea, lateral view.
129. First megalops.
130. Second megalops.
131. First crab.
132. Older crab.
133. Antennule and antenna, first zoea.
134. Antennule and antenna, fourth zoea.
135. Antennule and antenna, first megalops.
136. Mandible, first zoea.
137. Mandible, fourth zoea.
138. Mandible, first megalops.
139. Maxillule, first zoea.
140. Maxillule, first megalops.
Plate 12
Xantho (after Cano)
Fig. 141. Maxilla, first zoea.
142. Maxilla, fourth zoea.
143. Maxilla, first megalops.
144. Thoracic appendages, fourth zoea.
145. First maxilliped, first megalops.
146. Second maxilliped, first megalops.
147. Third maxilliped, first megalops.
148. Third maxilliped, first crab.
149. Cheliped, first megalops.
150. Telson, first zoea.
151. Telson, fourth zoea.
Eriphia spinifrons (after Cano)
Fig. 152. First zoea.
153. Second zoea.
154. Fourth zoea.
155. Antennule and antenna, first zoea.
156. Antennule and antenna, second zoea.
157. Antennule and antenna, fourth zoea.
158. Mandible, fourth zoea.
159. Telson, first zoea.
160. Telson, second zoea.
161. Telson, fourth zoea.
Trapezia (after Spence Bate)
Fig. 162. First zoea.
22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM VOL. 6<
Plate 13
Menippe mercenaria
Prezoea
Fig. 163. Prezoea.
164. Antennule.
165. Antenna.
166. Telson.
First zoea
Fig. 167. First zoea, frontal view.
168. First zoea, lateral view.
169. Antennule.
170. Antenna.
171. Mandible.
172. Maxillule.
173. Maxilla.
174. First maxilliped.
175. Second maxilliped.
176. Telson.
Plate 14
Pilumnus (after (.'a no)
Fig. 177. First zoea.
178. Second zoea.
179. Fourth zoea.
180. First megalops.
181. Second megalops.
182. First crab.
183. Antennule and antenna, first zoea.
184. Antennule and antenna, fourth zoea.
185. Mandible, first zoea.
186. First maxilliped, first megalops.
187. First maxilliped, first crab.
188. Second maxilliped, first megalops.
189. Third maxilliped, first megalops.
190. Third maxilliped, first crab.
191. Cheliped, first megalops.
192. Telson, first zoea.
193. Telson, fourth zoea.
o
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 3 PL. I
18 '9
Larvae of Crabs of the Family Xanthidae
For explanation of plate see page 18
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 3 PL. 2
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33 34
Larvae of Crabs of the Family Xanthidae
For explanation of plate see page IE
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 3 PL. 3
Xanthid Larvae of the Genus Neopanope
For explanation of plate see page 18
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 3 PL. 4
Xanthid Larvae of the Genus Neopanope
For explanation of plate see page 19
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 3 PL. 5
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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 3 PL. 6
Appendages of Larvae of the Genus Neopanope
For explanation of plate see page 19
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 3 PL. 7
Appendages of Larvae of the Genus Neopanope
For explanation of plate see page 19
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 3 PL.
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Xanthid Larvae of the Genus Neopanope
For explanation of plate see pages 19 and 20
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 3 PL. 9
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For explanation of plate see page 20
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PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 3 PL. 10
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PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 3 PL. 12
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For explanation of plate see page 2 1
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
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MICROSCOPIC SCULPTURE OF PEARLY FRESH-WATER
MUSSEL SHELLS
By William B. Marshall
Assistant Curator, Division of Mollusks, United States National Museum
In a note under the description of Diplodontites cookei1 special
attention was called to its minute sculpture in the following words :
" The sculpture of the exterior is remarkable and of great beauty.
The radiating striae between the impressed radiating lines are of a
fineness rarely if ever equaled in shells with the rude structure of
the naiads." In the same paper the new species M onoco ndylaea
felipponei was described, but nothing was said of its possessing
minute radiating striae. In fact, the fine sculpture of this shell was
not detected as it was not shown by the fairly strong hand lens used
in making an examination. Later the use of a two-thirds inch
objective on a compound microscope showed that this species has
microscopic sculpture of the same general character as that of Diplo-
dontites cookei. Even with a two-thirds inch objective careful
focusing is needed to reveal the fine striae. The new species Ano-
dontites colombiensis described in the same paper was then sub-
jected to microscopic examination and was found to possess minute
striae of the same nature as in the two species mentioned above.
The presence of microscopic striae in the three species mentioned
above led to an examination of many other species of South Ameri-
can shells, and it was found that in, those belonging to the family
Mutelidae the striae were generally present, while in Diplodon and
other genera of the Unionidae they were lacking. The investigation
was then broadened to include an examination of many species repre-
senting practically all genera of naiads from all parts of the world.
The results have been thought sufficiently interesting and important
to warrant publishing them. The results are of value in themselves
and the discovery of the minute striae will call attention to the fact
that many details may lie close at hand and yet remain unnoticed
for years. The genera Anodontites and M onocondylaea have been
known for many years, but. so far as I have been able to determine,,
1 I'roc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 61. 1922.
No. 2576— Proceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. 67, Art. 4.
22247—25 1
2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
no mention has ever been made of the microscopic features of the
periostracum which are shown so clearly in many of the species.
Anodontites crispatus Bruguiere, described in 1792, the type of the
genus, has sculpture nearly as fine and beautiful as that of Diplo-
dontites cookei and yet that fact has remained unrevealed for a
period of 132 years. In the genus Monocondylaca the two species M.
paraguayana Orbigny and M . franciscana Moricand were described
in 1835 and 1837, respectively. Both species show the microscopic,
radiating striae, the latter especially having them in unusual per-
fection. Apparently no mention of them has ever been made until
the present time.
A somewhat parallel case, though relating to a different style of
sculpture, is presented by the Chinese genus Schistodesmus, which
possesses a concentric sculpture of microscopic striae wonderfully
fine and beautiful. Baird and Adams (1867) in their description
of the species lampreyanus failed to mention them, and they seem
to have escaped any notice until 1900, when Simpson, in his descrip-
tion of the genus Schistodesmus, called attention to them thus:
" Marvelously delicate, concentric, microscopic lirae." The genus
^uneopsis, also of China, has a similar sculpture, though on a cloth-
like periostracum, and it seems that these two genera should stand
next to each other instead of being separated by the genus Gibbosula,
which Simpson has placed between them.
As has already been said, an examination has been made of the
microscopic sculpture of shells of practically all the genera of naiads
from all parts of the world. So far as those of the Unionidae are
concerned, not much may be said at present. For our immediate
purpose it is sufficient to say that in this family regularly arranged
microscopic details are usually lacking, and none of them has a
periostracum made up of fine radiating threads. With the naiads
of the family Mutelidae the case is different. Here many species
have an almost infinite number of radiating threads, and while the
threads seem to be absent in a few species it is believed that with
good material every species belonging to this family would reveal
this type of periostracum and that it is a family characteristic.
This peculiar periostracum is so striking in many of the genera
and species of the family that if it be shown that any species ab-
solutely lacks it then the right of that species to a place in the
Mutelidae becomes subject to some doubt.
The family Mutelidae as at present understood contains 14 genera,
of which 6 are restricted to Africa, namely, Spatha, Mutela, Cheli-
donopsis, Brazzea, Arthropteron, and Pleiodon, while 6 are re-
stricted to South America, namely, Monocondylaea, Iheringella,
Fos&ida, Leila, Mycetopoda, and Diplodontites. Anodontites, the
largest genus of Mutelidae, is restricted to America, some species
art. 4 SCULPTURE OF MUSSEL SHELLS MARSHALL 3
being: found as far north as Mexico and others in Central America,
while yet others are found in South America only, many of them
as far south as Rio de la Plata, and one species as far as Patagonia.
Of the two genera Brazzea and Arthropteron no material was at
hand for examination. Of the other 12 genera many species were
given careful scrutiny. In the genus Chelidonopsis, of which only
three specimens were available, there seems to be no sign of ra-
diating threads. In the genus Mycetopoda threads were found
on only a couple of specimens and then they were not of the usual
type. The other 10 genera all showed the threads clearly in most
of the species. The threads in the African genera Spatha and
Mutela are much finer and more numerous than in the American
genera, but the African genus Pleiodon has threads which are al-
most exactly like those of the South American genus M onocondylaea.
In general it may be said that the radiating striae resemble the
threads in finely woven serge cloth when it is viewed with the naked
eye, or perhaps it would be better to say that they resemble the
fine ridges which occur on our finger tips. When viewed under the
microscope the shells whose periostracum retains the threads look
as if they had been marked with fingerprints.
In some cases the radiating threads are very clear and can be
found on all parts of the shell. Diplodontites cookei and Mono-
condylaea franclscana are notable in this respect. In other cases the
threads have disappeared from most of the shell, and sometimes
there are but very small patches of threads left here and there. Fre-
quently it is necessary to make a very careful search over the whole
surface of a number of specimens in order to find a spot in which
the striae have been preserved. In some of the groups of large Ano-
dontites typified b}^ trapesialis (containing jeivettianus, forbesianus,
gJaucus, and others) no striae have thus far been observed. It is not
possible to say at this time whether threads are lacking in these shells
or have been worn away or lost in the shedding of a fugacious
periostracum. In Mycetopoda the threads are not of the usual type.
This genus will be discussed later in this paper in dealing with the
species of shell which is called Solenaia falcata Higgins.
In the preceding paragraph reference has been made to a fuga-
cious periostracum. Some explanation of this kind of periostracum
is advisable, as its presence is not generally known. Very often
there is a sort of bloom found in spots, or sometimes covering a
large portion of the shell. Perhaps it has generally been mistaken
tor a deposit of some extraneous material. It seems to be a part
of the periostracum. When present the bloom is likely to show the
microscopic threads more clearly than do the parts of the shell
from which the bloom has disappeared. It appears to be usually
only temporary. On a specimen of Anodontites tcnebricosus Lea
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. G7
from Arroyo Miguelete, Montevideo, Uruguay (Cat. No. 270908,
U.S.N.M.), the fugacious periostracum persists over a large portion
of the shell, making this portion appear as if covered with very
thin dead skin. On the portion where the fugacious periostracum
has disappeared the surface has the appearance most usually seen
in this species. In Spatha toahlbergi of South Africa the bloom
persists in only a few spots and is so thin that it forms but the thin-
nest of films. In Anodontites tenebricosm Lea it is much thicker,
more easily visible, and sometimes remains over a large area. In
M onocondylaea it becomes somewhat like pale yellowish or whitish
paper, and in many places where it has partly torn away from the
shell it stands up on the surface in little concentric plates. This
is what gives M onocondylaea the generally roughened appearance
so often noted and sometimes mentioned in descriptions as being
lamellate. In this genus there are numerous cracks arranged con-
centrically, with many cross cracks uniting them. In many of these
cracks the fugacious periostracum persists throughout the life of
the shell. This makes M onocondylaea one of the best genera for
examination in a study of radiating threads, as they are almost
always to be found on the paper-like fugacious periostracum re-
maining in the cracks.- In some spots on the type of M onocondylaea
felipponei Marshall little sheets of this kind of periostracum still
lie flat and apparently loose except along one edge. In the genus
Diplodontites there are but the faintest traces of a fugacious peri-
ostracum of any kind. Each genus seems to have its own peculi-
arities in this kind of periostracum.
In giving details of the radiating striae of each genus frequent
mention is made of the sinulus of the various species, and a few
general remarks concerning this feature of the shell may well be
made here. In most of the shells of the family Mutelidae the sinulus
is distinctly triangular, but in a few cases where the shells have a
very elongated form the sinulus, too, is elongated, and its triangular
shape is not so apparent. In Mycetopoda, although the shell is
elongated, the sinulus is distinctly triangular. The Mutelidae and
the Aetheriidae are the only families in which the sinulus is typically
triangular. The latter family contains the three genera, Mulleria,
Aetheria, and Bartlettia. None of these has radiating striae so far
as can be determined at this time. There seems to be no doubt as
to some relationship between Bartlettia and Mulleria and the family
Mutelidae. The form of the young of Bartlettia and Mulleria, the
locality (South America) in which the two genera are found, the
type of sinulus, and the texture of the shell seem to indicate a nearer
relationship between these two genera and the Mutelidae than be-
tween Aetheria and the Mutelidae. The genus Pseudodon of eastern
Asia sometimes has a triangular sinulus. It will be discussed in
connection with the genus M onocondylaea.
akt. 4 SCULPTURE OF MUSSEL. SHELLS MARSHALL 5
Genus SPATHA
Plate 4, fig. 3
• Microscopic radiating threads in this genus are finer than those of
the South American genera. They are quite clear, though showing
some tendency to become reticulate. The threads of Spatha wahl-
bergi, which are supposed to be represented on plate 4, figure 3,
are the finest that have been observed in any shell. The striae are
so fine that a satisfactory photograph could not be obtained. The
figure shown here is magnified 50 diameters. Even with a magnifi-
cation of 100 diameters a photograph did not show the striae. The
specimen shows a bloom here and there, and on these spots the striae
become very striking. It is estimated that there are in the neighbor-
hood of 300 striae to the millimeter in this species. In this genus
the species differ greatly in form, size, degree of polish, and in
sculpture. It is interesting to note that the striae appear in wahl-
bergi, which is a very large, quite smooth shell ; in vignoniana, which
is rather small and extremely roughened with stout ribs; and in
chaziana, which is a small, highly polished shell. In this genus,
no matter what the form of the shell may be, whether long or short
or rounded, the smulus is always triangular, as it should be in Mutelid
shells.
Genus MUTELA
In this genus the striae are fine like in the genus Spatka, but are
not so clearly defined. They are more given to reticulating and
do not have the appearance of threads laid alongside each other.
They appear like a lot of fibers more or less felted rather than
spun. It is quite difficult to find spots in which the threads show
at all. All the species of Mutela have an elongated form — this
length in proportion to height being especially marked in Mutela
rostrata. The sinulus in this genus is not equilaterally triangular
in any of the species, but the triangle is drawn out posteriorly into
a long point, yet this does not necessarily mean that the sinulus falls
outside of allowable variation of the Mutelid type, but simply that
length of shell has affected form of sinulus. No satisfactory figure
could be obtained in this genus.
Genus CHELIDONOPSIS
But three specimens of this genus, Chelidonopsis hirundo, were
available for examination. It is a very peculiar shell, highly
polished and very elongated, and has a sinulus which, like that of
Mutela, does not exactly conform to the usual type in the Mutelidae.
Further study with young specimens is necessary to determine the
facts in this group.
6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
Genera BRAZZEA and ARTHROPTERON
No material available for examination and data in general lacking.
Genus PLEIODON
Plate 4, fig. 2
In this genus but two species were available for study, Pleiodon
ovatus Swainson from Senegal, and P. speckii from Lake Tanganyi-
ka. The latter is a very large old specimen and periostracal
characters have disappeared. Of P. ovatus there are two rather
young having a length of 50 and 60 millimeters, respectively. These
two specimens have the radiating threads present over a large part
of the surface and they are perfectly preserved and number about.
105 to the millimeter. There are also seven adult specimens of this
species in the collection, the largest having a length of 110 milli-
meters. In these specimens it is difficult to find a spot in which
threads can be seen. The sinulus in this genus is aberrent from the
Mutelid type, though in P. speckii it approaches it. The figure (pi.
4, fig. 2), is from a young P. ovatus from Senegal, Africa (Cat. No.
86774, U.S.N.M.). The broad light-colored band near the bottom
of the figure represents the remains of fugacious periostracum at-
tached along a growth line. Other remains are seen at the left of
the figure.
Genus MONOCONDYLAEA
Plate 1, fig. 2; plate 2, fig. 1
In nearly every specimen of this genus the radiating threads
persist on some part of the surface, regardless of the age of the speci-
men. Often they are to be found only on the paper-like remains of
the fugacious periostracum which has been sheltered in the peculiar
concentric and cross cracks nearly always found in these shells. In
M onocondylaea franciscana Moricand the threads occur in fine condi-
tion, number about 85 to the millimeter, and are found over nearly the
whole extent of the shell. On the single specimen of M. felipponei
Marshall available for examination the threads number about 110 to
the millimeter, cover nearly the whole shell, and are clearly defined
and easy to find. M. franciscana is figured on plate 1. figure 2.
The specimen came from Rio Francisco, Brazil (Cat. No. 86334,
U.S.N.M.). M. felipponei is represented on plate 2, figure 1. It
came from Barra del Arroyo Sacra, Paysandu. Uruguay (Cat. No.
340663, U.S.N.M.).
Some comparisons between the Unionid genus Pseudodon and the
Mutelid genus M onocondylaea may not be amiss. The shells of
Pseudodon present some peculiar and interesting features. The
genus is restricted to Eastern Asia and some of the near-by islands.
art. 4 SCULPTURE OF MUSSEL SHELLS MARSHALL 7
The shells have an apparently near relationship to some of the
South American naiads, especially to those of the genus Monocondy-
laea, because of the single cardinal tooth and the general character
of the sinulus in some of the Ps< udodon species. Because of these
features, several species of Pseudodon were described as Monocon-
dylaea, and many years passed before it became generally recognized
that the apparent close relationship of the two genera comes from
a superficial resemblance rather than from structural affinities. As
time passed the shells were not only placed in different genera, but
as they became more fully understood they were classified into
different families, Pseudodon in the Unionidae and Monocondylaea
in the Mutelidae. The collection of the United States National Mu-
seum contains many specimens representing eleven species of Pseudo-
don. All of these have been subjected to searching microscopical
examination to determine the presence or absence of the radiating
threads characteristic of Monocondylaea and other Mutelidae. No
trace of such threads was found in any species. Their absence
affords additional evidence of the lack of any very close relationship
between Pseudodon and Monocondylaea.
As has been said above, the sinulus of Pseudodon often resembles
that of the Mutelidae. In some species of Pseudodon the resem-
blance is quite sharp, but in others it is not clear or is lacking.
Even in the cases in which it is most striking (as in Pseudodon
cambojensis Petit, P. polita Mousson, and P. cumingii Lea) it lacks
the sharply equilaterally triangular form of the sinulus of the Mute-
lidae, being more or less rounded at the lower point. Some of the
other species of Pseudodon, such as P. loomisi Simpson and P.
crebristriatus Anthony, have the sinulus as in the other Unionidae.
Genus IHERINGELLA
Of this genus, which shows an intimate relationship to Mono-
condylaea, but one specimen was available. It is Iheringella iso-
cardioides Lea (Cat. No. 86326, U.S.N.M.), and comes from the
Rio de la Plata, South America. While it is in rather poor con-
dition, fortunately a few small spots are well enough preserved to
show that the radiating threads occur in this genus. The striae do
not show sufficiently well to photograph.
Genus FOSSICULA
Plate 2, fig. 2
But one of the two species was available; namely, Fossicida
fossiculifera Lea, represented by four specimens, three of which
came from the Parana River and one from Piricicaba, Sao Paulo,
Brazil. This is a peculiar genus whose relationships point in two
directions — to Monocondylaea, because of the cardinal tooth, and to
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM vol.67
Anodontites, because of its form, colors, and wide prismatic border,
which are exactly like those of Anodontites patagonicus. Were the
portion of the hinge line bearing the tooth broken away one would
be absolutely unable to separate F. fossiculifera from A. pata-
gonicus. If Fossicida and Leila be valid genera it seems there
should be some shifting in classification in order to bring the former
near A. patagonicus and the latter near A. trapesialis, instead of
arranging Leila between Fossicula and Anodontites. The radiating
threads do not show well in any of the four specimens at hand, but
enough remains to tell that the threads occur in this genus and that
they are like those to be found in some specimens of Anodontites
patagonicus. Plate 2, figure 2, represents a small spot in a specimen
from Parana River (Cat. No. 86346, U.S.N.M.). It has about 105
threads to the millimeter.
Genus LEILA
The shells of this genus are uniformly large. In the whole family
Mutelidae they are exceeded in size by only one species, Anodontites
trapesialis Lamarck, with which perhaps they should be placed in
a section of the genus Anodontites, or perhaps trapesialis should be
taken from that genus and placed in the genus Leila. Surely the
shells show a very near relationship to each other. The radiating
threads in Leila are extremely fine and resemble those of the African
genus Spatha, rather than those usual to the South American species
of Mutelidae. They are of about the same nature as those of
Spatha wahlbergi. In these large shells the striae are difficult
to find because they are so very fine, and they seem to be easily lost
as growth progresses. A specimen of Leila blainvilleana from the
Amazon River (Cat. No. 25815, U.S.N.M.) shows the fine lines, but
not clearly enough to be photographed.
Genus ANODONTITES
Plate 1, fig. 1 ; plate 2, fig. 3 ; plate 3, figs. 1 and 3
To this genus belong the larger portion of all the species referred
to the family Mutelidae. There are recognized some 50 species of
Anodontites. They have been divided into several sections and
groups, but there is ground for believing that further study will
result in dividing this genus into several genera. The shells now
included in Anodontites show a wide range of characteristics, vary-
ing in form, size, colors, weight, sculpture, etc. For instance, com-
pare A. rotundus Spix with A. trapesialis Lamarck; A. patagonicus
Lamarck with A. strebeli Lea, and any of these with A. tenebricosus
Lea; or compare A. ensiformis Spix and A. falsus Simpson with
any of the other Anodontites. The genus has a great geographic
range, extending from Mexico to Patagonia. In nearly all of the
art. 4 SCULPTURE OF MUSSEL SHELLS MARSHALL 9
species of this genus the radiating threads have been observed,
though they have not yet been found in some. No doubt they will
be found in all in the course of time. As might be expected in a
genus containing so many species and ranging over so large a ter-
ritory, there is some variation in the character of the microscopic
striae, but it may be said that in all cases these striae conform to some
one of the few variations found in the Mutelidae. Four specimens
have been selected for illustration. Plate 2, figure 3, represents the
striae on a typical A. patagonleus from Arroyo Miguelete, Monte-
video, Uruguay (Cat. No. 335746, U.S.N.M.). Plate 3, figure 3, rep-
resents the striae on a specimen of the rotund form of the same
species from the Uruguay River (Cat. No. 347885, U.S.N.M.) . In this,
the striae are unusually clear and cover a large part of the surface.
Plate 3, figure 2, represents the threads on a specimen of A. inaequi-
valvis Lea from Lake Nicaragua, Central America (Cat. No. 59873,
U.S.N.M.). Although the species is a very small one and comes
from so far north, the striae, of which there are about 100 to the
millimeter, are strictly according to type. The cracks and crevices
of this shell, especially on the posterior dorsal area, are apt to re-
tain remains of fugacious periostracum, which resembles little pieces
of onion skin, and in which the striae show very plainly. In the two
species composing the section Virgula, Anodontites (Virgula) ensi-
f ononis Spix and A. (F.) falsus Simpson, so far no radiating striae
have been observed. As but five specimens were available for ex-
amination, it will be well to wait until additional material is studied
before coming to any definite conclusions as to this group. Because
of their great length they look unlike other Anodontites.
In the series which Simpson arranges as the " Group of Anodon-
tites crispatus " twelve of the thirteen species have been examined
and all of them show the radiating strise. In all, the threads were
easy to find, were well developed, and were distinctly of the Mutelid
type. In this group all the species have the peculiarly puckered,
radiating impressed lines, and drooping concentric folds which I
have likened to festooned drapery and which Ortmann describes by
the adjective " scalariform." Some of the species are rather rough,
such as A. crispatus; others are highly polished, such as A. strebi li
Lea and A. holtonis Lea. In this group, as in most other Anodon-
tites, the striae are most easily found on some part of the posterior
dorsal area, but it is not unusual to find them on the disk of the shell
in spots covered with the puckered radiating impressed lines. Plate
1, figure 1, represents the radiating striae of a specimen of Anodon-
tites crispatus Bruguiere from Venezuela (Cat. No. 24020, U.S.N.M.),
in which there are about 90 striae to the millimeter.
This was the first species of Anodontites described and is the type
of the genus. In many details the periostracum of this species re-
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
sembles that of Diplodontites cookei Marshall, and especially in the
radiating striae and in the festooning of the coarser sculpture.
Genus MYCETOPODA
All the species of this genus are long and narrow, and have the
general appearance of being out of place in the family Mutelidae,
but notwithstanding their great length the sinulus is of the Mutelid
type, though somewhat drawn out. Radiating striae of the usual
type fail in this genus. In twenty-seven of the twenty-nine speci-
mens examined no trace of radiating threads could be discovered.
In two other specimens there were radiating marks resembling
thumb prints. A specimen of Mycetopoda pygmaea Spix from
Carthagena, United States of Colombia (Cat. No. 86795, U.S.N.M.),
shows the striae best, but it is not sufficiently clear to be worth
figuring.
The relationships of this genus have never been satisfactorily
traced, and the peculiar nature of the striae in the periostracum adds
another feature which should have further study.
Genus ?
Plate 4, fig. 1
Under the head " genus unknown " attention is called to the shell
known as Solenaia falcata Higgins. When Simpson, in 1900, pub-
lished his Synopsis of the Naiades, or Pearly Fresh-water Mussels,'
this shell was a puzzle to him. Higgins, in his description of the
species,3 gave its locality as " forest streams, near Chyavetas, Upper
Amazons." As pointed out by Simpson, the shell is almost a minia-
ture of Solenaia emarginata Lea, which inhabits Siam, and on this
account he thought the habitat cited by Higgins was erroneous. He
doubtfully substituted the locality Southeastern Asia and removed
the species from the genus Mycetopns (=Mycetopoda) of the family
Mutelidae in which Higgins placed it and shifted it to the genus
Solenaia in the Unionidae. In 1914, when Simpson's Descriptive
Catalogue of the Naiades or Pearly Fresh-water Mussels appeared,
the species was still a puzzle to him and he again preferred to substi-
tute the habitat " Southeastern Asia ? " and remained firmly con-
vinced that it could not have come from South America. Disregard-
ing the close resemblance of falcata to emargin-ata, which may be only
a resemblance without any backing of close relationship, the weight
of the evidence at hand is in favor of a South American habitat for
falcata. The main points of evidence in favor of this are, first, the
type locality given in Higgins's description; second, a specimen in
the Isaac Lea collection (Cat. No. 86788, U.S.N.M.), which Lea
Troc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 22, pp. 501-1044.
3 Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 179, pi. 14, fig. 6, 1868.
art. 4 SCULPTURE OF MUSSEL SHELLS MARSHALL 11
received from Wheatly. It is figured on plate 4, figure 1. The
locality given for this specimen is Amazon. Third, no specimen has
ever been reported-from Southeastern Asia. Fourth, the character of
the periostracum. Were all other evidence lacking, this would be
sufficient to establish the fact of a South American origin for the
shell. The radiating microscopic threads are exactly like those found
in Diplodontitis cookei Marshall, Anodontites tenebricosus Lea,
M ono condyloma franciscana Moricand, and many other species of
South American naiad. The striae number about 90 to the milli-
meter.
In what genus " Solenaia " falcata should be placed remains an
open question. The data at hand is not sufficient to answer that
question, and we must wait for further details as to anatomy, breed-
ing habits, and beak sculpture. The U. S. National Museum con-
tains six speciment representing four species of undoubted Solenaia.
The periostracum of these is altogether different from that of falcata
and shows no sign of radiating threads. To place it in the genus
Solenaia would involve a faunistic mixing that would be unusual,
namely. South America and Eastern Asia, and the difference between
the periostracum of falcata and that of species whose right to a
place in the genus Solenaia is undoubted would involve a mixing of
not only generic characters but of features which are believed to be
family characteristics.
Granting that " Solenaia " falcata is a South American shell and
that it does not belong in the genus Solenaia, the next step is to de-
fine its position among the South American Naiades. It was described
as a Mycetopus (—Mycetopoda) . In a cursory consideration of it
one would naturally place it in or very near the genus Mycetopoda,
this allocation being made chiefly because of its elongated form.
Possibty it does belong to that genus, but it is to be doubted. It may
belong in the genus Anodontites, as it shows some relationship to
arcuate specimens of the tenebricosus group. Its position here like-
wise is doubtful. In radiating threads its periostracum differs
widely from that of Mycetopoda, in which genus what radiating
threads have been observed being far from the kind usual in
Mutelidae. Of falcata it may be said that its sinulus is not dis-
tinctly of the Mutelid type, not being clearly triangular nor sub-
equilateral. This may be due to the great length of the shell in
proportion to its height. The species ma}^ require a new genus to
accommodate it.
Since the above was written our library has received a copy of a
paper entitled " Nayades del Viaje al Pacifico," by F. Hass, pub-
lished in Trabajos del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Zoo-
logical series, Number 25 (Madrid, Spain, Aug. 1916). In this paper
the supposed new species Mycetopoda bolivari Hass is described on
page 36 and figured on plate 2, figure 2. It comes from Rio
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM vol.67
Unuyacu, affluent of the Napo River, Ecuador. The Napo is a
tributary to the Maranon, which in turn is tributary to the Amazon.
The description, the figures, and the locality all show that this shell
is the same species as the one described by Higgins as Mycetopus
falcatus and called Solenaia falcatus Higgins by Simpson.
Genus DIPLODONTITES
Plate 1, fig. 3
It was in this genus that the microscopic radiating striae were first
observed, and they were described and figured in the original descrip-
tion of the only species, Diplodontites cookei Marshall.4 In this
genus the striae are of unusual importance, as the allocation of the
genus to its proper family depends upon shell characters and the
striae afford additional evidence that it belongs in the Mutelidae. In
this genus they are especially clear and cover nearly the whole sur-
face of the shell, about 90 striae to the millimeter. Fugacious perio-
stracum appears to be lacking, as at best there are only a few traces
here and there of what may be this kind of material. The genus
differs from all other Mutelidae in having three cardinal teeth. It
agrees with them in having no lateral teeth, in the nature of the
sinlus, and, like most of them, it comes from South America. The
figure is from a paratype (Cat. No. 341473, U.S.N.M.), from a
tributary of the Rio Colorado in the Province of Santander, Co-
lombia.
SUMMARY
1. The radiating microscopic threads may be considered a family
characteristic of the Mutelidae as they appear in all the genera,
with the possible exception of the genus Mycetopoda.
2. This characteristic, being found in Mutelidae only, is confined
to naiads inhabiting Africa, South America, Central America, and
Mexico.
3. Data as to breeding, anatomy, and beak sculpture of the genus
Diplodontites being lacking, its place in Mutelidae depends upon
conchological features. The radiating striae add to the number of
characters which indicate that it belongs in that family.
4. The nature of the periostracum of " Solenaia " falcata Hig-
gins shows it to be South American, as stated by Higgins, and not
from southeastern Asia, as supposed by Simpson. It also shows
that falcata belongs in the family Mutelidae, although to what genus
remains undecided.
5. The genus Mycetopoda does not strictly conform to the usual
rule so far as microscopic threads and form of shell are concerned,
though its sinulus is triangular, like that of other Mutelidae.
4 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 61, 1922.
akt. 4 SCULPTURE OF MUSSEL SHELLS MARSHALL 13
6. The. sinulus • and tooth of some of the shells of the genus
Pseudodon of eastern Asia and near-by islands present a problem.
It is believed that they do not indicate any close relationship of
this genus to the Mutelidae.
7. The triangular sinulus, the absence of teeth, and the South
American habitat of the genera Mulleria and Bartlettia of the
family Aetheriidae seem to indicate some close relation of this
family with the Mutelidae, The periostracum of Mulleria and
Bartlettia shows no sign of radiating threads. Further study of
this family with young specimens is desirable.
8. The number of striae on the shells in which a count has been
made was: Pet. millimeter
Spatha wahlbergi Krauss 300
Pleiodon ovatus Swainson 105
Monocondylaea franciscana Moricand 85
Monocondylaca felipponei Marshall 110
Fossula fossiculifera Lea 105
Anondontites crispatus Bruguiere 80
Anondontites tenebricosus Lea 130
Anodontitcs patagonicus Lamarck 90
Anodontitcs inaequivalvis 100
" Solenma " falcata Higgins 90
Diplodontites cooked Marshall 90
In conclusion it may be well to advise those who wish to make
a microscopic examination of the radiating striae in the Mutelidae
to begin, if possible, with Diplodontites cooJcei Marshall, then take
Monocondylaea franciscana Moricand, and then Anodontites cris-
patus Bruguiere, passing from this to any of the other members of
the family. The species mentioned will give the idea of what to
look for.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
Plate 1
Fig. 1. Anodontites crispatus Bruguiere. At posterior portion of the disk X
30 diameters.
2. Monocondylaca franciscana Moricand. At the upper portion of the
disk X 50 diameters.
3. Diplodontites cookei Marshall. At the center of the disk X 50 diam-
eters.
Plate 2
All figures X 50 diameters
Fig. 1. Monocondylaca felipponei Marshall. Anterior to the center of the disk.
2. Fossula fossiculifera Lea. Anterior to the center of the disk.
3. Anodontites patagonicus Lamarck. Posterior to the center of the disk.
Plate 3
All figures X 50 diameters
Fig. 1. Anodontitcs tenebricosus Lea. At the upper portion of the disk.
2. Anodontites inaequivalvis Lea. On the dorsal ridge.
3. Anodontites patagonicus Lamarck. High up on the disk.
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
Plate 4
All figures X 50 diameters
Fig. 1. " Solenaia " falcata Higgins. At the posterior dorsal angle.
It would have been better if this figure could have been arranged
to have the striae running horizontally and the growth lines on a
slant. Being near the posterior dorsal margin, the striae, which
radiate from the beak, are, at this point, nearly parallel to the dorsal
edge, and nearly horizontal.
2. Pleiodon ovatus Swainson. Below the middle of the posterior dorsal
ridge.
3. S2)dtha icahlbergi Krauss. Posterior to the center of the disk.
o
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 4 PL. I
m \
v
N
y
Microscopic Sculpture of Fresh-water Mussels
For explanation of plate see page |3
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 4 PL. 2
IP
Microscopic Sculpture of Fresh-water Mussels
For explanation of plate see page 13
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 4 PL.
mjh***""*
'L-^k
Microscopic Sculpture of Fresh-water Mussel
For explanation of plate see page 13
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 4 PL. 4
Microscopic Sculpture of Fresh-water Mussels
For explanation of plate see page 14
THE GENUS PENTACRINUS IN ALASKA
Ity Frank Springes
Associate in Paleontology, United States National Museum
In April. 1913, Dr. T. W. Stanton, of the United States Geological
Survey, submitted to me for examination some crinoid remains col-
lected by field parties of the survey in the extreme northern part of
Alaska, near the Arctic Ocean. These proved to belong to the true
Pentacrinus {Extracrinus of Austin, de Loriol, and P. H. Carpen-
ter) of the lower Jurassic of England and continental Europe, and
of the type of P. subangularis Miller, from the Lias of Boll. Met-
zingen, Holzmaden, and other localities in Wurtemburg, Germany.
I advised Doctor Stanton of this identification in a preliminary re-
port, which was published.1 The occurrence was of much interest
as the first discover}'- of Pentacrinus, with the exception of isolated
stem segments, yet made in American rocks, and because these speci-
mens gave evidence of an unexpectedly wide distribution of one of
the typical species. A detailed account of the material was deferred
in the hope of obtaining more complete specimens from one of the
localities, as it was then expected that Mr. Leffingwell might visit
the region again. Nothing further has been accomplished, however,
and it has been thought advisable to proceed with what we have.
The material in hand comes from two localities. The first is on a
small island called Black Island, in Canning River, opposite Mount
Copleston, longitude 146° 20' W., latitude 69° 30' N.; it is about 100
miles above the mouth of the river where it debouches into the Arctic
Ocean near Flaxman Point. Here a single specimen was secured,
consisting of a small slab containing crinoid remains brought from
the island by a native. It was derived from a formation composed
of about 4,000 feet of shale called the Kingak shale, correlated by
Mr. Leffingwell as of lower Jurassic age.2 The specimen consists of
part of a set of arms of a large individual, probably associated with
numerous others, in a preservation so exquisite as to induce a strong
desire to secure further treasures from the locality. Although won-
1 Professional Taper 109, U. S. Geol. Surv., 1919, The Canning River Region, Northern
Alaska, by Ernest de K. Leffingwell, p. 119.
2 Idem, p. 119.
No. 2577. — Proceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. 67, art. 5.
22248—25 1
2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 07
derful specimens of the species to which this probably belongs have
been obtained in various European localities — one of the finest being
on exhibition in the hall of Invertebrate Paleontology in the United
States National Museum, having complete arms 15 inches long, and
5 feet of stem attached — none of them exhibit such perfection in fine
structural details as this, especially in the sharp definition of the
pinnules, as shown b}^ the figure herewith. The condition of this
specimen indicates that it was part of a considerable colony, in which
a lar^e number of these crinoids were imbedded together, as is the
case at some of the European localities.
The second locality is about 125 miles east of the first, near the
international boundary line, on a tributary to Overthrust Creek, 1%
miles above its mouth, and about 8 miles west of the one hundred and
* forty-first meridian. A. G. Madclren, while engaged in geological
investigations along the Canada-Alaska boundary during 1911 and
1912, found at this locality a crinoid bed composed of fragments of
the same Pentacrinus as the Black Island specimen, in a formation
largely made up of black shales which are probably the equivalent
of the Kingak shale.3 These remains consist of numerous column
and arm fragments of large size, rather closely packed together, in-
dicating a bed of considerable extent, in which, however, the speci-
mens lack the fine preservation of that of locality 1. The matrix
is highly ferruginous, with much oxidation at the surface by which
the structural details are destroyed, except in some of the column
fragments, which have the joint-faces well preserved, showing the
petaloid sectors characteristic of the genus.
There is a general similarity in size and appearance of the parts
recovered from the two localities, which indicates the probability of
their being of the same species. They are larger than the corre-
sponding parts of specimens as usually found at Lyme-Regis in
Dorsetshire, England, but not of greater size than that of many
specimens from the Wurtemburg localities.
Among Mesozoic crinoids no genus has attracted more attention,
both in the literature and in the rocks, than Pentacrinus of the lower
Jurassic. From what has been learned in recent years, it probably
had a wider distribution than any other. In view of this fact, and
of the evidence as disclosed by the material now before us of its great
abundance in a region where it was least expected, I have thought
it well, for the benefit of those who may not have convenient access
!■> the publications, to give a brief summary of the leading facts rela-
tive to the genus. The chief descriptive matter may be found in
the works of J. S. Miller, Quenstedt, de Loriol, and P. H. Carpenter;
but for a comprehensive and lucid exposition of the genus and the
[,/effingwell, same reference, p. 120.
art. 5 THE GEXUS PENTACRINUS — SPRINGER 3
complications relative to it, the reader should consult Bather's paper
on " Pentacrinus, a Name and a History.'"4
The name is involved in considerable confusion, and students are
apt to be misled by the manner of its use in the literature at certain
periods. The two principal species were described by J. S. Miller
in his Natural History of the Crinoidea. 1821, as Pentacrinus briar-
em (p. 56, pis. 1 and 2) from the lower Lias, and P. subangularis
(p. 59. pis. 1 and 2) from the middle or upper Lias. It is evident
from Miller's descriptions that he had as types specimens from the
t}Tpical localities : P. briareus from Lyme-Regis, Dorsetshire, Eng-
land, and P. subangularis from the black slate in Wurtemburg,
German}^. He credits subangularis also to Lyme-llegis, and de
Loriol refers a specimen from France to that species; while Quen-
stedt describes several varieties of P. briareus from Wurtemburg
localities; but it is open to question whether the two forms are not
chiefly confined in Europe to their respective localities and horizons.
There is some confusion in the descriptions as to horizon; subangu-
laris is credited to both the middle and upper Lias, and briareus to
upper and lower.
These two most common species in the Lias of England and Ger-
many are extremely abundant, often composing entire strata, in
which their remains are beautifully preserved, furnishing most
striking specimens, which are to be seen in nearly all museums.
The name Pentacrinus as employed by Miller included two types :
1, in which the radials project downward over the proximal eol-
umnals, and the arms are heterotomous ; and 2, in which the radials
do not so project, and the arms are dichotomous. The name was
also applied to the earlier described stalked crinoids of the present
seas, such as P. caput-medusae, P. mulleri, P. wyville-thomsoni, P.
decorus, etc. Then the Austins in 1848 proposed to separate the
species of type No. 1 under a new genus, Extracrinus, leaving only
those of No. 2 under the original name. This course was followed
by de Loriol5 and by P. H. Carpenter in the Challenger Report on
the Stalked Crinoids, and the names were applied by them accord-
ingly.
Later on it was discovered that the Pentacrinus briareus of Miller,
which had been illustrated under the name of the Briarean Penta-
crinite by Parkinson in 1808 6 and of which Miller's name had been
copied into treatises and textbooks generally,7 was the identical
species which had been described by Blumenbach in 1802 from a
specimen from Dorsetshire as Encrinites fossilis, and as Pentacrin-
i Natural Science, vol. 12, 1898, p. 254.
: Crinoides de la France, vol. 2, 1868, p. 385.
e Org. Rems., vol. 2, p. 248.
' Dana's Manual of Geology, ed. 4, p. 778.
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. G7
ites fossilis in 1804.8 Under the rules of nomenclature this name
had priority, and Miller's name would have to be discarded in its
favor. Not only so, but as the name Pentacrinus had been attached
to the (briareus) fossilis type, No. 1, long before the time of the
Austins, it followed that their genus Extracrinus must also go into
the discard, and all the species which had been ranked under it
would now have to be listed as the true Pentacrinus.
Furthermore, it was found that the Pentacrinus type No. 2 was
covered by the genus Isocrinus Agassiz, 1836 (von Meyer, 1837) :
so that the species of that type, which included all the Recent
"Pentacrinus", would have to be written Isocrinus, leaving the
species of type No. 1 as the true Pentacrinus, typified by Blumen-
bach's original species, P. fossilis.
All this history, of which I am giving but a brief abstract, will
be found fully set forth with ample reference to the original sources,
in Doctor Bather's paper already mentioned. Thus when in the
literature the name Pentacrinus is encountered for an existing
crinoid, or for a fossil species in the works of de Loriol, it means
Isocrinus ; and where the name " Extracrinus " occurs it should be
read Pentacrinus. And for the classic name " Pentacrinus briareus "
there should now be substituted P. fossilis. Quenstedt did not adopt
the name " Extracrinus," but continued to use the original term for
both forms.
"With this explanation to obviate confusion over the names, we
are in position to consider the questions relating to the particular
forms of the genus suggested by the new material.
According to Quenstedt and de Loriol9 the true Pentacrinus
(type No. 1, above) is divisible into two groups, characterized by
stem characters only, which with our present knowledge would be
described as follows:
1. P. (briareus) fossils (Blumenbach), 1S02. Lower Lias, Dorsetshire, Eng-
land.
Stem short, sharply pentagonal. Coluniuals alternating, but not strongly
unequal. Internodals few, from 1 near the calyx, to 3 or 4 distally. Cirri
large, very long, prismatic or flattened, in whorls of 5 to every nodal.
2. P. subangulrrtis Miller, 1821. Upper and middle Lias, Wurtemburg,
Germany.
Stem very long, subpentangular or round. Columnals alternating, very
unequal ; internodals numerous, increasing from the calyx distalwards by
doubling. Cirri few, small, short and round.
In a good specimen from Holzmaden in my collection the cirrus
intervals increase from 3 ossicles (1 long and 2 short) beginning
with the second large colunmal near the calyx, to 7, 15, and 31
internodals at about the fifteenth internode, a distance of about 30
- Abh. Naturh. No. 70, pi. 70.
0 Crin. de la France, vol. 2, p. 385.
art. 5 THE GENUS PENTACPJNUS — SPRINGER 5
cm. ; the increase is by interpolation of new internodals, which con-
tinues progressively further down along the stem, the interpolated
columnals appearing at the surface in the form of short and thin
lacunae, which gradually widen and coalesce until they become full
columnals, and these increase in length until they approach the size
of those adjoining them. So the next increase would be to add 32
young thin ossicles to the internode, making 63 in all at about the
twenty-fourth internode.
Thus the progression would be about like this:
Internode 1 lias 1 long, 2 short 3
Internodes 2-5 have 1 long. 2 short, 4 lacunae 7
Internodes 6-10 have 3 long, 4 short, 8 lacunae 15
Internodes 11-17 have 7 long, 8 short, 16 lacunae 31
Internodes 18-25 have 15 long, 16 s-hort, 32 lacunae 63
Both groups are cited from Wurtemburg, but apparently only P.
fossills from England. De Loriol gives a list of the species in the
two groups, and declares that as to those occurring outside of France
they have not been described with sufficient exactness to enable him to
recognize them. And the same may be said of most of those from
France. In fact the literature is encumbered with the names of
more than a hundred species of Pentacrinus^ most of them without
definition by which they can be recognized. They have been pro-
posed chiefly upon isolated stem-ossicles, which differ much in con-
tour and markings according to their position in the stem. Outside
of the common species the characters are not well known, and nothing
short of a thorough revision of all species based upon the type and
associated material will afford the knowledge necessary for com-
parison.
The sj)ecimens from Alaska without doubt belong to the second,
or subangularis, group. The round column, and strong alternation
of columnals as they appear in figure 2 of our plate, establish this
conclusively. Enough is visible in the lateral views of the few short
stem fragments exposed to show that the internodal columnals merge
in the form of lacunae, as shown by figure 4, and as further ex-
plained in my paper on Pentacrinus rotiensis from the East Indies.10
No cirri are obseivable on the parts preserved. The sculpture
of the numerous joint-faces exposed on figure 2 is precisely of the
type of the Wurtemburg specimens, as figured in the above-men-
tioned paper (pi. 1, figs. 3, 4, and herein, fig. 3). But there is to be
seen a slight difference in the outline of the columnals, that of the
latter being distinctly subpentagonal, while those of our specimens
are almost' uniformly round, a difference which may be due to dif-
ferent positions in the stem.
10 Nederlandische Tirnor-Expeditie II. Jaarboek van het Mijnwesen, 4oe Jaargang,
191G, Leiden, Holland. Published in 1918.
6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
The set of arms shown in the Black Island specimen (fig. 1)
are also clearly of the sub angular is type. The brachials are slightly
wedge-shaped, giving off a pinnule from the longer side of each,
both on the main arms and the ramules, so that as seen from either
margin the pinnules are borne alternately on every second brachial.
Their form and proportions, as well as the exquisite delineation of
details, are clearly brought out in the photograph. One notable
item is the very large size of the first pinnular. which articulates
with two brachials. Some of the pinnulars show notches or crenu-
lations on the ventral edges.
In size there is not much difference between our specimens and
the average of those from Wurtemburg. Compared with good-
sized specimens from Holzmaden, as figured in Quenstedt,11 we
have the following details :
Alaska
Wurtemburg
Diameter of column .
Width of arm in lower division _ __
Mm .
6-12
7
13-14
Mm.
12, 13, 15
7
Number of brachials in interval between ramules.
13
With the foregoing facts to go on, there would seem to be no good
reason for separating the Alaskan form specifically from subangu-
laris. Yet in order to allow for probable migrational changes not
disclosed by our incomplete material, and for more convenient des-
ignation in the literature, I think best to give it a varietal name,
Pentacrinus subangularis, var. alaska, which will have at least as
good ground to stand on as any of the five varieties based on Wur-
temburg specimens into which Quenstedt undertook to subdivide
the species P. briareus, to say nothing of the doubt, before mentioned,
whether the type of the (briareus) fossills group occurs in that area.
Wishing to have the benefit of the fullest information before
finally recording my own impression. I sent copies of my figures to
Dr. F. A. Bather, requesting him to compare them with the speci-
mens in the British Museum, and to favor me Avith his opinion.
This he has very kindly done, and given me a report from which I
quote the following extract:
London, 25 May, 1923.
Dear Mr. Springer: I have examined your photographs of Pentacrinus from
Alaska with great care, comparing them with the published descriptions, and
with the material in this museum from Dorset and Wurtemberg. The only-
difference I can see is that the few stem fragments visible from the side do
not show such- marked or regular alternation in the sizes of the columnals as
do all the specimens in this museum. This may depend possibly on the region
of the column from which they came, and in any case the evidence of the
photograph is not very extensive.. The photograph of the arms shows the
"Petref. Deutschl., vol. 4, pi. 101.
art. 5 THE GENUS PENTACRINUS SPRINGER 7
pinnules much better preserved than any specimens we have here. The ventral
edges of some of the pinnulars show about four notches or crenulation?. I am
unable to detect those in any of our specimens, but the material is insufficient.
I should certainly refer these specimens to P. subangularis in the broad sense.
Quenstedt, you will remember, confessed that his attempts to divide up that
species were not very satisfactory to him.
Perhaps the most interesting feature of the Alaskan discovery is
its bearing upon the • geographical distribution of this vigorous
Jurassic crinoidal type, which now appears to have spread into al-
most all waters, and to have flourished in great profusion in regions
remote from each other. Isolated stem-ossicles from Dakota and
from Utah described as Pentacrinus asteriscus by Meek and Hay-
den,12 and as P. whitei by W. B. Clark, show a still wider spread
upon the American continent. And when we consider the further
evidence now in hand of the existence of a closely related form in
the East Indian archipelago, as given in my paper before cited, we
are impressed with the cosmopolitan range of the genus, far exceed-
ing that of any crinoid of the present ocean. It is a good illustration
of the result of conditions prevailing in the Jurassic and Cretaceous
periods of deep and clear seas, which were favorable to the develop-
ment and spread of marine faunas over large areas with a minimum
of checks and interference, in contrast to those of subsequent periods
down to the present, in which owing to the great changes in land
form affecting the conditions of marine life, and to increasing com-
petition arising from the multiplication of forms, the tendency has
been toward progressively greater restriction of faunal areas.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Pentacrinus subangularis var. alaska, new variety
Fig. 1. Part of a set of arms, with ra mules and pinnules finely preserved.
Natural size. U. S. National Museum. Black Island, Canning River.
2. A small slab filled with stem-fragments, many showing the joint-faces
in detail, and some in side view showing the very unequal columnals
with interpolated lacunae. Natural size. U. S. National Museum.
Overthrust Creek, near international boundary-
Lower Jurassic, Kingak shale; northern Alaska.
Pentacrinus subangularis Miller
3. A typical joint-face, enlarged, for comparison of structures. X2.
Author's collection.
Lower Jurassic. Upper Lias ; Boll, Wurtemburg.
Pentacrinus rotiensis Springer
4. A stem-fragment containing a complete internode of ?>even pairs" of
internodals, to show the mode of growth of younger ossicles by inter-
polation in the form of small lacunae not yet meeting at the exterior
to form a complete columnal. Collection Dr. G. A. F. Molengraaff,
Delft, Holland.
Jurassic. Island of Roti, Dutch East Indies.
12 Pal. Upper Missouri, 1865, p. G7, pi. 3, figs. 2, a-b.
o
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 5 PL. I
•4-*
rdjM*
• -f
m P
The Crinoid genus Pentacrinus in Alaska
For explanation of plate see page 7
A NEW METEOEIC STONE FROM BALDWYN, MISSIS-
SIPPI
By George P. Merrill
Head Curator of Gpology, United States National Museum
At the time of the meeting of the Geological Society of America
in Washington, December, 1923, the present writer was shown by
Prof. L. C. Glenn, of Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn., a
beautifully encrusted meteoric stone weighing about 345 grams,
which fell on the farm of Allen Cox, of Baldwyn, Miss., February
2, 1922. Concerning it Mr. Cox furnished the writer the following
information :
This meteoric stone fell * * * on my farm about one and a half miles
northwest of Baldwyn, Miss. Ed. Bush, a negro tenant on my place, who
is an unusually reliable and intelligent darky saw it fall and in fact it
did not miss hitting him by more than 10 feet. He came to the house and
reported it to me and I went with him and picked up the stone which had
buried itself about three or four inches in soft clay. It was still hot, not
hot enough to burn, but very decidedly warm and gave off a smell very
much like brimstone or a flint when it has been struck with steel and sparks
have been made to fly. The darky had been so badly scared tb«»t he had Deen
afraid to touch it. He said his attention was first attracted ijy a humming
noise which he took to be an airplane and he turned to look ttito the sky for
the airplane but saw nothing. The noise increased and in a short space of
time described by him as about a minute, but which I am stwc was only a
few seconds, a rush of air came by his head and the stone buried itself near
his feet. He did not at any time see the actual stone until it hit the ground.
It first was heard in a northwesterly direction from him and in falling de-
scribed an arch of about 30 to 35 degrees as nearly as I could tell from the
location he gave me for the position of the first sound.
As no record of this stone has thus far appeared in print, the pres-
ent writer, with Professor Glenn's permission, cut from it a thin sec-
tion from which the following description was prepared :
The stone is chondritic though the structure is quite indistinct.
The single thin section examined shows the usual fine gunular
ground with irregularly outlined areas of larger granules, the evi-
dent residue of chondrules partially obliterated through metamor-
No. 2578— Proceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. 67, Art. 6.
22259 — 25 1
2 PRECEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
phism. The determined silicate minerals are olivine and an ortho-
rhombic pyroxene with small, interstitial areas of a clear, colorless,
doubly refracting mineral which in a few instances shows plainly
the twinning striae characteristic of a plagioclase feldspar. The cut
surface shows numerous black veins, some of which are mere lines,
but in one instance 4 — 5 millimeters in diameter enclosing fragments
of the silicates, the whole imparting a somewhat breccia structure to
the stone (see pi. 1).
Under the prevailing system it would be classified as a veined
white chondrite.
This stone, the doubtfully meteoric iron of Oktibbeha and a small
stone that fell near Palahatchie in Rankin County on October 17,
1910, represent the sole contributions of the State of Mississippi to
our knowledge of the distribution of these very interesting bodies.
o
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 6 PL. I
The Baldwyn, Mississippi, Meteoric Stone
For reference to plate see page 2
THE ORIGIN, OCCURRENCE, COMPOSITION, AND PHYSI-
CAL PROPERTIES OF THE MINERAL IDDINGSITE
Ity Clarence S. Ross
Geologist, United States Geological Survey
and
Earl V. Shannon
Assistant Curator of Geology, United States National Museum
INTRODUCTION
Dr. A. C. Lawson,1 while studying the volcanic rocks in the vicinity
of Carmelo Bay, Calif., in 1893, found an undescribed mineral in the
rocks called carmeloites, to which he gave the name iddingsite ; that,
however, the mineral was a distinct species was not generally recog-
nized and it is still described in the textbooks as a variety of serpen-
tine.2 Subsequent study has shown this to be a widespread and,
at times, an abundant mineral in basaltic rocks, but its chemical com-
position and real nature have long remained matters of speculation.
It is a secondary mineral, rarely entirely free from the olivine from
which it is derived; it is rather finely disseminated among other
minerals of nearly the same specific gravity, and so investigators
have been deterred from making the tedious efforts required for its
separation and analysis.
The chemical portion of the following paper is based upon eight
analyses of iddingsite from six localities, and while the results of
these analyses do not give a complete understanding of the chemical
composition of iddingsite, they show that it is not serpentine and
establish it as a distinct mineral species. All the analyzed iddingsites,
and additional materials from widely separated localities from the
western United States, have been examined; the physical properties
have been determined; its relations to the associated minerals have
1 Lawson, Andrew C, Univ. of Calif. Bull, of Dept. of Geol., No. 1, p. 31. 1893.
2 Johannsen, Albert, Determination of rock-forming' minerals, p. 361, New York, 1908.
Iddings, Joseph P., Rock minerals, p. 381, New York, 1911. Winchell, N. H., and A. N.,
Elements of optical mineralogy, p. 300, New York, 1909.
No. 2579— Proceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. 67, Art. 7.
23555—25 1 1
9. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
been studied: and conclusions as to the genesis of iddingsite have
been reached. This paper is presented in the belief that the available
data on the composition, and a detailed study of the origin of this
long discussed mineral will prove to be of interest, as the results
are distinctly at -variance with previous views about iddingsite.
REVIEW OF PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS OF IDDINGSITE
In a discussion of the rocks of the Eureka district, Nevada, Id-
dings3 says of the mineral later named iddingsite: "There com-
mences from the surface and from fractures (in olivine) as in the
ordinary process a fibration, not in directions always normal to the
surface, but in lines parallel throughout the crystal, and parallel also
to some direction in the plane of the more perfect cleavage- The
fibers have a light yellow color at first, which deepens into a red-
dish brown or blood red as the decomposition proceeds; they polarize
light brilliantly and show parallel extinction and sometimes faint
pleochroism. The resultant mineral is evidently not a compound
aggregate, but a crystallographic individual, with parallel orienta-
tion in all its parts, for the extinction of light is the same through-
out, and the interference figure is that of a doubly refracting crys-
tal." Iddings observed occasional well crystallized hexagonal plates
in the less altered olivine and found that on treatment with hot
concentrated hydrochloric acid the mineral lost color without chang-
ing its optical properties. This induced him to think that : " The
substance is in this case a nearly colorless micaceous mineral, colored
red by iron oxide." He concludes:
That the mineral is a foliated, crystallized form of serpentine seems prob-
able from the fact that most of the basalts are so fresh, with the decomposi-
tion of tbe olivine frequently confined to the weathered surface, that a very
radical change is not likely to have taken place, and that simple hydration
and oxidation of a very ferruginous olivine would supply all the chemical
elements necessary to transform it into anhydrous unsilicate of magnesia and
ferric iron; besides which is the fact that the optical properties of the min-
eral in question correspond to those given by Miller for thermophyllite.
Describing the " Potlach pseudomorphs after olivin • " in the Car-
boniferous tuffs and dolorite of Derbyshire, Arnold-Bemrose * says:
The plane of the optic axes is at right angles to the length of the original
crystal, the angle between the optic axes is very small, and the double refrac-
tion negative. As a rule the pseudomorphs behave as a crystallographic in-
dividual, and not as an aggregate. The traces of the cleavage are generally
parallel to the length of the crystal. * * * When mounted, the thin Hakes
appeal- brown or brownish-yellow by transmitted light. In convergent light
they show a biaxial figure, with a small angle between the axes and negative
double refraction. They are sometimes almost uniaxial. When a fragment does
:1 [ddings, Joseph P., Appendix H, Mono. 20, 1". s. Geol. Survey, pp. 388-300, 1892.
' Arnold-Bemrose, II. H., Quart. Joui-n. Geol. Soc, p. 603, London, 1804.
akt.7 THE MINERAL IDDINGSITE — ROSS AND SHANNON 3
not lie on the cleavage plane ii shows dichroism, the greatesi absorption taking
place when the shorl axis of the polarizer is parallel to the trace of the
cleavage.
In his investigation of iddingsite, Lawson5 made qualitative
chemical tests and says:
Chemically therefore iddingsite is a hydrous nonaluminous silicate of iron,
magnesia, and soda. * * * The extraction of iron by acids without decom-
position of the mineral indicates that a considerable proportion of that ele-
ment is present, not as a part of the silicate molecule, but as a pigment in the
form of hematite or limonite. probably the latter.
Of the optical properties Lawson says:
Under the microscope the cleavage plates prove to be biaxial, and yield with
great definitenoss a figure which shows that the plane of the optic axis is at
right angles to the cleavage and parallel to the c axis, and that the acute
bisectrix is perpendicular to the cleavage, being coincident with the a axis.
In these plates and in all sections transverse to the cleavage in the slides the
extinction is strictly parallel to the cleavage, to the fibrous structure, and to
the trace of the pinacoids. This shows that the three axes of elasticity are
parallel to the three crystallographic axes, respectively, and that the mineral
is therefore orthorhombic. * * * In thin section iddingsite becomes trans-
parent in colors which range from a deep chestnut brown to citron yellow, or
occasionally a clear greenish yellow. The pleochroism is strongly marked in
sections transverse to the cleavage, particularly so in those parallel to the
axial plane, but usually very feeble in sections parallel to the cleavage. The
absorption formula is c>fa>a.
The double refraction (not given) low. The other properties
determined by Lawson may be summarized as follows : Hardness
2.4; Specific gravity variable, maximum 2.893; Infusible before the
blowpipe, and not perceptibly altered. Yields Avater in the closed
tube. He concludes :
It is evidently not the form of crystallized serpentine thermophyllite, since
it differs from the latter in physical appearance, in behavior before the blow-
pipe, in density, in luster, and in color : neither does it correspond optically
with serpentine. Moreover, the development of serpentine from olivine by
hydration is accompanied by a swelling of the mass. In the case of iddingsite,
on the contrary, there is very frequently excellent evidence of shrinkage.
* * * There appears to be no good reason for regarding the mineral as a
crystallized variety of serpentine.
Ivansome 6 studied iddingsite in the eruptive rocks oj Point Bonita
and has the following to say of the mineral :
Iddingsite is present in many of the slides of the diabase, in rounded ideo-
morphic crystals of various sizes up to about 2 millimeters in length, whose
outlines are strongly suggestive of olivine. The color varies from light green-
ish yellow to dark dingy green. * * * These sections are pleochroic, being
dark yellowish green parallel to the cleavage, and light greenish yellow at
right angles to that position. Under crossed nicols the undecomposed portions
show brilliant mottled polarization colors, crimson and green predominating.
5 Lawson, Andrew C, Univ. of Calif. Bull.. Dept. of Geol., No. 1. pp. 31-36, L893.
•Ransoine, F. L„ Bull. Kept. Geol., t'niv. Calif., No. 1, pp. 90-!>l:, 1894.
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. G7
ancl the double refraction is therefore strong. The mean index of refraction
(not given) is rather low. The distinctly terminated prismatic sections are
but slightly pleochroic and show no cleavage. The interference colors are
moreover low. In general they give a distinct biaxial figure, with a small
angle. * * * The plane of the optic axes lies parallel to the longer axis
of the prism, and is, therefore, perpendicular to the cleavage planes. * * *
The mineral was ascertained to be optically negative.
OCCURRENCE
Iddingsite is widely distributed in the basaltic rocks of the San
Juan region of southern Colorado and northern New Mexico, and,
indeed, throughout the western United States. Petrographic studies 7
of these rocks show conclusively that the red or red-brown altera-
tion product of olivine is not serpentine and indicate that it is a
definite mineral as suggested by Lawson.
Iddingsite nearly always gives clear evidence of its derivation
from olivine, since the outlines of the original olivine crystals are
often beautifully preserved. All degrees of alteration have been ob-
served from perfect, homogeneous crystals of iddingsite to olivine
crystals with the merest film of iddingsite between cleavage cracks.
Usually the outer zone is changed to iddingsite where the alteration
isj incomplete, but in one large group of rocks the central area is
usually iddingsite with an outer zone of fresh olivine. The manner
of alteration appears to depend upon some property inherent in the
original olivine itself, which allows some parts to be more easily
altered than others. Much of the iddingsite seems at first glance to
be fibrous, and it has been so described. Close study, however, shows
that this effect in ihe material investigated is the result of minute
inclusions of spinels, magnetite, or hematite. High magnifications
of small grains of iddingsite reveal a clean fracture with no indica-
tion of fibers. The photomicrographs in Plates 1 and 2 show the
relationships between olivine and iddingsite in a number of different
rocks. In many specimens (pi. 1, fig. 1, and pi. 2, fig. 4), there is an
outer zone of iddingsite surrounding a core of olivine with a ragged
area between the two, with shredlike masses of iddingsite extending
into the olivine. In other specimens (pi. 1, figs. 3, 4) there is altera-
tion along cracks in the olivine with the same shredlike masses of
iddingsite extending into olivine. In some specimens (pi. 1, fig. 3)
there is an outer zone of iddingsite around olivine with a sharp con-
tact between the two. In many specimens the large phenocrysts are
completely changed to iddingsite, while small groundmass grains of
olivine of a later generation show little alteration. In one large
group of rocks (pi. 1, fig. 3; pi. 2, figs. 5, 6) there is an inner core of
iddingsite surrounded by fresh olivine. In some specimens (pi. 1,
7I.ai:.i, Esper S., Bull. G70, U. S. Gool. Survey, p. 90, 1921.
akt.7 THE MINERAL IDDINGSITE — ROSS AND SHANNON 5
fig. 4) alteration has occurred along cracks with very sharp contacts
between iddingsite and olivine. Much of the iddingsite investigated
contains very small grains of magnetite and other spinels arranged
in minute lines parallel to the crystallographic axes of the mineral.
A pale brown or yellow material is associated with iddingsite in
some rocks and this material is represented by analyses 3 and 5.
This is usualty cryptocrystaliine and has a lower index of refraction
than normal iddingsite and a small axial angle where it is possible
to determine it. It forms a rim around iddingsite in some specimens
and a core in others. The contact between the two types of material
is sharp in some specimens and transitional in others. The evidence
does not clearly indicate whether this pale material is impure, im-
perfectly crystallized iddingsite or a different but closely related
mineral.
Usually there is evidence that there was a very marked loss of
volume during alteration of olivine to iddingsite, as the cleavage
planes (pi. 2, fig. 1) are marked by widely gaping cracks that, oc-
cupy 10 to 20 per cent of the volume of the original olivine.
ORIGIN
Iddingsite has usually been described as a weathering product of
olivine. Its origin through the processes of weathering can not be
summarily rejected for all occurrences, but in the material studied in
the preparation of this paper an origin through weathering seems to
be extremely improbable. In the basaltic rocks of southern Colorado
and northern New Mexico there is no observable relation between
the occurrence of olivine or iddingsite in a rock and the amount of
weathering that rock has undergone. In general, there is little
weathering in these rocks and iddingsite occurs in the freshest of
them, in association with unaltered aiigite, feldspars that are not
even clouded, and basaltic glass (a very unstable material) that is
unchanged. It has been observed evenly distributed from top to bot-
tom of a basaltic sill 50 feet in thickness where no trace of weather-
ing could be found. Its occurrence bears no relation to exposure of
surface, proximity to joint cracks or relative age of the various beds.
It may be abundant in one flow and be absent in any one or all of
either higher or lower flows of a series. Several flows have been
identified where iddingsite of similar characteristics is present over
very wide areas, showing that the characteristics of the iddingsite
are inherent in the rock.
In rocks that do show extensive alteration, serpentine and not
iddingsite has developed from olivine. Some basalts show a narrow
leached zone at the surface, and here impure amorphous aggregates
of hydrous iron oxides have formed from the olivine crystals and
not iddingsite.
6 PROCEEDINGS OE THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.. 67
In many of the rocks studied the relation of fresh olivine and
iddingsite present pecularities that appear to give a clew as to the
mode of origin. The presence of small grains of ground-mass
olivine remaining nearly fresh in the presence of large phenoerysts
that have been completely changed to iddingsite suggests that the
processes involved in the change are partly dependent on the original
composition of olivine. The basalt of the Hinsdale volcanic series
of the Rio Grande Valley of northern New Mexico has been traced
for 80 miles, and wherever observed it shows cores of iddingsite
surrounded by fresh olivine (see pi. 1, fig. 2, and pi. 2, figs. 5, 6).
Similarly, rocks from many other sources show a very distinct zonal
relationship in the development of the iddingsite. It seems very
difficult to explain such relationships on the basis of weathering,
especially as these phenomena are characteristic of single flows or
single groups of flows over wide areas. On the other hand, these
facts suggest very strongly that the alteration was partly dependent
upon zonal variations in the original olivine from which the idding-
site was derived. This led to an investigation of the olivines of
iddingsite-bearing rocks. The basalt of Cerro Mohera, New Mexico,
is of the same age and type as that giving rise to the sharp zones of
olivine around iddingsite shown (pi. 1, fig. 2, and pi. 2, figs. 5, 6),
but is itself little altered. A careful study of the optical properties
of this olivine showed that the index of refraction for [3 varied from
n=1.711 to n=1.722, and the optical character varied from -\- to — ,
indicating an appreciable variation in the proportion of iron silicate
(Fe2Si04) in the olivine molecule. These facts, supported as they
are by the mineral relationships, seem to show that the formation
of iddingsite from olivine is partly dependent upon the chemical
composition of the olivine.
Iddingsite is confined almost exclusively to extrusive or hypa-
byssal rocks and is practically absent from deep-seated rocks, but
if iddingsite were derived from olivine by ordinary weathering
there is no reason why it should not occur in abyssal rocks. The
restriction in occurrence shows that specialized conditions are re-
quired for the formation of the mineral and that these conditions
are most often realized in a cooling extrusive. This restriction in
occurrence and the relationships described indicate that the develop-
ment of iddingsite is definitely associated with magmas that cooled
near the surface.
In discussing iddingsite, Iddings8 says:
There remained in the portion (iddingsite) subjected to acid, well developed,
nearly opaque octahedrons, most likely picotite.
Biddings, Joseph P., U. S. Geol. Survey, Mono. 20, p. 390.
art. 7 THE MINERAL IDDINGSITE— ROSS \ X i I SHANNON 7
Ransome ° says:
It (iddingsite) includes abundant grains of iron ores, and frequently dark
In-own microscopic crystals of chromite or picotite. * * In the Point
Bonita iddingsite the limonitic p'gment is entirely absent.
The writers have found very large amounts of magnetite in the
iddingsite from Race Creek. Colo., and spinels in that from Brazos
River, N. Mex. Small amounts of magnetite or -related minerals
seem to be almost always associated with iddingsite. These asso-
ciated minerals that have clearly developed by the same processes as
iddingsite contribute a very convincing line of evidence that id-
dingsite is not the result of ordinary rock weathering. Weathering
would produce hydrous iron oxides probably in the form of limonite
and would be very unlikely to yield magnetite and other minerals of
the spinel group. On the other hand these would be the very minerals
to form if the alteration of olivine to iddingsite were the result of
magmatic or deuteric 10 processes.
Sederholm says:
I think that it would be advisable to discriminate between such metasomatic
changes which belong to a later period of metamorphism, i. e. are secondary in
the strictest sense of the word, and those which have taken place in the direct
continuation of the consolidation of the magma of the rock itself. I propose
to call the later deuteric, as distinct from secondary changes.
This strongly confirms the evidence presented by the restriction in
occurrence and suggests that iddingsite is a deuteric mineral] that is,
it has been produced by processes largely inherent in the magma
itself, probably brought about by gases during final cooling.
The conclusion that iddingsite is a deuteric mineral first based
purely on petrographic evidence is strongly supported by the chem-
ical analyses. The ordinary agents of weathering would be ex-
tremely unlikely to produce an homogeneous crystal with definite
optical properties and the chemical composition of iddingsite. On
page 8 is given a typical analysis of iddingsite and the analysis of
an olivine from rocks of the same region.
A comparison of these analyses shows that the proportion of
silica has remained nearly constant, a little aluminum and calcium
appear to have been added, the iron has all been changed from the
ferrous to the ferric state and its proportion has greatly increased,
water has been added in large amount, and magnesium has been
largely abstracted. It is clear that in the change of olivine to
iddingsite there has been a metasomatic replacement, and the only
stages through which these rocks have passed where forces seem-
ingly capable of performing such work have been a ti\e are those
8 Ransome, Frank L., Univ. of Calif. Bull, of Dept. Geol., Xo. 1, p. 92, 1893.
111 Sederholm, J. J., Com. Geol. de Flnlande, Bull. No. 48, pp. 141-142, 1916.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
vol. 67
associated with magmatic cooling. It is, therefore, concluded that
iddingsite is most probably a deuteric mineral formed in the pres-
ence of heat, water, and gases after the magma has reached a horizon
near enough the surface to give oxidizing conditions. The magma
must have come to rest before iddingsite formed for though it is a
very brittle mineral it is never fractured, or distorted by flow.
A similar result may have been produced in other ways. Thus it
is quite probable that the heat and gases given off by one lava flow
would have a metasomatic action on a previous flow, and iddingsite
might be the result of this action. It is doubted, however, if this
effect could be widespread, and it could not produce a uniform dis-
tribution of iddingsite from top to bottom of a thick flow.
A comparison of the chemical composition of iddingsite and ser-
pentine shows how different are the processes involved in the devel-
opment of the two minerals.
Comparative analyses of iddmg&ite, serpentine, and olivine
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Si02
38. 63
1. 78
32. 49
42. 17
. 30
1. 57
. 64
44. 1
38. 76
A1203
Fe203
FeO
22. 55
CaO
2. 79
6. 64
17. 70
trace.
MgO
H,0
41. 33
13. 72
43. 0
12.9
38. 52
. 09
100. 03
99. 73
100. 0
99. 92
(1) Iddingsite from La Jara Creek, Conejos quadrangle. Colo.
(2) Serpentine from Fort Henry, New York,11 analysis No. 19.
(3) Serpentine ideal composition.
(4) Olivine from Cerro Mohera near Tres Predias, N. M.
In analyzed serpentine aluminum peroxide (ALQ.) and iron
peroxide (Fe2Oa) reach a maximum of G per cent, and a variable
amount of iron monoxide (FeO) replaces magnesium oxide (MgO),
but- no serpentine even remotely resembling iddingsite has ever been
described. Serpentine is generally believed to have been the result
of metasomatic changes at some depth and seldom, if ever, the result
of surface weathering, and yet its chemical composition is not very
different from that of the olivine from which it is derived. The
changes in the ratios of the chemical components involved in the
derivation of serpentine from olivine are very much less than the
changes in ratio when iddin£site is derived from olivine. It is also
11 Dana, James D., Descriptive mineralogy, p. 672, 1909.
art, 7 THE MINERAL IDDINGSITE ROSS AND SHANNON 9
evident that 'serpentine forms under conditions where reducing condi-
tions prevail, and most of the iron remains in the ferrous condition,
while iddingsite forms where oxidizing conditions produce ferric
iron.
PETROLOGY OF IDDINGSITE-BEARING ROCKS
RACE CREEK, COLO., OCCURRENCE
The rock containing the material represented by analysis (1) is
and andesite of basaltic habit of late Tertiary age collected from a
peak at the headwaters of Race Creek near the south edge of the
Creede quadrangle, Colorado, and about 11 miles south of South
Fork on the Creede branch of the Denver & Rio Grande Western
Railroad. The rock is gray and somewhat vesicular and in the hand
specimen shows phenocrysts of oligoclase, quartz, and iddingsite.
The modal composition of the rock is as follows :
Mineral composition of andesite from Race Creek, Colo.
Quartz 0.5
Plagioclase (oligoclase) 60. 0
Augite IS. 7
Iddingsite 8. 5
Olivine 3.8
Magnetite S. 0
Apatite 0. 5
Total 100. 0
This rock contains augite and magnetite in notable proportions, but
the feldspars are sodic and like the Brazos River Rock it would be
classed as an andesite. The iddingsite occurs in euhedral pseudo-
morphs after olivine reaching 3 millimeters in length and in sub-
hedral aggregates. The alteration from olivine to iddingsite is not
complete in all grains, but the large difference in specific gravity
of olivine and iddingsite allowed its elimination. Part of the ma-
terial was rich in particles of magnetite, but this was separated
magnetically and eliminated before analysis. The particles of
magnetite are arranged in lines parallel to the crystal axes of the
original olivines. In thin section the iddingsite shows very distinct
open shrinkage cracks, and the iddingsite occupies from 15 to 20
per cent less volume than the olivine from which it was derived.
LA JARA CREEK, COLO., OCCURRENCE
The iddingsite of analysis (2) was concentrated from a nearly nor-
mal olivine basalt of late Tertiary age collected near the base of a
cliff on La Jara Creek, 19 miles northwest of Antonnito, Conejos
quadrangle, Colorado.
23555—25 2
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
The rock is medium-grained, dark gray, and very coarsely vesic-
ular. The modal composition is as follows :
Mineral composition of basalt from La Jura Creek Colo.
Plagioclase (oligoclase) 60. 0
Augite 28. 6
Olivine 1. 3
Iddingsite 3. 8
Magnetite 0. 6
Total 100. 0
The iddingsite occurs in masses of a maximum diameter of 4
millimeters, whose outlines are those of olivine. The olivine is only
partly altered to iddingsite, but the greater specific gravity of olivine
allows an almost complete separation of the two minerals. Part of
the alteration product of olivine was a lemon yellow material, which
under the microscope appeared to be cryptocrystalline. This ma-
terial has a lower specific gravity than crystalline iddingsite and is
represented by analysis No. 3. It contains many minute, highly
magnetic black inclusions arranged in lines running parallel to the
crystallographic axes, which are undoubtedly magnetite.
BERNARDS FERRY, IDAHO, OCCURRENCE
A specimen of basalt from Bernards Ferry, Silver City quad-
rangle, Owyhee County, Idaho, contained in Lindgren's12 studied
series of rocks yielded the iddingsite used in analysis No. 4. The
rock contains abundant reddish brown iddingsite, although Lindgren
does not mention olivine or iddingsite in his brief description of the
basalts of the region. The rock is coarse-grained, slightly vesicular,
and dark gray. The modal composition is as follows :
Mineral composition of the basalt from Bernards Ferry, Idaho
Plagioclase AbssAnsa 46. 0
Augite 43. 3
Olivine 2. 6
Iddingsite 5. 9 -
Magnetite 2. 2
Total 100. 0
The iddingsite is dark reddish brown and occurs as pseudomorphs
after olivine. The larger grains are completely altered to iddingsite,
but some of the smaller ones show outer borders of olivine around
cores of iddingsite.
As in the occurrence previously described, the Bernards Ferry
rock contains a cryptociystalline substance derived from the olivine
in the same manner as the deeper red crystalline material which is
12 Lindgren, Waldemar, U. S. Geol. Surv. Ann. Rept. 20, pt. 3.
art, 7 THE MINERAL IDDINGSITE ROSS AND SHANNON 11
represented by analysis No. 5. In some specimens this forms at the
core and in others as a border around the crystalline part. It seems
clear that the two types of material were not the result of different
conditions during formation but are dependent upon variations in the
composition of the olivine from which they were derived.
SOUTH ELK CREEK, COLO., OCCURRENCE
The rock containing the iddingsite represented by analysis 6 was
collected at the cliffs surrounding a cirque at the head of South Elk
Creek in the southwest part of the Conejos quadrangle, Colorado.
The rock is of the same age as the La Jara Creek and Gato Creek oc-
currences. It is a nearly black basalt with conspicuous red areas of
iddingsite reaching a maximum diameter of 2 millimeters. The min-
eral composition of the rocks is as follows :
Mode of basalt from South Elk Creek, Colo.
Labradorite 52
Augite 20
Iddingsite 19
Magnetite 9
Total 100
GATO CREEK, COLO., OCCURRENCE
The iddingsite represented by analysis 7 was secured from a dike
occurring on Gato Creek, 2 miles above Tipton's ranch in the north
central part of the Conejos quadrangle, Colorado. The rock is a
fine-grained, porous gray andesite with about the following mineral
composition :
Mode of andesite from Gato Creek, Colo.
Andesine 71
Augite 15
Iddingsite 10
Magnetite 1 4
Total 100
The iddingsite occurs in rounded grains about 0.5 millimeter in
diameter and is clearly derived from olivine.
BRAZOS RIVER, N. MEX., OCCURRENCE
Analysis No. 8 is an iddingsite in an andesite occurring one-half
mile east of the Brazos River in the Rio Ariba County, N. Mex.,
and about 15 miles south of Osier on the Durango branch of the
Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. The rock appears to be an instru-
sive sill of Miocene age that forms a sheer 50-foot ledge at this place.
A microscopic study showed that it contained a red material de-
rived from olivine, but with no residual olivine. It is rather coarse-
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
grained andesite, is light gray in color, and is very fresh, showing
no indications of weathering. Its modal composition is as follows :
Mineral composition of andesite from Brazos River, N. Mex.
Plagioclase (AbeoAn^) 82. 9
Augite 8. 7
Iddingsite 4.6
Magnetite 3. 8
Total 100. 0
This rock contains rather sodic feldspars and is unusually low in
femic minerals to be olivine bearing, but the form of the red altera-
tion product shows that it was derived from that mineral, and other
specimens from the same horizon in the region show olivine in all
degrees of alteration to iddingsite. The alteration mineral occurs in
irregularly rounded grains, in aggregates of several grains, and as
perfectly bounded, pseudomorphs after olivine, varying in size from
0.05 to 2 millimeters. Many of the grains contain minute particles
distributed in lines that run parallel to one of the crystallographic
axes of the original olivine. In partty altered olivine, between id-
dingsite and colorless olivine, may be seen a brown zone which is
filled with lines of inclusions that continue into homogeneous id-
dingsite. These inclusions are dark brown in color and very small.
They are isotropic and have an index of refraction a little lower than
1.74. Their specific gravity is greater than that of iddingsite, since
it was possible to separate and reject that part of the iddingsite con-
taining them in greatest amount. These things make it seem proba-
ble that they are iron-magnesium spinel.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Iddingsite from many localities has been studied, but the material
from Brazos River, N. Mex., is the most homogeneous and shows the
physical properties in greatest perfection. For that reason the
Brazos iddingsite will be described in detail and that from other
localities more briefly.
The iddingsite of the Brazos River rock is very brittle. The
hardness is about 3.5 and the specific gravity 2.80. In small grains
the cleavage is somewhat imperfect, but four cleavages can be
recognized. If the orientation X=a, Y=b, Z=c (a = a, b = &, c = c),
proposed by Lawson, is retained, there is one cleavage (100) perpen-
dicular to the acute bisectrix; a second (001) is perpendicular to the
obtuse bisectrix; a third (010) is parallel to the plane of the optic
axes; and the fourth (101) is nearly perpendicular to an optic axis.
That is, a cleavage parallel to the macropinacoid, one parallel to the
basal pinacoid, one parallel to the brachy-pinacoid, and one parallel
to the macrodome. In thin sections three cleavages (100) (001) and
akt. 7 THE MINERAL IDDINGSITE ROSS AND SHANNON 13
(010) can easily be recognized, and (101) is seen less frequently.
The indices of refraction are :
a=1.792±0.003 (3 is variable, 1.827 to 1.840+0.003
Y=1.861±0.003 a-T=0.072
The axial angle is variable, the extreme values of 2V ranging from
60 to 90°, but most of the grains have 2V=80 to 90°. The optical
character is usually negative, but in some of the grains the optical
angle passes through 90° and the mineral becomes positive. The
dispersion is strong: p<u "when the character is negative and p>u
when it is positive. The color is deep reddish brown to brownish-
ruby red, and the pleochroism is distinct in all but basal sections.
The indices of refraction of the iddingsite from the Brazos River
rock are rather high but the other optical properties are similar to
those of other occurrences.
The iddingsite from Race Creek, Colo., is brittle. The hardness
is about 3.2, and the specific gravity about 2.54. In small grains the
color is dull dark brown. Three mutually perpendicular cleavages
(100), (001), and (010) are very good and a less perfect one (101)
gives plates that are nearly perpendicular to an optic axis. X=a
is the acute bisectrix. The indices of refraction are somewhat
variable a=1.608±.005 £=1.646 ±.005, y=1.655±.005 a~Y=.047
2Y=20°— 50°, but a large proportion of the grains have 2V=
35°— 42°, and only a few reach the maximum values given. The
optical character is negative. The dispersion is strong p<u. In
thin section the color is golden yellow to golden brown, pleochroism
slight.
The iddingsite from Bernards Ferry, Silver City quadrangle,
Idaho, is deep reddish brown in color. It has very perfect cleavage,
but the great brittleness prevents a good development of the cleav-
age. Cleavages parallel to the planes of the three crystal axes are
well developed, and the large number of plates approximately per-
pendicular to an optic axis indicate a fourth. Cleavages (100),
(001), (010), and (101). Optical orientation X=«, Y=b, Z=c.
The indices of refraction are: a=1.710±.005, £=1.722±.005,
7=1.754±:.005, a— yr=.044. The optical angle is variable 2V=20°
to 65°, most of the grains about 50°. The optical character is nega-
tive, dispersion strong. The color is deep brownish red, pleochro-
ism slight
For purposes of comparison the optical properties of iddingsite
from other localities are given below :
1. Type material from carmeloite, Carmelo Bay, Calif.; reddish
brown; extinction parallel to cleavage; X is normal to cleavage
plates. Optically negative. Dispersion p<v (strong). Pleochroic.
a=1.723±.003. p=1.745±.003. y=1.765±.003. a— T=0.42. 2V large.
14
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
vol. 67
2. Head of Mill Gulch, south central part of Uncompahgre quad-
rangle. Gabbro inclusion in basalt. Deep reddish brown grains.
X is normal to cleavage plates. Extinction parallel to cleavage.
2V=40° estimated. Optically negative. Dispersion p<u (strong).
Pleochroic. Indices a=1.724±.003. 0=1.745 ±.003. y= 1.768 ±.003.
of— Y=.044.
3.13 Pyroxene latite, Wicher Mountain knoll, Pikes Peak quad-
rangle. Reddish brown grains. Optically—. 2V large. p<v
(strong). X normal to the plates. Indices vary somewhat a?=1.71±
0.01. 0=1.74+0.01. T=1.76±0.01. a— Y=.05.
4. Uncompahgre quadrangle, Colorado. In thin section clear pale
reddish brown. Optical properties vary a little. Optically-)-. 2V
large. p>v (strong). Faintly pleochroic. a = 1.70±0.01. (i=1.72±
0.01. y=1.74±0.01. a— y=.04.
5. La Jara Creek, Conejos quadrangle, Colorado. Bright reddish
brown. Optical properties vary a little. Optically—. 2V=25° to
45°. p<u (strong). Pleochroic. X perpendicular to plates. a=
1.674±0.0004. p=1.710±0.004. T=1.718±0.004.
Table of optical properties of iddingsite
Locality
Optical
angle
2V
Indices of refraction
7 — a
Opti-
cal
a
0 7
char-
acter
Race Creek, Colo __ -
La Jara Creek, Colo
Bernard's Ferrv, Idaho
South Elk Creek, Colo
Gato Creek, Conejos quad-
rangle, Colorado
35°-42°
25°-45°
50°
a 60°
20°-25°
60°-90°
40°
Large.
Large.
Large.
35°-42°
42°
1. 608
1. 674
1. 710
1. 710
1. 70
1. 792
1. 724
1. 70
1. 71
1. 723
1. 720
1. 730
1. 650
1. 715
1. 746
1. 735
1. 73
1. 827-
1. 846
1. 763
1. 72
1. 74
1. 715
1. 725
1. 725
1. 655
1. 718
1. 751
1. 745
1. 74
1. 864
1. 768
1. 74
1. 76
1. 765
1. 760
1. 765
0. 047
0. 044
0. 044
0. 35
0. 040
0. 072
0. 044
0. 04
0. 05
0. 042
0. 040
0. 035
+
Brazos River, N. Mex
Mill Gulch, Colo
Uncompahgre quadrangle
Colorado . __
+
Wicher Mountain, Colo
Carmelo Bay, Calif
Daton Peak, Routt County,
Colo_.
Death Valley, Calif
—
" About.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Iddingsite has not heretofore been analyzed because of its mode
of occurrence, always as small grains, as a rock constituent which
made the obtaining of pure material, in amount sufficient for quan-
titative chemical examination, exceedingly difficult. In the course of
13 4, 5. Larsen, Esper S., U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 670, p. 91, 1921.
abt,7 THE MINERAL EDDINGSITE ROSS AND SHANNON 15
the present work there were purified and analyzed, more or less
completely, six. samples of clean crystalline iddingsite from as many
localities together with cryptocrystalline materials associated with
two of the crystalline materials analyzed.
In most cases the samples of purified material available amounted
to only 0.25 gram. These samples were separated by the use of a
powerful electromagnet and heavy solutions from igneous rocks in
which the iddingsites formed grains seldom exceeding 2 millimeters
in diameter. In general the practice was to crack the iddingsite-
bearing rock into small pieces with a hammer and gouge out the
visible iddingsite with a sharp steel point yielding a product of high
iddingsite content for subsequent treatment. This was crushed and
screened to uniform size, the dust removed, and the material sepa-
rated magnetically and with methylene iodide gravity solutions.
The mineral, as established by previous investigators, is insoluble
in acids, but upon digestion in hot hydrochloric acid yields up its
iron and probably its other bases, leaving decolorized scales. This
phenomenon has been interpreted as evidence indicating that the
iron is not essential to the composition but is present as staining films
of limonite or hematite. The fallacy of this reasoning is patent when
it is recalled that many minerals behave thus, even so common a
substance as biotite leaving decolorized scales of silica retaining
the original form and optical properties of the mineral, when
digested in hot concentrated sulphuric acid. Few would venture to
suggest, from this observation, that the iron of biotite is nonessential
or extraneous.
The analytical results on the iddingsites are given in the following
tables :
1. Crystalline iddingsite from Race Creek, Colo.
2. Crystalline iddingsite from La Jara Creek, Colo.
3. Cryptocrystalline material associated with the iddingsite from
La Jara Creek of the preceding analysis.
4. Crystalline iddingsite from Bernards Ferry, Owyhee County,
Idaho. Specimen collected by Lindgren.
5. Ciw^ptocrystalline material associated with the preceding id-
dingsite from Bernards Ferry, Idaho.
6. Crystalline iddingsite from South Elk Creek, Colo.
7. Crystalline iddingsite from Gato Creek, Conejos quadrangle,
Colo.
8. Crystalline iddingsite of high index from Rio Brazos, N. Mex.
Original analysis.
9. Iddingsite from Rio Brazos. Preceding analysis corrected for
impurities and recalculated to 100 per cent.
16
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
vol. 67
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Si02
42. 12
38. 63
.24
1. 78
32. 49
Trace.
2. 79
Trace.
6. 64
9. 24
8. 46
44. 38
. 11
2. 65
26. 87
40.28
. 12
3. 16
29. 76
44. 40
TiOo
. 16
A1203 - _-
2. 28
Feo03 --
34. 16
None.
1. 72
29. 00
FeO
CaO --
2. 54
Trace.
5. 13
10. 09
8. 64
3.00
2.20
BaO
MgO. .
6. 40
8. 84
7.20
10. 36
5. 2S
8. 12
7. 12
H2O+110° C.
6. 96
H2O-110° C
8.40
Total
100. 44
100. 27
100. 41
100. 08
100. 52
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
Si02
35. 60
3. 60
31. 24
38.94
4. 62
29. 78
.96
2.26
4.96
9.30
8. 40
23. 22
3. 18
53. 88
. 72
2. 36
3. 01
9. 36
4.48
21. 02
AI2O3
2. 18
Fe203
57.27
FeO
.67
CaO._
1. 64
11. 92
9.80
6. 72
1. 64
MgO .
2. 50
H2O + 110° C.
9. 96
H20— 110° C. _
4. 76
Total. . __ _
100. 52
99. 22
100. 21
100. 00
Excluding from consideration, for the moment the cryptocrystal-
line materials, columns 3 and 5, and the Brazos River sample, col-
umns 8 and 9, the remaining analyses are decidedly similar as shown
by the following comparison and average :
(1)
(2)
(4)
(6)
(7)
Average
Si02_.
42. 12
38.63
.24
1.78
32. 49
Trace.
2. 79
6. 64
9.24
8.46
40. 28
. 12
3. 16
29. 76
35.60
38. 94
39. 11
TiOo
a. 18
A1203 _
3. 60
31. 24
4. 62
29. 78
.96
2. 26
4. 96
9. 30
8. 40
3.29
Fe203
FeO
34. 16
None.
1.72
6.40
8. 84
7.20
31. 49
". 96
CaO..
3.00
10. 36
5.28
8. 12
1. 64
11. 92
9. 80
6.72
2. 28
MgO
8.05
H2O4-110° C
H2O-110° C
8.49
7. 78
Total
100. 44
100. 27
100. 08
100. 52
99. 22
101. 63
• The amounts here indicated are probably about what the averages would be were these constituents
accurately determined on each sample. In most of the analyses, owing to scarcity of material Ti02 is in-
cluded with Si02and the FeO-, always very small in amount, is included with Fe203. This explains the
high summation of the average column.
art. 7 THE MINERAL IDDINGSITE ROSS AND SHANNON
The average column gives the following ratios:
17
Si02
TiO,
A1203
39. 11
. 18
3. 29
31.49
. 96
2. 28
8. 05
8.49
7. 78
0. 649
. 002
. 032
. 197
. 013
. 041
. 200
.471
. 428
} 0. 651
} . 229
.254
} . 899
0. 217 X 3
. 229 X 1
. 254 X 1
. 225 X 4
0. 96 X 3
Fe203
1. 01 X 1
FeO.
CaO.
1. 11 X 1
MgO
H20 +
H20-_
. 99 X 4
Total
101. 63
The formula derived from the ratios is :
MgO . Fe203 . 3Si02 . 4H20 .
with the magnesia replaced in part by CaO which is in the ratio,
approximately, of CaO : MgO = 1:4. The calculated composition
for this formula is as follows :
Si02 39. 66
Fe,03 35. 01
CaO 2.46
MgO 7. 07
H2O+ 7.90
H2O— 7. 90
Total 100. 00
In view of the agreement of the above analyses with each other
and with the theoretical composition, this formula may be confi-
dently quoted as that of the normal iddingsite. This is especially
true since a comparison of optical properties indicates that the above
are typical of 95 per cent of all iddingsites studied by the writers
or reported by others. Nearly all of the red-brown material sec-
ondary to olivine is shown by its refractive indices and other prop-
erties to be of this type and presumably of this composition.
The cryptocrystalline materials represented by analyses 3 and 5
give the same formula as the crystalline iddingsites. They are dis-
tinguished by pale yellow color, low refractive indices, and very small
extinction angle. Often there is a sharp contact between the idding-
site and the cryptocrystalline material while the latter grades almost
imperceptibly into the residual olivine. This cryptocrystalline ma-
terial may represent a transition stage in the alteration of olivine
to iddingsite. While of the same composition, it is sufficiently dis-
tinct optically to suggest that it is a distinct mineral — possibly a
variety of chloropal. It is certainly not the material commonly
called iddingsite.
18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
One disturbing factor is introduced into otherwise consistent data
by the Brazos River material represented by the anlaysis given in
columns 8 and 9 of the above tabulation. This analysis, which
differs strikingly from all the others, gives the formula (Mg.Ca)
0. 5Fe203. 4Si02. 10H2O. This sample was the first one studied
and about 1 gram of material which was separated for analysis was
estimated to contain 2 per cent of augite and 4 per cent of plagio-
clase of the composition AbeoAn40. The figures given in column 9
have been recalculated after correcting for these impurities. The
loss of water below 110° C. was determined on two portions yielding
4.40 and 4.48 per cent, respectively, with one hours heating while
several hours continued exposure to this temperature occasioned no
further loss. The dehydrated powder showed no change in any of
its optical properties. A gain of 2.28 per cent of the original
weight was acquired by a dried sample upon standing overnight in a
dessicator over sulphuric acid.
While this material is chemically very unlike the others the optical
properties, other than refractive index, are those typical of idding-
site. The refractive indices are very high as would be expected
from the high content of ferric iron, and no other occurrences of
such high refractive index have been recorded. Optically it seems
to be a true iddingsite but until similar materials from other locali-
ties have been analyzed no conclusions can be drawn with regard
to its relationship to the ordinary iddingsites of the above group.
SUMMARY
Iddingsite is a red-brown mineral that is widespread, and often
an abundant mineral in basaltic rocks.
It occurs as cores in fresh olivine, as rims around olivine, or where
cleavage cracks in olivine have formed a locus for its development.
Therefore it is clearly a secondary mineral derived from olivine.
Iddingsite is not confined to weathered surfaces; its development
shows no proximity to joint cracks and evidences of weathering in
associated minerals arc entirely absent. Normal products of weather-
ing such- as limonitic pigment are absent, but spinels (minerals not
produced by weathering) are abundant and almost invariable as-
sociates. Thus it is concluded that iddingsite is not a product of
ordinary weathering but is a deuteric mineral; that is, it is the
result of metasomatic processes associated with the later stages of a
cooling magma.
Iddingsite does not commonly occur in abyssal rocks, but is
confined to extrusive and hypabyssal rocks. The relations indicate
that it is formed near or just after the close of crystallization, and
after the magma came to rest. The factors necessary for the forma-
tion are an olivine of suitable composition, a concentration of
mineralizers (principally water), oxidizing conditions and heat.
akt,7 THE MINERAL [DDINGSITE — ROSS AND SHANNON 19
The changes involved are principally abstraction of magnesium
oxide (MgO), oxidization of ferrous oxide (FeO) to ferric oxide
(Fe203) and addition of water (H20).
Iddingsite has a composition and optical properties distinct from
any described mineral, and it is not related to serpentine in mode
of origin, in chemical composition, or in physical properties. Tim.-;
it appears to be a distinct mineral species.
The normal type of iddingsite is represented by the formula :
MgO . Fe203 . 3Si02 . 4H20 where MgO is replaced by CaO in the
ratio 4:1, and varying proportions of Fe203 are replaced by A1203.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
Plate 1
Fig. 1. Iddingsite from andesite collected at the headwaters of Race Creek
near the south border of Creede quadrangle, Colorado. Open cracks
show the loss of volume on alteration of olivine to iddingsite. Altera-
tion is complete.
2. Iddingsite in andesite from 1 mile west of Osier, N. Mex., near
Colorado-New Mexico State line. Shows characteristic outline of
olivine crystals. Alteration nearly complete.
3. Iddingsite in basalt from Santa Clara Creek, 13 miles west of Espanola,
N. Mex. Iddingsite forming sharp outer borders around unaltered
olivine.
4. Andesite from southeast flank of Green Mountain, northern part of
Conejos quadrangle, Colorado. Euhedral phenocrysts of olivine with
very narrow outer border of iddingsite.
5 and G. Basalt from cliff on north side of Los Magotes, southeast part Conejos
quadrangle, Colorado. Iddingsite core with narrow sharp outer
border of olivine.
Plate 2
Fig. 7. Basalt with iddingsite collected 4 miles south of the crest of San An-
tonio Peak and 8 milts north of Tres Piedras, N. Mex. Large pheno-
crysts of olivine with core of iddingsite and outer rim of olivine.
8. Basalt from cliffs on north side of Los Magotes, Conejos quadrangle.
Colorado. Many small grains of iddingsite with sharp outer rim of
olivine. Large crystal on upper border shows core of olivine.
9. Basalt from mouth of Rito de los Frijoles Canyon, 10 miles south-
west of San Ildefonso, N. Mex. Phenocryst of olivine showing altera-
tion to iddingsite along border and cracks.
10. Basalt dike in Cerro Negro volcanic cone about 10 miles east of Tres
Piedras, X. Mex. Phenocryst of olivine with very narrow sharp
films of iddingsite developing along cracks.
11. Iddingsite in Brazos River andesite from one-half mile east of Brazos
River, N. Mex., about 15 miles south of Osier, Colo. Iddingsite
crystal showing characteristic outline of olivine. Near the center
of crystal are shown 2 cleavages parallel to crystal axes and the
cleavage parallel to the macrodome (101).
12. Basalt from west slope of Mesa La Sauses, 10 miles east of La Jara,
Colo. Phenocryst of olivine entirely altered to iddingsite.
o
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 7 PL. I
Photomicrographs of Iddingsite-bearing Rocks
For explanation of plate see page IS
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 67, ART. 7 PL. 2
I
7
Photomicrographs of Iddingsite-bearing Rocks
For explanation of plate see page 19
A REVISION OF THE PARASITIC WASPS OF THE GENUS
MICROBRACON OCCURRING IN AMERICA NORTH OF
MEXICO
By C. F. W. Muesebeck
Of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture
INTRODUCTION
Ashmetid * published the name Microbracon with the following
description : " I propose this new genus for the reception of those
species in tlie genus Bracon having the recurrent vein joining the
first submarginal cell between its middle and its apex, restricting the
genus Bracon to those species having the recurrent vein interstitial
with the first transverse cubital. The majority of species belonging
in this new genus known to me are all small and resemble certain
Rhyssalids." Subsequently Ashmead 2 greatly restricted the genus
Bracon, separating it from Microbracon by a group of characters
which are certainly not of generic or even of subgeneric value. Since
that date Viereck 3 has shown that the name Bracon Fabricius must
be used for Cremnops Foerster, a genus in the Agathidinae, and 4 that
Microbracon Ashmead becomes the valid name for Bracon of Authors
not Fabricius.
The subfamily formerly known as the Braconinae, for which
Gahan 5 proposed the name Vipiinae upon the transfer of Bracon
Fabricius to another subfamily, has been largely neglected from the
standpoint of generic revision and is at present very unsatisfactorily
classified. Many of the genera are poorly defined, and doubtless a
considerable number must eventually be placed in synonymy. It
is not, however, the purpose of this paper to present a revision of the
subfamily Vipiinae, and accordingly the merits of the various generic
names, apart from those which are here regarded as synonyms of
Microbracon, will not be discussed. Merely to show the relation of
Microbracon to the remainder of the subfamily an attempt will be
made to point out the more important characters distinguishing this
genus from other genera or groups of genera in our fauna.
1 Bull. No. 1, Colo. Biol. Assoc, 1S90, p. 15.
2Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, 1900, p. 13S.
3 Bull. 83, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1914, pp. 23 and 37.
4 Idem, p. 94.
5Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. -53, 1917, p. 196.
No. 2580— Proceedings U. S. National Museum. Vol. 67, Art. 8.
12053 — 25 1 1
2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM vol.67
A study of the genus Microbracon, with the purpose of revising
the group, has been induced by the abundant rearing of species of
this genus in the United States Bureau of Entomology in the course
of work upon various insect pests, and by the difficulty of satis-
factorily identifying these species. In the prosecution of this study
the chief repositories of the types, which are the United States Na-
tional Museum, the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, the Con-
necticut Agricultural Experiment Station, and the Museum of Pub-
lic Instruction in Quebec, have been visited and the types examined.
Only the types of the following have not been seen : Those of
Say's four species, which are no longer in existence, so far as known ;
kansensis Viereck and piceiceps Viereck, which are in the collec-
tion of the University of Kansas; diversicolor Viereck which is on
deposit at the California Academy of Sciences ; and rufomarginatus
Ashmead which could not be located.
This paper is a contribution from the office of Gipsy Moth and
Brown-tail Moth Investigations, of the Bureau of Entomology,
United States Department of Agriculture. Grateful acknowledge-
ment is accorded A. F. Burgess, in charge of this branch of the
Bureau of Entomology, for encouragement in the work and for
permission to visit the various institutions in whose collections the
types are contained. Expression of thanks are also due, and cor-
dially given, S. A. Rohwer, A. B. Gahan, and R. A. Cushman, of
the Bureau of Entomology, for helpful suggestions and for the use
of notes; and Dr. W. E. Britton, of the Connecticut Agricultural
Experiment Station, Dr. Henry Skinner of the Philadelphia Acad-
emy of Sciences, and F. N. Correveau, Assistant Curator of the
Museum of Public Instruction at Quebec, for many kindnesses and
for permission to examine the types in their custody.
CLASSIFICATION
Superfamily ICHNEUMONOIDEA
Family BRACONIDAE
Subfamily Vipiinae
Braconoidae Foerster, Verh. d. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., vol. 19, 1S62, pp.
227 and 234.
Braconides Marshall, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1SS5, p. 1.
Braconinae Cresson, Syn. Hym. North America, 1887, pp. 54 and 56.
Braconidae Tribe I Marshall, in Andre, Hymen. Eur. et Alg., vol. 4, 1888,
p. 6S.
Braconinae Ashmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, 1900, p. 136. — Szepligeti,
Genera Insectorum, fasc. 22, 1904, p. 10.
Vipiinae Gahan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 53, 1917, p. 196.
Head varying from transverse to cubical; mandibles normal,
touching or crossing at tips and forming with the emarginate and
art. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON MUESEBECK 3
anteriorly somewhat elevated clypeus, a more or less circular open-
ing ; occiput entirely immargined ; anterior wing 6 with three cubital
cells; first discoidal cell always separated from the first cubital; sub-
discoideus never interstitial with the first abscissa of discoideus;
second abscissa of discoideus always much longer than third; sub-
mediellan cell very short, never more than one-fourth the mediellan
cell; cubitella originating at the end of mediella; postnervellus
absent.
Genus MICROBRACON Ashmead
Bracon Nees (part), Hymen. Icheum. affin. Monogr., vol. 1, 1834, p. 46. —
Foersteb, Verh. naturh. Ver. pr. Rheinl., vol. 19, 1862, p. 235. — Marshall,
Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1885, p. 11. — Cresson, Synopsis Hymen. N.
Am., 18S7, p. 56.
Microbracon Ashmead, Bull. Colorado Biol. Assoc. 1, 1S90, p. 15.
Genotype. — Microbracon sulcifrons Ashmead (Monobasic).
Habrobracon (Ashmead) Johnson, Ent. News, vol. 6, 1895, p. 324.
Genotype. — Bracon gelechiae Ashmead (By designation of Viereck, Bull.
83, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1914, p. 65).
Macrodyctium Ashmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, 1900, p. 138.
Genotype. — Bracon euurae Ashmead (Monabasic).
Bracon Ashmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, 1900, p. 139.
Habrobracon Ashmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, 1900, p. 139.
Tropidobracon Ashmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, 1900, p. 139. Geno-
type.— Bracon gastroideae Ashmead (Monobasic).
Liobracon (Ashmead) Nason, not Szepligeti, Ent. News, vol. 16, 1905, p. 298.
Genotype. — Bracon nuperus Cresson (Monobasic).
Bracon Szepligeti, Genera Insectorum, fasc. 22, 1904, p. 27.
Amyosoma Viereck, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 44, 1918, p. 640.
Genotype. — Amyosoma chilonis Viereck (Monobasic).
Habrobracon Cushman, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 16, 1914, p. 99.
Habrobracon Viereck, Bull. 22, Conn. State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey,
1917 (1916), pp. 182 and 209.
Microbracon Viereck, Bull. 22, Conn. State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, 1917
(1916), pp. 182 and 204.
Head transverse to subquadrate, never rostriform, always wider
than long antero-posteriorly ; malar space variable but always much
less than half the eye height; eyes oval, rather broad, bare or indis-
tinctly very sparsely hairy; frons not or scarcely impressed; scape
short, not or hardly longer than first flagellar segment, broadening
evenly from base to apex, not excavated, and not prominently
rimmed at apex ; first segment of flagellum alwaj's much longer than
pedicel, as long as or longer than the second, and never excavated
below nor with a prominent rim at apex ; antennal segments varying
in number from thirteen to forty or more; parapsidal grooves
usually well indicated, with the mesonotal lobes distinct; sometimes
6 The wing venation terminology employed in this paper is that proposed by Rohwer
and Gahan, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 18, 1916, pp. 20-76.
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM vol.67
the parapsidal grooves defined only by lines of pubescence, the mesos-
cutmn being rather flat; mesonotum, pleura and propodeum usually
smooth and polished, although sometimes very finely sculptured;
suture between mesoscutum and scutellum finely foveolate; propo-
deum rarely with a median longitudinal carina, but frequently with
a stub of a median ridge at apex ; wings varying from clear hyaline
to strongly infumated; usually dusky on the basal two-thirds; ner-
vulus interstitial with basal vein ; recurrent vein entering first cubital
cell ; second cubital cell varying greatly in length, the second abscissa
of radius being sometimes no longer than the first abscissa, some-
times much more than twice as long; radius usually attaining wing
margin near the apex of wing, rarely much before ; spurs of posterior
tibiae rather short, never distinctly half the metatarsus; abdomen
elliptical or ovate, conspicuously angled at the junction of first and
second segments; the first abdominal tergite with lateral membra-
nous margins, the chitinized plate of this tergite with two oblique
grooves converging anteriorly; second abdominal tergite without
lateral oblique diverging impressions; suturiform articulation fre-
quently broad and foveolate; none of the folio wing sutures deep or
foveolate; third tergite without transverse or oblique impressions
setting off the anterior lateral corners of the tergite ; abdomen vary-
ing from entirely smooth and polished to entirely rugulose or gran-
ular; ovipositor sheaths varying from less than one-fourth the
length of the abdomen to longer than the entire body. This genus
includes the smallest of the Vipiinae; very rarely does the body
attain a length of 5 mm.
Microbracon is probably more closely related to Iphiaulax Foer-
ster and its allies than to any other group of the Vipiinae, although
its species are much smaller than most species of Iphiaulax and differ
considerably in general appearance. The species of Microbracon,
however, always lack the deep and often foveolate abdominal sutures
usually found in Iphiaulax and lack also the oblique lateral furrows
on the second tergite, and the anterior corners of the third tergite
are never set off by transverse impressions. Coeloides of Authors,
which includes Viereck's Ilabrobraconidea, differs from Microbracon
especially in the more cubical head, the excavated frons, and the
short first and second flagellar segments of the antennae which are
scarcely longer than the pedicel, somewhat hollowed out beneath and
flaring a little at the apex. The group typified by Atanycolus Foer-
ster is readily distinguished by the cubical head and impressed
frons, and the scape, which is large, cylindrical, conspicuousl}7 ex-
cavated at base and apex, with prominent basal and apical margins,
and supported by a cylindrical stalk. From C ompsobracon Ash-
art. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON MUESEBECK 5
mead Microbracon is at once distinguished by the propodeal spiracles
which are small and round while in the former they are large and
linear; the unusually long scape further distinguishes C omp sob r aeon.
Zavipio Viereck is readily separated by its rostriform head, with the
accompanying very long malar space, and by the usually very short
radial cell.
Habrobracon (Ashmead) Johnson, Macrodyctium Ashmead,
Tropidobracon Ashmead, Liobracon (Ashmead) Nason, not Szepli-
geti, and Amy o soma Viereck can not be held distinct from Micro-
bracon. These groups intergrade completely, so that it is entirely
impossible to determine where one ends and another begins. The
characters upon which they have been separated are by no means
sufficiently distinct or constant to serve to distinguish genera. The
genotypes of all must, I believe, be regarded as congeneric even
by those disposed toward a large increase in the number of genera,
if a thorough study is made of the group.
In few groups of the Braconidae is there found so wide a range of
variation within species as in Microbracon. Practically all charac-
ters, many of them excellent characters in other groups, vary greatly
in this genus. Because of this it is always extremely desirable to
have before one a good series of specimens when attempting identifi-
cations. The males are particularly difficult, exhibiting still wider
variations than the females, and single specimens of this sex can
sometimes be only doubtfully named. Host records are often of
much value, for although few, if any, of the species are restricted
to single hosts, and frequently the same species attacks both lepidop-
terous and coleopterous larvae, still one species usually parasitizes
hosts of the same general habit or found in the same food plants. In
a consideration of specific characters in Microbracon one is impressed
by the lack of constancy in color or even color pattern, although
sometimes there is a degree of uniformity which is of a little help
and permits the employment of color characters to a small extent
in a table to species. The color of^ the face and legs — whether face
and coxae are yellowish or black — will be found of considerable
help, although varying to a slight degree. The wings are usually
somewhat fuscous, rarely clear hyaline, but the degree of infusca-
tion varies more or less within the species, and alone is not de-
pendable for the separation of species. In sculpture there is likewise
so much variation that it becomes difficult to use sculptural char-
acters in a key without qualification, although the presence or ab-
sence of punctate or reticulate sculpture on the frons, and on the
mesonotum, pleura and propodeum is very reliable. The abdominal
sculpture is variable but can be relied upon to a large degree for
6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM vol. G7
distinguishing between groups of species, when supported by other
characters. Usually the mesonotal pubescence is restricted to the
parapsidal grooves and the space behind the middle lobe, but in a
few species pubescence arises over the entire surface of the lobes
as well as from the parapsidal furrows; this character appears to
be very constant within species. The length of the head antero-pos-
teriorly is relatively constant, and in the small number of cases
where the difference between species is sufficient to permit the em-
ployment of this character, it is good. The length of the malar space,
the number and the relative length of the antennal segments have
considerable value, but again, must be used with care and supported
by other characters. Wing venation, particularly the length of the
second abscissa of radius as compared with the first and third
abscissae and with the first intercubitus, the relative length also of
that part of cubitus which lies between the recurrent and the first
intercubitus, and the length of the radial cell, which is dependent
on the point where radius attains the wing margin, will be found
very helpful, but within limits. It will be seen from this brief
discussion that variability is so pronounced in species of Micro-
bracon that determinations should be made only after a very careful
weighing of all points. It is hoped that the following key together
with the notes found in the text will aid considerably in making
such determinations. Unfortunately it was found necessary to clas-
sify the females and males separately beyond the thirteenth couplet.
By doing this it has been possible to present a key to the females
which will probably be found quite satisfactory; while if the
males had been incorporated the fullest use could not have been
made of the variations in the length of the ovipositor sheaths between
different species, one of the most valuable characters. Any key to
the males of Microbracon must, it seems to me, be rather unsat-
isfactory, because of the apparently complete intergradation of
species. The one here given will, however, probably serve to identify
the normal males. The identity of those which represent the ex-
tremes in variation must often be left in doubt unless they can be
connected by biological records with females or more normal males.
In the following table 66 species are included in the female key and
73 species in the male key; seven species which are known only in
the male sex, and in all cases but one based upon a single specimen,
can not be placed in the female key because of the necessity of mak-
ing much use of the relative length of the ovipositor sheaths in this
part of the table. Some other species are known only from female
specimens, and in these cases the position assigned in the male key
was determined by characters exhibited by the females, after making
aht. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON MUESEBECK 7
necessary allowance for sexual variations. It has seemed desirable
to place several of the species in two different positions in the female
key.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MICROBRACON
1. Mesoscutum and scutellum more or less, the lateral face of pronotum,
the meso- and meta-pleura, propodeum and posterior coxae minutely
closely punctate or reticulate, opaque 2.
Mesoscutum, scutellum, lateral face of pronotum mostly, and mesopleura
smooth and polished 10.
2. Second abscissa of radius about twice as long as the first, decidedly
longer than first intercubitus and usually distinctly more than half the
third abscissa of radius ; pubescence on mesoscutum restricted to the
region of the parapsidal furrows ; ovipositor sheaths sometimes nearly as
long as the abdomen 3.
Second abscissa of radius much less than twice as long as, often scarcely
longer than, the first, not or scarcely longer than first intercubitus, and
much less than half the third abscissa of radius ; pubescence on meso-
scutum usually not restricted to the parapsidal furrows, but arising over
the surface of the lobes as well; ovipositor sheaths at most but little
more than half as long as the abdomen 5.
3. Parapsidal furrows rather thickly hairy, anteriorly as well as posteriorly;
propodeum without a distinct median longitudinal groove; the portion
of cubitus between first intercubitus and recurrent about half as long
as first intercubitus; ovipositor sheaths less than half as long as the
abdomen 1. quinnipiacorum Viereck.
Parapsidal grooves sparsely hairy, especially anteriorly ; propodeum with
a median longitudinal groove; the portion of cubitus between first
intercubitus and recurrent very short, the recurrent being nearly inter-
stitial with first intercubitus ; ovipositor sheaths as long as the ab-
domen beyond first tergite 4.
4. Mesoscutum uniformly closely punctate and opaque; frons with a dis-
tinct median longitudinal groove descending from median ocellus ; an-
tennae slender, the flagellar segments much longer than broad; last
abscissa of cubitus not distinctly longer than the preceding abscissa ;
third abscissa of radius not distinctly longer than the first and second
combined 2. punctatus, new species.
Mesoscutum shining, smooth and polished anteriorly; frons without a
distinct groove below median ocellus; flagellar segments of female an-
tennae rather stout, mostly but very little longer than broad; last
abscissa of cubitus much longer than the preceding abscissa ; third
abscissa of radius distinctly longer than the first and second com-
bined 3. sphenophori, new species.
5. Second abdominal tergite rugulose or ruguloso-punctate, usually longi-
tudinally so; if not distinctly rugulose then with a basal median em-
bossed area set off by short longitudinal grooves; suturiform articula-
tion usually rather broad and foveolate ; oblique furrows on first tergite
often broad and distinctly foveolate 8.
Second abdominal tergite evenly closely punctate, or finely granular, not
rugulose, and without a basal median area set off by longitudinal im-
pressions; suturiform articulation usually very fine; oblique furrows
on first tergite usually narrow, not foveolate 6.
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM vol.67
6. Ovipositor sheaths at least half as long as the abdomen ; cubitus between
recurrent and first intercubitus at least as long as recurrent, usually
decidedly longer ; propodeum without a median longitudinal carina on
posterior half 4. gelechiae (Ashmead).
5. diversicolor (Viereck).
Ovipositor sheaths less than half as long as the abdomen ; cubitus between
recurrent and first intercubitus not longer than recurrent, often shorter;
propodeum with a median longitudinal carina on posterior half 7.
7. Scutellum broad, at least as broad as long, very faintly sculptured, sub-
polished ; first abscissa of radius at least as long as second, usually a
little longer ; radial cell very short, not longer than third cubital cell ;
metacarpus not longer, usually shorter, than third abscissa of radius ;
cubitus between recurrent and first intercubitus nearly or quite as long
as recurrent ; last abscissa of cubitus much more than twice the pre-
ceding abscissa G. erucarum (Cushman).
Scutellum a little longer than broad at base, minutely reticulately sculp-
tured and opaque; first abscissa of radius not as long as the second;
metacarpus longer than third abscissa of radius ; cubitus between re-
current and first intercubitus much shorter than recurrent ; last abscissa
of cubitus not more than twice the preceding abscissa.
7. americanus (Ashmead).
8. Antennae rather stout, distinctly tapering somewhat toward the tip, in
the female 19 to 22-segmented, the flagellar segments but very little
longer than broad ; head and thorax usually mostly yellowish ; the
black oeellar spot usually nearly separated from the occipital spot ; face
mostly or wholly pale 8. cushmani, new name.
Antennae slender, not distinctly tapering toward the tip ; flagellar seg-
ments in the female much longer than broad : head and thorax usually
mostly black ; oeellar and occipital spots broadly confluent ; face largely
blackish 9.
9. Ovipositor sheaths fully half as long as the abdomen; second abdominal
tergite and the third basally not longitudinally rugulose; the oblique
furrows on first tergite not distinctly foveolate; the portion of cubitus
between recurrent and first intercubitus longer than recurrent; first
abscissa of radius very nearly or quite as long as the second.
9. platynotae (Cushman).
Ovipositor sheaths less than half as long as the abdomen ; second abdominal
tergite and the third basally longitudinally rugulose ; the oblique fur-
rows on first tergite broad and foveolate; the portion of cubitus between
recurrent and first intercubitus not longer, usually shorter, than recur-
rent ; first abscissa of radius nearly always shorter than second.
10. xanthonotus (Ashmead).
10. Second abscissa of radius not or scarcely longer than the first abscissa,
not longer than first intercubitus and hardly one-third as long as third
abscissa of radius ; mesonotal lobes pubescent ; antennae stout, tapering
to the tip, the female antennae 13 to 19-segmented and not extending
beyond the apex of the thorax ; ovipositor sheaths hardly half as long
as the abdomen 11.
Second abscissa of radius much longer than the first abscissa, longer than
first intercubitus, and very rarely less than half as long as third abscissa
of radius ; mesonotal lobes usually bare, the pubescense nearly always
restricted to the region of the parapsidal furrows ; female antennae not
as above 12.
art. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON MUESEBECK 9
11. Antennae of female 13 to 15-segmented ; of male, IS to 23-segmented ; first
flagellar segment of male antennae usually distinctly longer than the
second, the segments beyond the first but very little longer than broad ;
abdomen smooth and shining, rarely distinctly punctate.
11. hebetor (Say).
Antennae of female 17 to 19-segmented, very rarely 16-segmented ; of male,
20 to 27-segmented, the first flagellar segment of male antennae usually
not distinctly longer than the second, the segments beyond the first one
and one-half times as long as broad ; 3d, 4th, and 5th abdominal tergites
nearly always distinctly punctate 12. brevicornis (Wesmael).
12. Stigma long and narrow, the radius arising distinctly behind its middle ;
radial cell short, ending far before apex of wing ; first abscissa of radius
very short, much less than half the first intercubitus ; abdomen sculp-
tured above 13.
Radius arising at or before middle of stigma 14.
13. Propodeum mostly smooth and shining, without a complete median longi-
tudinal carina ; ovipositor sheaths about as long as the abdomen
13. scanticorum Viereck.
Propodeum finely rugulose except at extreme base and provided with a
prominent median longitudinal carina ; ovipositor sheaths about as long
as the abdomen beyond 2d tergite "__ 14. pyralidiphagus, new species.
14. Females 15.
Males 09.
15. Dorsum of abdomen mostly smooth and polished, the sculpture when pres-
ent restricted to the three basal tergites, only rarely occurring on the
third ; the sculpture on second and third tergites when present usually
in the form of longitudinal striae and usually restricted to the middle
two-thirds of the tergite ; propodeum mostly or entirely smooth and
polished ; frons usually smooth and polished, if sculptured, the face and
coxae are black ; face rarely yellow ; if so, the abdomen, including first
and second tergites, is entirely smooth and polished 1Q.
Dorsum of abdomen sculptured, although sometimes very minutely so, over
most of its surface ; very rarely not distinctly sculptured beyond second
tergite, but then the latter is entirely finely granular, the frons is finely
reticulately sculptured and the face and coxae are yellow ; face and
coxae very rarely black : if so, then abdomen is distinctly sculptured
over nearly its entire surface 39.
16. Ovipositor sheaths protruding at least very nearly the length of the abdomen,
sometimes much longer 28.
Ovipositor sheaths protruding not more than half the length of the abdomen
beyond its apex 17.
17. Opening between clypeus and mandibles unusually large, its transverse di-
ameter at least as long as the distance from lower margin of anteunal
foramina to lower margin of clypeus ; posterior tarsi short and stout,
much shorter than posterior tibiae; propodeum with a nearly complete
median longitudinal carina ; at least posterior coxae black ; ovipositor
sheaths protruding less than the length of the first abdominal tergite— IS.
Opening between clypeus and mandibles not so large ; posterior tarsi usually
at least as long as their tibiae ; propodeum very rarely with a nearly
complete median carina, and then not combining all the above char-
acters 19.
12053—25 2
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
18. Wings strongly infumated ; last segment of posterior tarsi unusually large,
broadening strongly from base to apex, much longer than the second seg-
ment and nearly as long as the metatarsus ; antennae usually 24 to 30-
segmented ; propodeum mostly smooth except for the median carina
15. gastroideae (Ashmead).
Wings hyaline or very nearly ; last segment of posterior tarsi not so large ;
antennae usually 21 to 24-segmented ; propodeum finely rugulose
16. brachyurus (Ashmead).
19. Second abdominal tergite with conspicuous, more or less triangular, areas
of weaker chitinization laterally joining the broad membranous margins
of the first tergite ; second tergite much shorter than the third ; dorsum
of abdomen entirely smooth and polished, without even a suggestion of
sculpture ; longitudinal groove on lateral face of pronotum incomplete,
being distinct only anteriorly 20.
Second abdominal tergite not as above ; at least not agreeing entirely with
the above characterization 21.
20. Head and thorax black; abdomen mostly black; legs more or less black-
ish 17. melanaspis (Ashmead).
Body mostly yellowish or yellowish-brown, legs, including coxae, yellow-
ish 18. juncicola (Ashmead.)
21. Frons entirely, and usually the vertex to some extent, closely minutely
punctate or reticulate and opaque ; parapsidal grooves entirely thickly
hairy ;*head black with contrasting yellow orbital lines; thorax short and
stout, black; wings rather strongly dusky on basal half; second abscissa
of radius rarely distinctly twice the first 22.
Frons smooth and polished, at most with faint sculpture just above inser-
tion of antennae; at least not combining all the above characters 23.
22. Second abdominal tergite usually smooth and shining, and provided with two
abbreviated oblique foveolate impressions medially toward base ; scattered
pubescence arising from surface of middle lobe of mesoscutum anteriorly ;
antennae normally 21 to 25-segmented 19. politiventris (Cushman).
Second abdominal tergite finely sculptured over nearly its entire surface and
without such impressions on the basal middle; surface of middle lobe of
mesoscutum without pubescence although the long hairs arising from the
parapsidal furrows lie upon the lobes ; antennae normally 24 to 29-seg-
mented 20. pygmaeus (Provancher ).
23. Head thin antero-posteriorly, hardly thicker at insertion of antennae than
at clypeus, the face not distinctly receding ; propodeum completely pol-
ished, without a stub of a median ridge at apex; first abdominal tergite
wholly smooth and polished; head and thorax black; coxae black.
21. connecticutorum Viereck.
Head not so thin, rather prominent just below insertion of antennae, the
face receding; propodeum usually with a distinct stub of a median ridge
posteriorly 24.
24. Abdomen wholly smooth and polished, the second tergite with two abbrevi-
ated oblique furrows medially setting off a basal median area ; parapsidal
furrows thickly hairy ; head more than usually thick antero-posteriorly,
being about as thick antero-posteriorly just below insertion of antennae
as high ; antennae normally 30 to 32-segmented, tapering distinctly toward
tip ; face yellow ; thorax usually mostly yellow — 22. psilocorsi Viereck.
Second abdominal tergite without oblique furrows setting off a basal median
area; parapsidal grooves sparsely hairy; head, including face, and thorax
black * 25.
art. 8 EE VISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON MUESEBECK 11
25. Second and third abdominal tergites almost entirely minutely granular;
propodeum usually with a nearly complete median longitudinal carina.
23. meromyzae (Gahan).
Third and following abdominal tergites completely smooth and polished;
second tergite only with faint roughening medially 26.
26. Hypopygium attaining apex of abdomen; ovipositor sheaths slender; legs,
including all coxae, and the abdomen laterally and on the venter, bright
yellow ; propodeum smooth and polished with only a very short stub of a
median ridge posteriorly ; posterior tarsi slender.
24. nigridorsum (Aslnuead).
Hypopygium not distinctly attaining apex of last dorsal abdominal segment ;
ovipositor sheaths broad; abdomen usually black; posterior tarsi rather
stout, the last tarsal segment as long as the second and more than half
the metatarsus 27.
27. All coxae and more or less of the femora black 25. ashmeadi, new name.
Legs yellow, the posterior coxae blackish at base 26. uncas Viereck.
28. Antennae very slender, all the flagellar segments more than twice as long as
thick ; legs including all coxae bright yellow ; wings perfectly clear hya-
line, with no suggestion of duskiness 29.
Antennae not so slender ; at least not combining the above characters 30.
29. Ovipositor sheaths nearly as long as the body; abdomen entirely smooth and
polished; face yellow; thorax and abdomen largely yellowish.
27. angelesius (Provancher).
Ovipositor sheaths slightly shorter than the abdomen ; second abdominal
tergite finely striate ; head, including face, black ; thorax and abdomen
largely black 2S. auripes (Provancher).
30. Head thin antero-posteriorly, the face rather flat, not prominent at insertion
of antennae and scarcely receding below; propodeum completely smooth
and polished, without a stub of a median ridge at apex ; ovipositor
sheaths at least a little longer than the abdomen, and usually fully as
long as the body; antennae normally 20 to 30-segmented 31.
Head rather thick antero-posteriorly at insertion of antennae, the face dis-
tinctly receding below ; propodeum usually with a stub of a median ridge
at apex ; ovipositor sheaths at most a little longer than the abdomen__ 34.
31. Second abdominal tergite with conspicuous membranous or weakly
chitinized areas laterally opposite the broad membranous margins of the
first tergite; ovipositor sheaths as long as the body, antennae usually
20 to 26-segmented 32.
Second abdominal tergite without such membranous areas laterally; head
and thorax usually black or blackish ; coxae usually, though not always,
black or brown . 33.
32. Head, thorax, abdomen, legs, mostly yellow; second abdominal tergite
usually as long as the third or nearly 29. rudbeckiae, new species.
Head and thorax wholly black ; abdomen black except for the membranous
parts of first and second tergites; second tergite much shorter than
third 30. tenuiceps, new species.
33. Ovipositor sheaths as long as the body; second abdominal tergite more or
less sculptured 31. nuperus (Cresson).
Ovipositor sheaths slightly longer than the abdomen; abdomen completely
smooth and polished 32. curtus (Provancher).
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. G7
34. Transverse diameter of opening between clypeus and mandibles but little
or no greater than the distance from the opening to the eyes; malar
space about as long as first segment of antennal flagellum 35
Transverse diameter of opening between clypeus and mandibles much
greater than the distance to the eyes; malar space shorter than first
segment of antennal flagellum 37.
35. Thorax stout, not nearly twice as long as high ; stigma brown, with its
costal thickening and more or less of the membrane toward base, bright
yellow ; antennae normally 30 to 34 segmented ; ovipositor sheaths a
little longer than the abdomen 33. hyslopi Viereck.
Thorax not stout, very nearly twice as long as its greatest height ;
stigma unicolorus, brown ; antennae normally 25 to 30-segmented ;
ovipositor sheaths scarcely as long as the abdonien 36.
30. Propodeum with a distinct median longitudinal carina on posterior half
and with a somewhat rugulose median line on basal half ; second abscissa
of radius more than twice as long as the first ; flagellar segments of
antennae but very little longer than broad; legs usually reddish yellow
or brown with only the coxae blackish 34. nitidus (Provaneher).
Propodeum smootli and polished without a median carina on posterior half
and not rugulose along the median line basally; second abscissa of
radius not twice the first ; flagellar segments of antennae considerably
longer than broad; usually all coxae, trochanters, and more or less of
all femora black 35. tychii, new species.
37. Second abdominal tergite more or less striate, the third entirely smooth
and polished; antennae not stout, all flagellar segments much longer
than broad ; radius going practically to extreme apex of wing, the third
cubital cell scarcely as wide at apex as the second discoidal; abdomen
black except more or less of the second and third tergites; antennae
normally 29 to 33-segmented 36. pini, new species.
Second and third abdominal tergites somewhat striate, the latter weakly
so and, rarely, entirely smooth; antennae stout, most of the flagellar
segments but little or no longer than broad ; radius attaining wing mar-
gin decidedly before apex of wing; third cubital cell broader at apex
than second discoidal cell ; abdomen usually mostly ferruginous, with
only the first tergite and a median spot on second black ; antennae nor-
mally 32 to 37 segmented 38.
38. Third abscissa of radius as long as last abscissa of cubitus ; all segments
of antennal flagellum distinctly longer than broad ; posterior tibiae
wholly black 37. sesiae, new species.
Third abscissa of radius distinctly shorter than last abscissa of cubitus
and scarcely as long as first and second abscissae of radius combined ;
some segments of antennal flagellum not distinctly longer than broad ;
posterior tibiae fuscous only at apex 38. nevadensis (Ashmead).
39. Second abdominal tergite almost smooth, strongly shining and provided
with two distinct abbreviated furrows that set off a basal median area,
and usually with two longitudinal furrows laterally; third, fourth, and
fifth tergites granular, subopaque ; antennae shorter than the body, nor-
mally 20 to 24 segmented ; wings faintly dusky basally ; ovipositor
sheaths as long as, or a little longer than, the abdomen ; a small yellowish
species with a few dusky markings on thorax.
39. thurberiphagae, new species.
Second abdominal tergite not as above, usually more strongly sculptured
than the following ; otherwise not combining all the above characters- 40.
art. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBKACON MUESEBECK 13
40. Antennae slender, normally 22 to 29-segmented, most of the flagellar seg-
ments twice as long as thick, the basal segments of flagellum more than
twice as long as thick and not at all thicker, sometimes more slender,
than the apical segments ; wings perfectly clear hyaline with not even a
suggestion of duskiness; radius arising much before middle of stigma;
propodeum smooth and polished ; ovipositor sheaths as long as the abdo-
men or slightly shorter; legs bright yellow 41.
Antennae not as above; if apparently so, then not that combination of
characters 43.
41. Abdomen very finely sculptured, smooth laterally; second tergite minutely
striato-punctate, the following weakly punctate, strongly shining; an-
tennae normally 22 to 24-segmented ; abdomen usually yellow.
40. pityophthori, new species.
Abdomen coarsely sculptured; suturiform articulation very broad, foveo-
late; antennae normally 26 to 29-segmented; abdomen largely black
above 42.
42. Abdomen, especially second tergite, strongly longitudinally rugulose, the
.second tergite usually with a complete median longitudinal raised line;
parapsidal grooves thickly hairy anteriorly as well as posteriorly; abdo-
men black above, more or less yellow medially on third, fourth and
fifth tergites 41. laemosacci, new species.
Abdomen, coarsely granular ; parapsidal grooves not thickly hairy anter-
iorly; abdomen blackish above, yellow laterally.
42. metacomet Viereck.
43. Wings long and rather narrow, uniformly somewhat infumated, the wing
membrane abnormally thickly hairy over its entire surface; cubitus and
subdiscoideus nearly parallel, the second discoidal cell scarcely broad-
ening apically ; radial ce^l very long, the radius going to extreme apex
of wing; propodeum entirely finely rugulose; antennae slender, nor-
mally more than 40-segmented ; ovipositor sheaths as long as the abdo-
men or slightly longer 43. atricollis (Ashmead).
Wings not as above; otherwise not that combination of characters 44.
44. Propodeum entirely, except at extreme base, rugulose ; most of the flagellar
segments of antennae scarcely longer than broad ; abdomen beyond third
tergite very faintly, almost indistinctly, sculptured ; thorax mostly
yellow 45.
Propodeum usually smooth and polished, although often with short diverg-
ing ridges medially behind, and sometimes very delicately punctate or
faintly minutely reticulate over a large part of its surface 46.
45. Ovipositer sheaths considerably longer than the abdomen ; antennae nor-
mally 33 to 36-segmented ; second abdominal tergite rather evenly finely
sculptured, without a rugose area on basal middle.
44. analcidis (Ashmead).
Ovipositor sheaths a little shorter than the abdomen ; antennae normally
29 to 32-segmented ; second abdominal tergite with an irregularly rugulose
area on basal middle 45. podunkorum Viereck.
46. Ovipositor sheaths not half as long as the abdomen 47.
Ovipositor sheaths more than half as long as the abdomen 50.
47. Head, including the face, black; either the frons completely smooth and
polished or the parapsidal grooves thickly hairy 48.
At least the face yellow ; parapsidal grooves sparsely hairy ; frons finely
reticulately sculptured 49.
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM vol. 67
48. Parapsidal grooves thickly hairy; frons closely punctate and opaque;
thorax stout; head with pale yellow inner and superior orbital lines;
propodeuni without a median longitudinal carina ; antennae usually 24
to 29-segmented 20. pygmaeus (Provancher).
Parapsidal grooves sparsely hairy ; frons smooth and polished ; thorax
slender ; head wholly black, without pale orbital lines ; propodeum with
a complete or nearly complete median longitudinal carina ; antennae
usually 28 to 32-segmented 23. meromyzae (Gahan).
49. Second abdominal tergite very finely punctate ; third and following tergites
very faintly so, almost polished ; antennae usually 29 to 33-seg-
mented 46. montowesi Viereck.
Abdomen closely granular above, opaque or subopaque ; antennae normally
34 to 40-seginented 47. cephi Gahan.
50. All coxae black ; remainder of legs more or less blackish ; head including
face, black ; thorax black ; abdomen usually red, short, broad oval,
rugulose on second tergite, granular on third, fourth and fifth tergites ;
antennae normally 25 to 29-segmented; ovipositor sheaths about as long
as the abdomen beyond first segment 48. hemimenae Rohwer.
Coxae yellow, rarely posterior coxae somewhat infuscated, and then not
agreeing entirely with the above 51.
51. Propodeum smooth and polished, usually with a complete or nearly complete
median longitudinal carina ; abdomen strongly sculptured, the second
tergite irregularly rugose medially and usually much shorter than the
third ; wings decidedly infuscated ; stigma dark brown ; second abscissa
of radius usually much more than twice the first ; antennae normally 34
to 40-segmented ; malar space about as long as first segment of antennal
flagellum ; ovipositor sheaths about as long as the abdomen, not distinctly
longer „ 49. oenotherae, new species.
Propodeum without a median carina, although usually with a stub of a
carina at apex ; otherwise not exactly as above 52.
52. Ovipositor sheaths at most as long as the abdomen beyond first tergite_ 61.
Ovipositor sheaths as long as the abdomen or longer 53.
53. Second abdominal tergite finely granular or punctate, never strongly rugose ;
third and following tergites very delicately, usually very faintly sculp-
tured, strongly shining; suturiform articulation fine, straight, the second
tergite hot emarginate medially ; antennae stout, the segments of the
apical half of flagellum scarcely longer than broad ; malar space about
as long as first flagellar segment; wings very nearly hyaline 54.
Second to fifth or sixth abdominal tergites usually granular, the second
often more or less rugose ; if abdomen is not distinctly granular on third
and following tergites the antennae are more slender, or the malar space
is much shorter than the first flagellar segment; at least not combining
all the above characters 56.
54. Ovipositor sheaths about as long as the body or nearly; abdomen usually
black above except for the suturiform articulation and a lateral spot at
base of second tergite, which are yellow ; antennae normally 26 to 29-
segmented 50. papaipemae Gahan.
Ovipositor sheaths about as long as the abdomen ; second and third tergites
usually yellowish ; remainder of abdomen more or less blackish 55.
55. Suturiform articulation distinctly minutely foveolate ; face yellow ; an-
tennae normally 29 to 32-segmented 51. apicatus (Provancher).
Suturiform articulation very fine, weakly impressed, not foveolate; face
hrownish black; antennae normally 24 to 27-segmented.
52. nanus (Provancher).
art. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON MUESEBECK 15
56. Second abscissa of discoideus as long as the recurrent vein ; wings somewhat
fuscous, the stigma yellow ; abdomen strongly granular above, the second
tergite more or less rugulose; suturiform articulation rather broad,
foveolate, and somewhat arcuate, the second tergite somewhat emarginate
behind; flagellar segments of antennae rather stout, most «jf them only
a little longer than broad; malar space about as long as first flagellar
segment 53. mellitor (Say).
Second abscissa of discoideus not as long as the recurrent vein ; otherwise
not agreeing completely with the above 57.
57. Propodeura finely punctate or granular over its posterior half, and with
a median carina posteriorly ; abdomen granular on the second to sixth
tergites, the second usually with an irregularly rugose area on basal mid-
dle; segments of the antennal flagellum mostly but very little longer than
broad 54. nigropectus (Provancher).
Propodeum not punctate over posterior half, although usually with a short
median ridge posteriorly and a few lateral ridges diverging from this_ 58.
58. Transverse diameter of the opening between clypeus and mandibles scarcely
greater than the distance between this opening and the eye ; malar space
as long, or nearly, as first segment of antennal flagellum; ovipositor
sheaths very slender, but broadening rather conspicuously near tip.
55. furtivus (Fyles).
Transverse diameter of the opening between clypeus and mandibles much
greater than the distance between this opening and the eye ; malar space
much shorter than first segment of antennal flagellum 59.
59. Ovipositor sheaths very nearly as long as the entire body; face usually
blackish; abdomen usually mostly black 56. tachypteri, new species.
Ovipositor sheaths about as long as the abdomen; face yellow; abdomen
usually mostly yellow 60.
60. Second abdominal tergite usually with a shining irregularly rugose area
on basal middle ; third and following tergites granular ; abdomen
rather broad-oval ; first and second segments of antennal flagellum usually
about equal and usually twice as long as thick, the apical segments of
flagellum slender, usually twice as long as thick ; first abdominal tergite,
a median spot at base of second and more or less of the apical tergites
usually blackish 57. variabilis (Provancher).
Second abdominal tergite not as above ; the tergites beyond third usually
not granular, very faintly sculptured and shining; first segment of
antennal flagellum usually decidedly longer than second, the second not
twice as long as thick ; most of the flagellar segments beyond second
but very little longer than broad, the apical segments stout; abdomen
usually entirely yellow 5S. sanninoideae Gahan.
61. Segments of antennal flagellum very stout, beyond the first scarcely as
long as broad ; second abdominal tergite very finely punctate, the fol-
lowing tergites exceedingly faintly sculptured and strongly shining;
propodeum finely punctate on posterior half 59. hobomok Viereck.
Segments of antennal flagellum not so stout 62.
62. Malar space as long as first segment of antennal flagellum ; transverse
diameter of opening between clypeus and mandibles scarcely greater than
distance from this opening to the eye ; stigma, including its costal margin
largely yellow, brown at apex ; second abscissa of radius much more
than twice the first ; propodeum usually minutely punctate or reticulate
16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
over most of its surface ; abdomen granular on the second to sixth
tergites ; antennae normally 29 to 35-seginented 60. caulicola Gahau.
Malar space not as long as first segment of antennal flagellum ; rarely
nearly so, but then not combining all the above characters 63.
63. Second abdominal tergite very finely sculptured, usually a little striate
medially, the following almost smooth, exceedingly faintly, almost in-
distinctly, punctate ; propodeum smooth and polished with a stub of a
median carina posteriorly 64.
Second abdominal tergite more coarsely sculptured, usually with an ir-
regularly rugose area on basal middle, the following tergites granular ;
rarely the third and those beyond nearly smooth, but then the propodeum
is minutely punctate or reticulate over most of its surface 65.
64. Coxae more or less infuscated above ; face blackish ; wings rather strongly
dusky ; ovipositor sheaths about as long as the abdomen beyond 1st
tergite 61. niger (Provancher).
Coxae entirely pale yellow ; face yellow, wings nearly hyaline.
62. aequalis (Provancher).
65. Antennae normally 23 to 29-segmented, shorter than the body, the seg-
ments of apical half of flagellum but little longer than wide ; second ab-
dominal tergite usually as long as the first and longer than the third;
malar space very nearly as long as first flagellar segment ; propodeum
usually faintly punctate over its posterior half 63. argutator (Say).
Antennae usually as long as the body, the flagellar segments much longer
than broad; second abdominal tergite usually shorter than the first and
scarcely as long as the third 66.
66. Propodeum finely punctate or reticulate or very minutely granular over
most of its surface, more coarsely roughened medially and with a median
ridge posteriorly ; abdomen beyond third tergite very delicately sculp-
tured, irregularly transversely lineolated 64. geraei, new species.
Propodeum smooth and polished, with only a stub of a median longitudinal
ridge posteriorly and with some short lateral carinae diverging from this ;
abdomen usually granular on the second to sixth tergites 67.
67. Antennae normally 34 to 40-segmented ; malar space usually distinctly more
than half the transverse diameter of the opening between clypeus and
mandibles 68.
Antennae normally 24 to 32-segmented ; malar space scarcely half the trans-
verse diameter of the opening between clypeus and mandibles.
57. variabilis (Provancher).
68. Suturiform articulation slightly arcuate, the second tergite a little eniar-
ginate medially behind ; first segment of antennal flagellum usually not
twice as long as wide ; first tergite and a median basal spot on second
black; thorax usually mostly blackish 65. lutus (Provancher).
Suturiform articulation straight, the second tergite not at all emarginate
behind ; first segment of antennal flagellum twice as long as wide ; second
tergite entirely yellow, without a blackish spot medially at base.
66. cerambycidiphagus, new species.
69. Dorsum of abdomen mostly smooth and polished, the sculpture when present
very rarely extending to the third tergite ; propodeum smooth and
polished, sometimes with a median carina or a stub of a median ridge at
apex ; frons usually smooth and polished ; if sculptured, the face and
coxae black ; face very rarely yellow ; if so, then the abdomen is entirely
smooth and polished 70.
art. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON MUESEBECK 17
Dorsum of abdomen mostly sculptured ; very rarely not distinctly sculp-
tured beyond second tergite, but then frons is finely reticulately sculp-
tured and face and coxae are yellow ; face and coxae very rarely black
and then abdomen is distinctly sculptured 96.
70. Opening between clypeus and mandibles unusually large, its transverse
diameter as long as, or longer than, the distance from lower margin of
antennal foramina to lower margin of clypeus ; propodeum with a complete
median longitudinal carina ; posterior tarsi short and stout, shorter than
their tibiae 71.
Opening between clypeus and mandibles not so large ; at least not agreeing
entirely with the above 72.
71. Wings strongly infuscated ; last segment of hind tarsi very large, broad-
ening strongly toward apex and much longer than second tarsal segment;
antennae 25 to 27 segmented 15. gastroideae (Ashmead).
Wings hyaline or very nearly; last segment of hind tarsi normal, not
broadening strongly toward apex and not longer than second tarsal seg-
ment; antennae usually 21 to 23 segmented 16. brachyurus (Ashmead).
72. Second abdominal tergite with conspicuous, more or less triangular areas
of weaker chitinization laterally opposite the broad membranous mar-
gins of first tergite; abdomen, including first tergite, wholly smooth and
polished, propodeum completely polished without a stub of a median
ridge at apex 73.
Second abdominal tergite without such membranous areas laterally; first
abdominal tergite usually more or less sculptured at apex ; propodeum
most frequently, though not always, with a stub of a carina at apex__ 76.
73. Antennae usually 23 to 26 segmented, usually shorter than the body ; third
abscissa of radius distinctly longer than the first and second abscissae
combined and about twice as long as the second ; last abscissa of cubitus
distinctly longer than the preceding abscissa; wings usually rather
strongly dusky 74.
Antennae usually 28 to 32 segmented, longer than the body ; third abscissa
of radius not distinctly longer than the first and second combined and
not nearly twice as long as the second ; last abscissa of cubitus not dis-
tinctly longer than the preceding; wings faintly infuscated 75.
74. Head, thorax, and abdomen yellowish, sometimes with fuscous markings;
legs yellow ; second abdominal tergite usually as long as third, or
nearly 29. rudbeckiae, new species.
Head, thorax, and abdomen, black; legs black; second abdominal tergite
usually much shorter than third 30. temiiceps, new species.
75. Head and thorax black; abdomen mostly black; legs more or less black-
ish 17. melanaspis (Ashmead).
Head, thorax, and abdomen mostly yellowish; legs yellowish.
18. juncicola (Ashmead).
76. Frons entirely, and usually the vertex to some extent, closely minutely
punctate or reticulate and opaque ; parapsidal grooves completely thickly
hairy; head black with contrasting yellow orbital lines; thorax short
and stout, black ; wings rather strongly infuscated 77.
Frons usually smooth and polished, rarely with faint sculpture just above
insertion of antennae ; at least not exactly as above 78.
77. Second abdominal tergite usually smooth and polished, and provided with
two distinct short oblique foveolate impressions medially toward base;
antennae usually 21 to 24 segmented; middle lobe of mososcutum with
scattered pubescence arising from its surface anteriorly.
19. politiventris (Cushman).
18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
Second abdominal tergite usually finely sculptured over nearly its entire
surface and without such impressions toward the base ; antennae nor-
mally 24 to 29-segmented ; surface of middle lobe entirely destitute of
pubescence although the long hairs arising in the parapsidal grooves lie
upon the lobes 20. pygmaeus (Provancher).
78. Head thin antero-posteriorly, hardly longer at the intersection of the anten-
nae than at the clypeus, the face not strongly receding ; thorax rather
stout ; propodeum completely smooth and polished, without even a stub of
a median ridge posteriorly ; wings rather strongly infuscated on basal
half i 79.
Head not thin, rather prominent just below insertion of antennae, the face
receding ; propodeum most frequently with a distinct short stub of a
median ridge at apex 81.
79. Parapsidal grooves rather thickly hairy posteriorly ; all coxae and more or
less of remainder of legs, black ; first abscissa of radius usually nearly as
long as first intercubitus and much more than half the second abscissa
of radius 21. connecticutorum Viereck.
Parapsidal grooves exceedingly sparsely hairy 80.
80. Second abdominal tergite usually with a rather prominent polished basal
median area and with some sculpture adjoining this ; coxae and more or
less of remainder of legs black 31. nuperus (Cresson).
Second abdominal tergite, like remainder of abdomen, completely polished ;
legs, including all coxae, usually uniformly yellowish-red or reddish-
brown 32. curtus (Provancher).
81. Abdomen wholly smooth and polished, the second tergite with two short
oblique furrows setting off a basal median area ; parapsidal furrows
thickly hairy ; head more than usually thick antero-posteriorly ; antennae
usually 29 to 32 segmented, tapering distinctly toward tip; face yellow;
body usually mostly yellow ; legs yellow, posterior coxae sometimes a
little infuscated 22. psilocorsi Viereck.
Abdomen rarely entirely smooth and polished, and then not agreeing com-
pletely with the above characters 82.
82. Legs including all coxae bright yellow ; antennae never stout, all flagellar
segments decidedly longer than broad ; suturiform articulation always
very fine ; wings frequently hyaline 83.
Legs dark brown or blackish ; coxae black or blackish ; wings distinctly
infuscated 88.
83. Propodeum usually with a complete or nearly complete median longitudinal
carina ; second and third tergites finely sculptured ; first abdominal ter-
gite mostly rugose 23. meromyzae (Gahan).
Propodeum smooth and polished with only a short stub of a median ridge
posteriorly ; third tergite always entirely smooth and polished 84.
84. Abdomen entirely polished with no indication of sculpture ; wings per-
fectly clear hyaline ; face yellow ; thorax and abdomen usually en-
tirely yellow 27. angelesius (Provancher).
Second abdominal tergite nearly always a little sculptured ; face black ;
thorax and more or less of abdomen black 85.
85. First abscissa of radius about as long as inner side of stigma and nearly
as long as first intercubitus ; second abscissa of radius not twice the
first ; wings distinctly fuscous on basal two-thirds ; flagellar segments
of antennae not twice as long as thick 67. cinctus (Provancher).
Not agreeing entirely with the above 86.
abt. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICTtOBEACON MUESEBECK 19
86. Propodeum somewhat sculptured medially at base and with a distinct
median ridge on apical third ; posterior tarsi scarcely as long as their
tibiae, the last tarsal segment fully as long as the second, and stout
2G. uncas Viereck.
Propodeum perfectly smooth and polished except for an exceedingly short,
often indistinct, stub of a median ridge at apex ; posterior tarsi longer
than their tibiae, the last tarsal segment not nearly as long as the
second S7.
87. Antennae very slender, normally 27 to 32-segmented, all flagellar segments
at least twice as long as broad ; head entirely black
2S. auripes (Provancher)-
Antennae usually 33 to 36-segmented, the flagellar segments mostly less
than twice as long as broad; head usually with very narrow inner and
superior ferruginous orbital lines 24. nigridorsum (Ashmead).
88. Posterior tarsi stout, the last tarsal segment fully as long as the second and
more than half the metatarsus ; abdomen slender ; first tergite long and
narrow, broadening gradually from base and about twice as long as broad
at apex ; second tergite at most with faint sculpturing medially ; suturi-
form articulation very delicate ; stigma large ; abdomen black 89.
Posterior tarsi more slender, the last tarsal segment shorter than the second
and not more than half the metatarsus ; otherwise not as above 90.
89. Abdomen completely polished ; wings strongly infuscated.
68. wawequa Viereck
Abdomen with second tergite a little striate medially ; wings slightly dusky
on basal two-thirds 25. ashmeadi, new name.
90. Second and third abdominal tergites rather evenly striate ; suturiform ar-
ticulation broad, coarsely foveolate ; last abscissa of radius shorter than
first and second combined ; propodeum with a median carina on apical
half ; all segments of antennal flagellum longer than broad
69. sulcifrons (Ashmead).
Third abdominal tergite rarely sculptured and then with only very faint
roughening toward base ; at least not the above combination of char-
acters 91.
91. Stigma yellow* at base and along costal margin; malar space about as long
as first segment of antennal flagellum ; all flagellar segments longer than
broad, the first and second of equal length 33. hyslopi Viereck.
Stigma unicolorous, brown 92.
92. Antennae stout, frequently broadening faintly beyond the first flagellar seg-
ment, and narrowing again toward apex, most of the flagellar segments
but little or no longer than broad ; second abscissa of radius usually
twice the first ; abdomen frequently ferruginous with only first tergite
and median spot on second, black 93.
Antennae more slender, all flagellar segments much longer than broad ;
second abscissa of radius usually distinctly less than twice the first ;
abdomen black with more or less of second and third tergites pale 95.
93. Antennae normally 25 to 30-segmented ; propodeum with a median carina
on apical half and raore or less rugulose on the median line toward base ;
second abscissa of radius more than twice the first, the third longer
than the first and second combined ; abdomen with second and third
tergites mostly yellowish or red, the remainder black.
34. nitidus (Provancher).
Antennae normally 32 to 37-segmented ; propodeum not so completely
sculptured on the median line ; abdomen usually ferruginous with only
first tergite and a median spot on second black 94
20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM vol.67
94. Third abscissa of radius shorter than last abscissa of cubitus and not
distinctly as long as first and second abscissae of radius combined ;
flagellar segments of antennae mostly not longer than broad; posterior
tibiae dusky only at apex _• 38. nevadensis (Ashmead).
Third abscissa of radius as long as last abscissa of cubitus and fully as
long as the first and second abscissae of radius combined ; all flagellar
segments of antennae a little longer than broad ; posterior tibiae wholly
black 37. sesiae, new species.
95. Propodeum with a prominent stub of a median ridge on its posterior third ;
first abscissa of radius not as long as the side of stigma bordering first
cubital cell 3G. pini, new species.
Propodeum without a distinct stub of a median carina extending one-
third the distance toward base ; first abscissa of radius as long" as the
side of stigma bordering first cubital cell 35. tychii, new species.
96. Second abdominal tergite almost smooth, strongly shining and provided
with two distinct short furrows that set off a basal median area and
usually with two longitudinal furrows laterally ; third, fourth, and fifth
tergites granular ; antennae shorter than the body, usually 20 to 24-seg-
mented ; radius arising much before middle of stigma ; posterior coxae
strongly infuscated 39. thurberiphagae, new species.
Not agreeing entirely with the above 97.
97. Antennae very slender, usually 22 to 29-segmented, all of the flagellar
segments fully twice as long as thick, the basal segments not thicker
than the apical segments, the antennae not tapering toward tip ; wings
perfectly clear hyaline ; stigma long ; radius arising much before its
middle; propodeum smooth and polished 98.
Antennae not as above; at least not that combination of characters 100.
98. Abdomen very delicately sculptured, smooth laterally ; antennae usually
22 to 24-segmented ; abdomen usually yellow.
40. pityophthori, new species.
Abdomen coarsely sculptured ; suturiform articulation very broad, foveo-
late ; antennae usually 26 to 29-segmented ; abdomen mostly black
above 99.
99. Abdomen, especially second tergite, strongly longitudinally rugose, the
second tergite usually with a complete median longitudinal raised line ;
parapsidal grooves rather thickly hairy anteriorly as well as posteriorly;
abdomen black above, more or less yellow medially on third, fourth, and
fifth tergites 41. laemosacci, new species.
Abdomen coarsely granular; parapsidal grooves not thickly hairy ante-
riorly ; abdomen blackish above, yellow laterally- 42. metacomet Viereck.
100. Wings long, unifoi-mly infuscated to apex, the wing membrane abnormally
thickly hairy over its entire surface ; cubitus and subdiscoideus nearly
parallel, the second discoidal cell scarcely broadening apically ; radial
cell exceptionally long, radius going to extreme apex of wing; pro-
podeum entirely finely rugulose ; antennae slender and more than 40-
segmented 43. atricollis (Ashmead).
Wings not agreeing with the above characterization 101.
101. All coxae and trochanters black ; more or less of remainder of legs,
especially posterior tibiae, blackish ; head, including face, deep black ;
wings strongly infuscated ; thorax black ; abdomen usually more or less
red 4S. hemimenae Rohwer.
Coxae yellow, rarely a little infuscated ; face very rarely brownish-
black 102
art. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MIGROBEACON MUESEBECK 21
102. Propodeum, except at extreme base, rugulose; most flagellar segments but
very little longer than broad; body usually yellowish; abdomen only
very faintly sculptured beyond second tergite 103.
Propodeum usually smooth and polished, although often with diverging
ridges medially, and sometimes delicately punctate or reticulate over
most of its surface 104.
103. Second abdominal tergite with an irregularly rugose area on basal middle ;
antennae usually 28 to 32-segmented 45. podunkorum Viereck.
Second abdominal tergite rather evenly finely sculptured ; antennae usually
32 to 36-segmented 44. analcidis (Ashmead).
104. Propodeum faintly reticulate on its posterior half; sometimes more dis-
tinctly granular over its entire surface ; thorax never wholly black__ 105.
Propodeum smooth and polished, with no indication of such reticula-
tion 108.
105. Second abscissa of radius much more than twice the first ; radius going
to extreme apex of wing, the third abscissa of radius almost on a
straight line with the second ; wings distinctly somewhat infuscated,
the stigma usually yellow ; antennae rather slender, usually 30 to 36-
segmented ; body entirely yellow, very rarely with propodeum and first
tergite dusky; ocell-ocular line not more than twice the diameter of an
ocellus GO. caulicola Gahan.
Second abscissa of radius usually not more than twice the first, and
usually making a distinct angle with the second 106.
106. Antennae normally 23 to 29-segmented ; second abdominal tergite usually
fully as long as the first and longer than the third ; propodeum and
first abdominal tergite usually infuscated ; mesonotal lobes often more
or less blackish 63. argutator (Say).
Antennae usually 27 to 37-segmented ; second abdominal tergite very rarely
longer than third 107.
107. Flagellar segments of antennae slender; antennae composed of 27 to 33
.segments ; abdomen beyond 3d tergite usually only very faintly sculp-
tured ; propodeum and first abdominal tergite usually yellow ; head,
sometimes including part of face, and anterior parts of mesonotum,
usually blackish 64. geraei, new species.
Flagellar segments mostly only a little longer than broad; antennae
normally composed of 32 to 37 segments; third to fifth abdominal
tergites granular and opaque; propodeum and first abdominal tergite,
and usually venter of thorax, black 54. nigropectus (Provancher).
108. Abdomen not or only indistinctly sculptured beyond third tergite, strongly
shining, suturiform articulation very fine 109.
Abdomen granular on second to fifth tergites; suturiform articulation
often rather broad, foveolate 115.
109. Antennae stout, most of the flagellar segments but little or no longer
than broad HO.
Antennae slender, flagellar segments much longer than broad; face yellow;
abdomen mostly yellow 112.
110. Suturiform articulation usually finely foveolate; antennae usually 28 to
33-segmented ; face yellow ; abdomen usually largely ferruginous, blackish
at base and apex; frons and vertex mostly ferruginous, black only
medially 51. apicatus (Provancher).
59. hobomok Viereck.
Suturiform articulation not distinctly foveolate; antennae usually 24 to
29-segmented; face usually brownish-black; frons and vertex wholly
black HI.
22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
111. First abdominal tergite with a foveolate groove just inside the lateral
margins ; abdomen black, with only the suturiform articulation and a
lateral spot on second tergite yellow ; segments of antennal flagellum all
a little longer than broad ; posterior coxae more or less inf uscated.
50. papaipemae Gahan.
First abdominal tergite without a distinct foveolate groove inside lateral
margins, but with elongate apical lateral pits ; abdomen with second and
third tergites mostly pale ; most segments of antennal flagellum not dis-
tinctly longer than broad; all coxae yellow 52. nanus (Provancher).
112. Face yellow ; all coxae bright yellow ; abdomen usually mostly yellow 113.
Face brownish-black; posterior coxae more or less inf uscated above;
abdomen mostly blackish 61. niger (Provancher).
113. Third cubital cell long, the last abscissa of cubitus much longer than the
preceding, the third abscissa of radius considerably longer than the first
and second abscissae combined ; second abscissa of radius usually not
twice the first ; abdomen black except the suturiform articulation and
second tergite laterally 70. canadensis (Ashmead).
Last abscissa of cubitus not. distinctly longer than the preceding ; third
abscissa of radius not longer than first and second abscissae combined;
second abscissa of radius at least twice the first; abdomen mostly
yellow : 114.
114. Propodeum very smooth and polished with only an exceedingly short stub
of a median ridge at apex ; first flagellar segment more than twice as
long as broad and distinctly longer than the scape ; scape yellow.
46. montowesi Viereck.
Propodeum with a median carina extending nearly half-way to the base;
first flagellar segment of antennae nearly twice as long as broad, but
scarcely as long as the scape; scape black_ 62. aequalis (Provancher).
115. Malar space one-third as long as the eye height; ocelli very small, the
ocell-ocular line three times as long as the diameter of an ocellus;
second abdominal tergite considerably shorter than third; sixth ter-
gite, as well as all the preceding, sculptured ; propodeum usually with a
nearly complete median longitudinal carina ; antennae usually 33 to 40-
segmented 49. oenotherae, new species
Malar space not nearly one-third the eye-height ; ocell-ocular line not
three times as long as the diameter of an ocellus ; second abdominal
tergite usually as long as the third ; sixth tergite practically always
completely polished 116.
116. Distance between clypeal foveae more than twice as long as malar space;
antennae usually 24 to 32-segmented, very rarely with 33 or 34 seg-
ments 117.
Distance between clypeal foveae not distinctly twice as long as malar
space ; or, if apparently as long, then with antennae 34 to 40-segmented ;
antennae rarely with less than 33 segments 12L
117. Head, including face black or brownish-black 118.
Face pale yellow ; frons and vertex mostly yellow 119.
118. Thorax and abdomen entirely or mostly yellow ; propodeum impressed,
almost grooved along the median line, with some transverse rugae in
the depression ; thorax not stout, about twice as long as high, viewed
laterally 71. konkapoti Viereck.
Thorax and abdomen mostly black ; propodeum smooth and polished ex-
cept for a stub of a median ridge at apex, not impressed along the
median line; thorax stout 56. tachypteri, new species
art. S REVISION OF THE GENUS MIOROBRACON MUESEBECK 23
119. Second to fifth abdominal tergites evenly granular and opaque, the second
not longitudinally rugulose and without a median irregularly rugose
shining area ; ocell-ocular line a little more than twice the diameter of
of an ocellus ; last abscissa of radius scarcely as long as first and second
abscissae combined 72. rhyssemati (Ashmead).
Second abdominal tergite usually with a median irregularly rugose shin-
ing area at base, or longitudinally rugose; fourth and fifth tergites us-
ually much more weakly sculptured and shining; last abscissa of radius
usually a little longer than first and second abscissae combined ; ocell-
ocular line scarcely twice as long as greatest diameter of an ocellus__120.
120. Thorax, viewed laterally, twice as long as high ; antennae usually 31 to
34-segmented, the first flagellar segment usually distinctly longer than
the second ; abdomen usually entirely yellow beyond first tergite.
58. sanninoideae Gahan.
Thorax more compact, not twice as long as its greatest height ; antennae
usually 24 to 32-segmented, the first and second flagellar segments
usually of equal length and twice as long as broad ; abdomen usually
with first tergite, median spot on second, and more or less of apical
tergites blackish 57. variabilis (Provancher).
121. Recurrent vein not distinctly longer than second abscissa of discoideus,
and but very little longer than the portion of cubitus between recur-
rent and first intercubitus; antennae rather stout, none of the flagellar
segments twice as long as broad ; second tergite usually slightly emargin-
ate at the middle posteriorly ; wings usually infuscated, with the stigma
yellow 53. mellitor (Say).
Recurrent vein longer than second abscissa of discoideus and usually twice
as long as the portion of cubitus between recurrent and first inter-
cubitus ; antennae usually more slender, with at least the basal flagellar
segments and the terminal segments twice as long as broad 122.
122. Last segment of posterior tarsi as long as the second ; second abscissa of
radius more than twice the first ; measured on the cubitus the third
cubital cell shorter than the second ; second abdominal tergite not ir-
regularly strongly rugose on basal middle; antennae 34 to 40-segmented;
thorax long, not stout 47. cephi Gahan.
Last segment of posterior tarsi shorter than second ; at least not exactly
as above 123.
123. Second abdominal tergite with an irregularly rugose shining area on basal
middle ; antennae ususally 35 to 42-segmented ; malar space scarcely
more than half the distance between clypeal foveae 124.
Second abdominal tergite without such irregularly rugose area on basal
middle, evenly granular or somewhat longtitudinally sculptured
medially : 125.
124. Suturiform articulation straight, the second abdominal tergite not at all
emarginate behind ; second abdominal tergite, like remainder of abdo-
men, usually entirely yellow 6G. cerambycidiphagus, new species.
Suturiform articulation broadly a little emarginate behind; second tergite
usually with a black median spot, and more or less of remainder of ab-
domen usually blackish or fuscous G5. lutus (Provancher).
125. Face more or less blackish ; second abscissa of radius not distinctly
twice the first; thorax wholly black 73. cookii (Ashmead).
Face yellow; second abscissa of radius usually distinctly more than twice
the first 55. furtivus (Fyles).
24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM vol.67
1. MICROERACON QUINNIPIACORUM Viereck
Microbracon quinnipincorum Viereck, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist.
Survey, 1917 (1916), p. 207.
Type. — In the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station at
New Haven.
The antennae of the type are 31-segmented and slender, the basal
flagellar segments twice, or nearly twice, as long as broad; irons,
vertex, mesoscutum, scutellum, pro-, meso-, and metapleura, propo-
deum and dorsum of abdomen entirely, uniformly finely punctate or
reticulate and opaque; parapsidal grooves pubescent; the surface of
the middle lobe of mesoscutum bare; propodeum with a stub of a
median ridge at apex; wings only very slightly dusky; second ab-
scissa of radius at least twice as long as the first, the first and second
abscissae combined scarcely as long as the third; second abdominal
tergite much longer than the third; in the type the ovipositor sheaths
project scarcely the length of the first abdominal tergite. Ferrugin-
ous; head, thorax and base of abdomen more or less marked Avith
blackish. A small species, about 2 mm. in length.
Distribution. — Connecticut, Maryland.
Host. — Unknown.
Known only from the type, and one female specimen in the United
States National Museum, labeled " Md., Collection Ashmead."
2. MICROBRACON PUNCTATUS, new species
Female. — Length 2.8 mm. Head rather thick antero-posteriorly
at insertion of antennae, the face receding somewhat below; face
including clypeus, frons, and vertex finely closely punctate and
opaque; frons with a distinct median groove from anterior ocellus
to the antennae; antennae 28-segmented, nearly or quite as long as
the body, the tw'o basal flagellar segments about twice as long as
wide, all the following much longer than broad; mesoscutum and
scutellum, pro-, meso- and metapleura, propodeum, and posterior
coxae all finely evenly punctate and opaque; propodeum with a dis-
tinct complete median longitudinal groove; pubescence on mesono-
tum sparse and restricted to the parapsidal grooves; second abscissa
of radius more than twice as long as the first, the latter about half
the first intercubitus; third abscissa of radius about as long as the
first and second abscissae combined; last abscissa of cubitus about
as long as the preceding abscissa ; the portion of cubitus between re-
current and first intercubitus very short, the recurrent nearly inter-
stitial with first intercubitus; abdomen ovate; first tergite evenly
punctate, opaque; the second and third finely punctate or minutely
granular, the posterior tergites much more weakly so and more shin-
ing; ovipositor sheaths as long as the abdomen beyond first tergite.
art. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON MUESEBECK 25
Ferruginous; frons, vertex and occiput piceous; antennae yellowish
below toward base, brownish to brownish-black above and apically;
wings hyaline, stigma brown ; legs ferruginous.
Type.— Cat. No. 26661, U.S.N.M.
Type-locality. — Nassau Count}'', New York.
Host. — The type is labeled " With larva of Listronotus latiusculus."
Described from a single specimen taken by F. H. Chittenden.
3. MICROBRACON SPHENOPHOR1, new species
Fig. 6
Female. — Length 3 mm. Head very nearly as long antero-pos-
teriorly as high; e}7es rather small, hardly more than half as long
as the height of head ; distinctly though sparsely hairy ; malar space
short, less than half the transverse diameter of the opening between
clypeus and mandibles, which is about equal to the distance from
base of antennae to clypeus; face and frons closely minutely punc-
tate and opaque, the vertex faintly punctate; vertex and temples
broad; frons without a distinct median groove descending from
median ocellus; ocell-ocular line more than three times the diameter
of an ocellus; antennae missing beyond 19th segment; first flagellar
segment about twice as long as broad, much longer than the second,
the following but very little longer than broad; mesoscutum and
scutellum very faintly punctate, more distinctly so in the region of
the parapsidal grooves, shining; anteriorly the mesoscutum is very
smooth and shining, not distinctly punctate; pleura entirely, pro-
podeum and posterior coxae, minutely evenly punctate and sub-
opaque ; the propodeum with a more or less distinct median furrow ;
pubescence on mesoscutum very sparse and restricted to the parap-
sidal furrows; fore wing with radius going nearly to the apex;
second abscissa of radius fully twice the first, but the first and
second combined less than the third; the first abscissa of radius
about half the first intercubitus ; last abscissa of cubitus much longer
than the preceding; the portion of cubitus between recurrent and
intercubitus very short, the recurrent nearly interstitial with first
intercubitus; posterior femora rather stout, but little more than
three times as long as broad ; abdomen long and narrow ; first
tergite evenly punctate, like the propodeum; the following tergites
very minutely punctate, becoming gradually less distinctly so pos-
teriorly, the apical tergites being smooth and shining; ovipositor
sheaths as long as the abdomen beyond the first tergite. Entirely
yellow including antennae and legs; wings hyaline, stigma and
veins yellowish.
Male. — Essentially as in the female; the malar space is a little
shorter; the antennae are 36-segmented, and the flagellar segments
26 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM vol. 67
longer than in the female; on the basal half the antennae are yel-
lowish, on the apical half blackish.
Type.— Cat. No. 26660, U.S.N.M.
Type-locality. — Charleston, Missouri.
Host. — Sphenophorus callosus Olivier.
Described from three specimens reared by Bagby and Satter-
thwaite, August 16 to 25, 1917 under Webster No. 17835.
4. MICROBRACON GELECHIAE (Ashmead)
Fig. 23
Bracon gelechiae Ashmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 1889 (1888), p. 623.
Bracon notaticeps Ashmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 1S89 (18S8) p. 624.
Bracon. species Riley and Howard, Insect Life, vol. 2, 1890. p. 349.
Habrobracon gelechiae Johnson, Ent. News, vol. 6, 1895, p. 324.
Bracon, species Johannsen and Patch, Bull. 195, Maine Agr. Exp. Sta., 1912,
p. 243.
Habrobracon johannscni Viereck, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1913, p. 622.
Habrobracon tetralophae Viereck, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1913, p. 623.
Habrobracon gelechiae Cushman, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 16, 1914, p. 106.
Habrobracon johannseni Cushman, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 16, 1914, p. 107.
Habrobracon gelechiae Stearns, Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 12, 1919, p. 348.
Type. — The types of gelechiae, notaticeps, johannseni, and tetra-
lophae are all in the United States National Museum, and respec-
tively bear Type Catalogue Nos. 2919, 2920, 14720, and 14721.
The female antennae normally are 22 to 26-segmented, although
very small specimens rarely have as few as 19 or 20 segments in the
antennae; the 'antennae of the males are 22 to 27-segmented ; the flag-
ellar segments are always much longer than broad, the first being
twice as long as broad. The entire body is closely finely punctate
and opaque or subopaque; the propodeum is without a distinct stub
of a carina posteriorly; the color Varies greatly, but the head is
nearly always black, with pale inner and superior orbital lines, and
the thorax is black; the first abscissa of the radius is almost invari-
ably about as long as. the second, and the portion of cubitus between
the recurrent and the first intercubitus is fully as long as the re-
current, and in small specimens longer.
Distribution. — Throughout the United States.
Flosts. — Gelechia, species (Ashmead) ; (Gelechia) Phthorimaea
cinerella Murtfeldt (Ashmead) ; " oak-leaf skeletonizer " (Ash-
mead) ; (Tetralopha) Wanda haptisiella Fernald (Viereck); " 4-
spotted oak-leaf tyer;" {Gelechia) Aristotelia roseosuffusella
Clemens (Riley and Howard) ; Canarsia hammondi Riley; Pyrausta
nubilalis Huebner; Laspeyresia molesta Busck (Stearns) ; Gelechia
hibiscclla Busck; Phthorimaea operculella Zeller; Papaipema.
art. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON MUESEBECK 27
species in pinks; Desmia funeralis Huebner; Pohjchrosis viteana
Clemens ; and Archips argyrospila Walker.
A large quantity of material which is in the United States
National Museum has been examined. This includes, in addition to
the types, specimens from the hosts listed above and from the follow-
ing localities: Riley Co., Kansas; Franklin Co., Arkansas; Benton-
ville, Arkansas (D. Isely). Watertown, Massachusetts (D. H.
Craig) ; Peabody and Wakefield, Massachusetts (D. W. Jones and
H. L. Parker); Cedar Point, Maryland; Oswego, New York;
Whitesburg, New Jersey (H. B. Scammell) ; Leesburg, Virginia
(L. A. Stearns) ; Rutherford, New Jersey (E. L. Dickerson) ; Fair-
fax County, Virginia (J. F. Strauss) ; Norfolk, Virginia (F. H.
O'Neill) ; Carlisle, Pennsylvania (P. R, Myers) ; Northeast, Penn-
sylvania; Champaign, Illinois. Salineville, Ohio; Agricultural Col-
lege, Michigan; Spokane, Washington (H. E. Newman); Los
Angeles and El Monte, California (J. E. Graf). Most of this ma-
terial was reared in the Bureau of Entomology under various Chit-
tenden, Quaintance and Webster numbers. There is also a series
of this species at the Gipsy Moth Laboratory, reared by R. T.
Webber from an unknown tortricid on Monarda didyma, at Melrose
Highlands, Massachusetts, under Gipsy Moth Laboratory No. 12164
C21. .
5. MICROBRACON DIVERSICOLOR (Viereck)
Habrobracon cliversicolor Viereck, Ent. News, vol. 32, 1921, p. 174.
Type. — In the California Academy of Sciences.
The type of this species has not been seen ; but from the original
description it appears to be gelechiae (Ashmead). However, I pre-
fer to hold the name distinct until an opportunity is presented for an
examination of the type.
Distribution. — Berkeley, California.
Host. — Unknown.
6. MICROBRACON ERUCARUM (Cushman)
Fig. 24
Habrobracon erucarum Cushman, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 5S, 1920, p. 291.
Type.— Cat. No. 22870, U.S.N.M.
Near americanus (Ashmead) and gelechiae (Ashmead), but separa-
ble from these by the characters given in the foregoing table. Usually
entirely black except for very narrow, sometimes mostly obsolete,
pale inner orbital lines, the venter of the abdomen, which is usually
yellow, and usually more or less of the tibiae, which are somewhat
brownish ; the mesonotum, pleura, and propodeum are faintly closely
28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
punctate: the scutellimi almost polished; the abdomen beyond the
second tergite is smooth and shining, only faintly minutely reticulate ;
the radial cell is exceptionally small, measured along the wing mar-
gin but little longer than the stigma; the first abscissa of radius is
usually longer than the second; the only entire female antenna seen
has 22 segments, that of the male 25.
Distribution. — "Utah; Colorado; Arizona.
Host. — Euxoa, species.
In addition to the type series the United States National Museum
has one specimen from Chiric Mountains, Arizona (H. G. Hubbard) ;
and another from Colorado (C. F. Baker).
7. MICROBRACON AMKRICANUS (Ashmead)
Trachyusa amcricana Ashmead, Bull. Colorado Biol. Assoc, 1, 1S90, p. IS.
Habrobracon americanus Gahan, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55, 1919, p. 123.
Type.— -Cat, No. 13421, U.S.N.M.
Although in his description Ashmead stated that he had but one
specimen, and that a male, the specimen in the National Museum
labeled " type " is a female. It agrees in every detail with Ashmead's
description and I have no doubt whatever that it is the specimen
which he had before him. The face, f rons, vertex, temples, even occi-
put to some extent, and the entire thorax, minutely punctate or
reticulate and opaque; antennae of type 23-segmented ; antennae of
two other specimens, one female and one male, likewise 23-segmented,
not tapering toward tip; the two basal flagellar segments twice as
long as broad; middle lobe of mesoscutum destitute of pubescence
medially; propodeum with a distinct median carina on its posterior
third or half; abdomen beyond second tergite a little more strongly
punctate and less shining than in erucarum; radial cell short, the
radius attaining wing margin much before the apex ; second abscissa
of radius distinctly longer than first, and at least as long as first inter-
cubitus ; the portion of cubitus between recurrent vein and first inter-
cubitus decidedly shorter than recurrent; ovipositor sheaths project-
ing much less than half the length of the abdomen beyond apex of
the last dorsal segment ; head black except for narrow superior orbi-
tal lines and a yellowish spot on cheeks adjoining the malar space;
thorax and abdomen mostly or entirely black; coxae black; remainder
of legs more or less black ; one male in the National Museum has the
abdomen almost entirely red, and the antennae 22-segmented.
Distribution. — Colorado.
Host. — Unknown .
In addition to the type there are three specimens, one female and
two males, in the United States National Museum, all from Colorado,
the female labeled " Colo. 2075," the two males " Colo. 413."
art. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON MUESEBECK 29
8. MICROBRACON CUSHMANI, new name
Fig. 17
Eabrobracon variabilis Cushman, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 16, 1914, p. 103
(not rrovancher).
Type.— Cat. No. 18275, U.S.N.M.
Separated from xanthonotus and platynotae by the antennae,
which, especially in the female, are stout and taper toward the tip ;
and by the paler head and thorax. It is further distinguished from
platynotae by the usually coarser longitudinal sculpture of the second
tergite, and from xanthonotus by the longer ovipositor sheaths, which
are a little more than half as long as the abdomen. Head and thorax
entirely finely granularly sculptured; antennae of female usually 19
to 22-segmented ; of male, normally 21 to 25 segmented; malar space
of female at least as long as the first flagellar segment; of male,
nearly as long; wings a little dusky on basal half or more; second
abscissa of radius only a little or no longer than the first; last ab-
scissa of radius as long as the last abscissa of cubitus, the latter not
distinctly twice the preceding abscissa of cubitus; the portion of
cubitus between recurrent and first intercubitus fully as long as
recurrent ; abdomen entirely or nearly entirely sculptured, the second
tergite coarsely so ; the oblique grooves on first tergite usually f oveo-
late; head, thorax, and abdomen usually mostly testaceous, the
thorax often more or less fuscous ; legs mostly yellowish-brown.
Distribution. — Occurs from Florida to Arizona and north to Illi-
nois and Pennsylvania ; also found on the Virgin Islands.
Hosts. — Canarsia hammondi Riley; Acrobasis nebuleUa Riley;
Mineola indiginella Zeller; Mesocondyla gastralis Guenee; Enar-
monia prunivora Walsh.
Represented in the National Museum by considerable material
from the above-named hosts and from the following localities : Cham-
paign, Illinois; Brownsville, Texas (Bridwell) ; Tucson, Arizona;
Siloam Springs, Arkansas (S. W. Foster) ; Bentonville, Arkansas
(D. Isely) ; Anderson, Missouri (F. L. Wellman and D. Isely) ; Kirk-
wood, Missouri; Thomasville, Georgia; Monticello, Florida (J. B.
Gill) ; and St. Croix, Virgin Islands. Most of this material was
reared in the Bureau of Entomology under Quaintance Nos. 5083,
9160, 16459, 16487, 20730.
9. MICROBRACON PLATYNOTAE (Cushman)
Habrobracon platynotae Cushman, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 16, 1914, p. 104.
Type.— Cat. No. 18276, U.S.N.M.
Distinguished from cushm,ani as noted under that species; from
xanthonotus it differs especially by the characters given in the key;
from gelechiae, which it very closely resembles in general appearance
30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
and in the length of ovipositor, it can be separated by the broader,
foveolate suturiform articulation, the presence of a median area on
the second tergite set off by Short longitudinal furrows, and by the
usually more coarsely granular sculpture of the abdomen. Antennae
of female usually 22 to 25 segmented, of the male 24 to 27 segmented ;
first flagellar segment twice as long as thick; head and thorax en-
tirely finely granular; first abscissa of radius usually as long as the
second ; the part of cubitus between recurrent and intercubitus longer
than the recurrent ; propocleum without a distinct median carina pos-
teriorly ; head and thorax mostly black ; abdomen usually testaceous,
except at base.
Distribution. — Hollywood, California ; Durango, Mexico.
Hosts. — Platynota, species ; Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders.
In addition to the types the National Museum has a small series of
specimens reared from the pink bollworm, at Tlahualilo and Lirdo,
Durango, Mexico, by A. C. Johnson and N. B. McKinney.
10. MICROBRACON XANTHONOTUS (Ashmead)
Fig. 26
Bracon xanthonotus Ashmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 1SS9 (1888),
p. 618.
Habrobracon hopkinsi Viereck, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 3S0.
Habrobracon mali Viereck, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 44, 1913, p. 641.
Habrobracon xanthonotus Cushman, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 16, 1914, p.
105.
7^.— Cat. No. 14757, U.S.N.M. The types of hopkinsi (Cat.
No. 12284) and mali (Cat. No. 15331) are also in the National
Museum.
A thorough study of the types of xanthonotus, hopkinsi, and mali
can leave no doubt that all, as Cushman suggested, belong to the
same species. The characters upon which they were originally sepa-
rated are all extremely variable. Some series exhibit practically all
intergradations. The head and thorax are finely punctate or minu-
tely granular ; the antennae are slender, and in the female normally
23 to 27-segmented, in the male usually 25 to 28-segmented ; the first
flagellar segment is more than twice as long as thick, in the male
nearly three times as long as thick ; malar space in female as long as
first segment of flagellum, but considerably shorter in the male ; sec-
ond abscissa of radius nearly always a little longer than the first;
third abscissa of radius going very nearly to extreme apex of wing
and as long as last abscissa of cubitus; the part of cubitus between
recurrent and first intercubitus nearly always a little shorter than
the recurrent, apparently as long as recurrent in some small males;
abdomen usually strongly sculptured, the second tergite and base of
third usually longitudinally rugulose; the oblique grooves on first
art. 8 REVISION OP THE GENUS MICROBEACON MUESEBECK 31
tergite coarsely foveolate, the apex of this tergite commonly rugose;
second tergite nearly always with a median basal area set off by
longitudinal foveolate furrows; ovipositor sheaths distinctly less
than half the length of the abdomen ; head and thorax usually black,
more or less marked with yellow or red; abdomen varying from
mostly testaceous to entirely black; legs varying from mostly black-
ish to testaceous.
Distribution. — California; Washington; Virginia; Minnesota;
New Hampshire.
Hosts. — Notolophus oslari Barnes; Malacosoma pluvialis Dyar;
M. constricta Packard.
The foregoing discussion and characterization are based on the
types of xanthonotus, mali, and hopkinsi, and on considerable addi-
tional material in the United States National Museum. This ma-
terial includes series reared from Malacosoma pluvialis, at Pullman,
Washington, under Washington Experiment Station No. 025; from
M. constricta, at Sacramento, California, under Bureau of Entomo-
logy No. 2747 ; and from an unknown lepidopterous larva, at Vienna,
Virginia, under Quaintance No. 7863 (R. A. Cushman). There are
also collected specimens from Santa Cruz Mountains, Yosemite,
Summerdale and Alameda, California; Durham, New Hampshire
(Weed and Fiske) ; and St. Anthony Park, Minnesota.
11. MICROBRACON HEBETOR (Say)
Bracon hebetor Say, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist, vol. 1, 1S36, p. 252.
Bracon dorsator Say, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1S36, p. 253.
Bracon brevicornis Kikby, Trans. Ent. Soc. Loud., 1S84, p. xxxi. — Marshall,
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 24, pi. 1, fig. la and b.
Bracon juglandis Ashmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 18S9 (1SSS), p. 621.
Habrobracon liebctor Johnson, Ent. News, vol. 6, 1S95, p. 324.
Bracon (Habrobracon) honestor Riley and Howard, Ins. Life, vol. 7, 1895,
p. 42S. Misprint for hebetor, corrected in general index.
Habrobracon beneficientior Viereck, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 40, 1911, p. 1S2.
Habrobracon brevicornis Cushman, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 16, 1914, p.
101.— Whiting, Biol. Bull. 34, 1918, p. 350.
Habrobracon juglandis Cushman, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 24, 1922, p. 213.
Type. — The types of hebetor Say and dorsator Say have been lost ;
that of juglandis Ashmead and that of beneficientior Viereck are in
the United States National Museum, the former bearing type cata-
logue No. 2913, the latter, No. 13494.
This species is exceedingly close to brevicornis (Wesmael), and
the two have been much confused in literature. Cushman (1922)
cleared up this matter, calling attention to the difference in habit in
the two species, and pointing out some morphological differences,
although he did not regard juglandis Ashmead as identical with
hebetor Say. It appears, after a careful consideration of Say's
32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
description of hebetor, that there can be no reasonable doubt that
Say and Ashmead were dealing with the same species. In fact,
Ashmead determined some specimens of this species in the National
Museum as hebetor Say, although failing to recognize the identity
of juglandis with this material. The combination of characters
ascribed to hebetor by Say is found nowhere else in the Braconidae,
and after allowing for the wide range of variation occurring in the
species, will be found to agree nicely with juglandis. Bracon dor-
sator Say is also, without question, this species; and a study of the
type of Habrobracon beneftcientior Viereck shows this species, too,
to be identical with hebetor Say. References in literature to Bracon
or Habrobracon brevicornis, hebetor or juglandis as parasites of the
Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella, of the meal moth,
Plodia interpunctella, or of the bee-moth, Galleria mellonella, con-
cern this species.
The females of hebetor are readily distinguished from those of
brevicornis by the antennae, which are 13 to 15-segmented in the
former, and 17 to 19-segmented in the latter. The males of the two
species are much more difficult to distinguish, but the characters
mentioned in the key will nearly always separate them. The abdo-
men in hebetor is almost invariably somewhat smoother, with the
punctures less distinct, than in brevicornis. In color this species is
exceedingly inconstant.
Distribution. — Apparently occurs throughout the world, wher-
ever its hosts, particularly the flour and meal moths, are present.
Hosts. — Ephestia kuehniella Zeller; E. elutella Huebner; E.
cahiritella Zeller; Plodia interpunctella Huebner; Galleria mellon-
ella Linnaeus; Vitula edmansii Packard; Sitotroga cerealella
Olivier.
The above discussion is based on abundant reared and collected
material in the United States National Museum. Series from the
following hosts and localities are contained in this collection;
Ephestia kuehniella — Reno, Nevada (S. B. Doten) ; San Fran-
cisco, California (G. Compere and W. G. Johnson) ; Vitula ed-
mansii in Bombus nests — Riverton, New Jersej'' and Champaign,
Illinois (T. H. Frison) ; Sitotroga cerealella — Potchefstroom, S.
Africa (W. F. Schepp) ; Galleria mellonella — Fillmore, California
(J. F. Mclntyre) ; Plodia interpunctella — Jamaica Plain, Massa-
chusetts (J. G. Jack) ; also specimens from cone galls on Salix
longifolia, Reno, Nevada (G. G. Schweiss) ; a series from seeds of
Prosopis juli flora, Cairo, Egypt (H. Morrison) ; another from a
larva infesting soy beans, Mayaguez, Porto Rico (W. A. Mace) ;
6 specimens labeled "on ship with cocoa beans, O. K. Courtney;1'
a series reared from infested corn, Santo Domingo, West Indies
art. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON — MUESEBECK 33
(W. V. Tower) ; 8 specimens from a lepidopterous larva in seeds of
Canarium indicum, Buitenzorg, Java (L. L. Spessard) ; 12, labeled
'• Grewia cana, Transvaal, S. Africa;" 2 from St. Petersburg, Rus-
sia (J. Schreiner) ; 1 from Charroux, France (Oberthur) ; 4 from a
seed storehouse, Yates City, Illinois (W. S. Abbott) ; other speci-
mens from Jacksonville, Florida; Morgantown, West Virginia;
Agricultural College, Michigan, and Milton, Massachusetts; and
a series of several hundred individuals bred by P. W. Whiting
in connection with genetic studies on this species at the University
of Pennsylvania.
12. MICROBRACON BREVICORNIS (Wesmael)
Fig. 19
Bracon brevicornis Wesmael, Nouv. Mem. Acad. Sci. Bruxelles, vol. 11, 1338,
p. 23, fig. 2. — Brischke, Schr. Naturf. Ges. Danzig, ser. 2, vol. 4, 1SS2.
p. 135.
Eabrobracpn brevicornis Cushman, Proc. Ent. Soe. Wash., vol. 24, 1922. p. 122.
Type. — Probabhy in the Brussels Academy of Science.
The similarity of this species to hebetor (Say) and the confusion
of the two species in literature are discussed under hebetor.
Distribution. — This species apparently occurs throughout Europe.
It has recently been introduced into Massachusetts from France, as
a parasite of the imported European Corn-Borer, Pyrausta nubilalis
Huebner. While it is too early to say whether or not it has become
definitely established in the United States, it is included in this paper
because of the probability that it will eventually establish itself here.
Hosts. — Dioryctria abietetta Zinck (Brischke) ; Pyrausta nubilalis
Huebner.
The following material has been examined : a series of 16 specimens
in the National Museum, reared from Pyrausta nubilalis at Auch,
Gers, France and Hyeres, Var, France, by W. R. Thompson, in the
United States Bureau of Entomology, under Webster No. 16490;
collected specimens in the National Museum from Saxony and Berlin,
Germany, and La Chatre, France; and several hundred specimens
bred at the Corn Borer Laboratoiy of the Bureau of Entomology, at
Arlington, Massachusetts, in reproduction work with this species.
13. MICROBRACON SCANTICORUM Viereck
Microbracon scanticorum Viereck, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey,
1917 (1916) pp. 205, 207.
Type. — In the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, at
New Haven.
The following notes were made on an examination of the t}'pe and
are given here because the species was originally poorly charac-
terized: Antennae broken at 27th segment, first flagellar segment
12053—25 3
34 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM vol. C7
much longer than the second ; malar space shorter than first flagellar
segment ; transverse diameter of opening between clypeus and mandi-
bles much greater than the distance from the opening to the eyes and
about twice the malar space ; face minutely sculptured ; f rons smooth
and polished; thorax smooth and polished; parapsidal furrows
sparsely hairy; propodeum polished with a stub of a median ridge
at apex, and a more or less distinct median roughened groove from
the anterior end of this stub to the base of propodeum; propodeum
also provided with two lateral oblique foveolate grooves; radius
arising distinctly beyond middle of stigma; first abscissa of radius
less than one-third the length of the second abscissa and less than
half the first intercubitus ; radius attaining wing margin much before
apex of wing; the portion of cubitus between recurrent and first in-
tercubitus very short, the recurrent very nearly interstitial with first
intercubitus; first abdominal tergite finely sculptured apically and
laterally ; second tergite very minutley granular with a more strongly
roughened area medially ; following tergites very delicately punctate,
the apical tergites very faintly or indistinctly so ; suturif orm articu-
lation very fine, arcuate, not distinctty foveolate; ovipositor sheaths
just about as long as the abdomen. Mostly yellowish; dorsum of
thorax more or less blackish ; propodeum and first abdominal tergite
blackish ; wings slightly fuliginous ; legs, including all coxae, yellow.
Distribution. — West Thompson, Connecticut; Algonquin, Illinois.
Host. — Unknown.
Known only from the type, and one additional specimen, a homo-
type determined by Muesebeck, labeled "Algonquin, 111. 5-16-96,
No. 6603." The latter is in the United States National Museum.
14. MICROBRACON PYRALJDIPHAGUS, new species
Resembles scanticorum in that the radius arises from beyond the
middle of a rather long, narrow, non-angular stigma; in the very
short first abscissa of radius, and the rather short radial cell; it
differs from that species particularly as noted in the key.
Female. — Length, 3.3 mm. Head transverse but rather thick
antero-posteriorly at insertion of antennae; face finely granular
and opaque; frons smooth and polished; antennae 36-segmented,
slightly shorter than the body; first flagellar segment about twice
as long as thick; mesonotum and mesopleura smooth and polished;
parapsidal grooves sparsely pubescent, more thickly so posteriorly;
propodeum finely rugulose over most of its surface and provided
with a distinct median longitudinal carina ; metapleura finely sculp-
tured; stigma rather narrow, not angular; the radius arising dis-
tinctly beyond the middle of stigma; radial cell short, the radius
attaining wing margin much before apex of wing; first abscissa of
radius short, decidedly less than half the first intercubitus and
art. S REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON MUESEBECK 35
hardly one-third the second abscissa of radius; posterior femora
stout, about three times as long as broad; first abdominal tergite
strongly rugulose, the sculpture occurring on the middle of the plate
as well as laterally ; second tergite about as long as third, granularly
rugulose, its posterior margin straight; third tergite granular; the
fourth and fifth somewhat granular but less strongly than third;
ovipositor sheaths about as long as that part of the dorsum of ab-
domen bej^ond second tergite. Reddish brown; head entirely black;
mesonotal lobes, metanotum, propodeum and pectus blackish; wings
entirely a little fuscous; legs ferruginous, the apex of posterior tibiae
and the posterior tarsi dusky; abdomen reddish-brown, the first
tergite somewhat infuscated.
Type.— Cat Xo. 26064, U.S.N.M.
Type-locality. — Crowley, Louisiana.
Described from a single specimen labeled "Parasite of Chilo and
Diatraea, Crowley, La., 9-8-23, J. W. Ingram."
15. MICROBRACON GASTROIDEAE (Ashmead)
Fig. 1
Bracon gastroideae Ashmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 18S9 (1888), p. 617.
Type.— Cat. No. 2904, U.S.N.M.
The opening betwen clypeus and mandibles is enormous, its trans-
verse diameter being greater than the length of the face below
antennae; female antennae usually 24 to 27-segmented, the basal
flagellar segment twice as long as broad, all the following somewhat
longer than broad; thorax smooth and polished; parapsidal grooves
very sparsely hairy ; propodeum with a nearly complete median lon-
gitudinal carina, otherwise mostly smooth and polished; first
abscissa of radius usually not more than half the first intercubitus
and less than half the second abscissa of radius; radial cell rather
short, the radius attaining wing margin distinctly before apex of
wing; tarsi stout, the posterior tarsi shorter than their tibiae, in
the female much shorter; the last segment of posterior tarsi very
large, broadening strongly toward apex; much longer than the
second segment and more than twice the fourth; in the female at
least, and usually in the male, the posterior tibiae three times as
long as the metatarsi; abdomen smooth and polished, the second
tergite sometimes a little longitudinally sculptured at base; ovi-
positor sheaths scarcely as long as the first abdominal tergite. Head
and thorax black; wings strongly infuscated; coxae black; usually
base of femora and more or less of tibiae and tarsi blackish or
fuscous; abdomen usually red with first tergite and a median spot
on second black, altKough sometimes abdomen is entirely black.
36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM vou 07
Distribution. — Ohio; Michigan; Illinois; Massachusetts; Canada.
Host. — Gastroidea cyanea Melsh.
In addition to the type which is from Columbus, Ohio, the Na-
tional Museum has specimens from Agricultural College, Michigan ;
Algonquin, Illinois; and Canada (C. F. Baker). There is also a
specimen, taken at Arlington, Massachusetts, in the collection of the
Corn Borer Laboratory of the Bureau of Entomology at Arlington.
16. MICROBRACON BRACHYURUS (Ashmead;
Bracon brachyurus Ashmead, Can. Ent., vol. 23, 1891, p. 1.
Type.— Cat. No. 6853, U.S.N.M.
Very similar to gastroideae, with which it agrees in the large open-
ing between clypeus and mandibles, the presence of a median carina
on the propodeum, the wing venation, the short posterior tarsi, and
the very short ovipositor. It can be readily distinguished, however,
by the characters given in the key. The ocelli are exceptionally
small, the ocell-ocular line being four times the diameter of an
ocellus; the propodeum more or less finely rugulose; head and
thorax black; abdomen usually entirely black: posterior coxae black;
the two anterior pairs usually yellowish.
Distribution. — Ottawa, Canada.
Host. — Unknown.
The United States National Museum has, in addition to the type,
one other specimen, also from Ottawa, Canada.
17. MICROBRACON MELANASPIS (Ashmead,
Fig. 5
Bracon melanaspis Ashmead, Can. Ent., vol. 23, 1S91, i>. 1.
Type.— Cut. No. 6863, U.S.N.M.
Distinguished especially by the character of the second tergite as
described in the key. Frons polished; antennae longer than the
body; malar space in the female fully as long as the distance be-
tween clypeal f oveae ; parapsidal grooves rather conspicuously hairy,
especially posteriorly; propodeum completely polished without a
suggestion of a stub of a median carina at apex; first abscissa of
radius about three-fourths the first intercubitus and more than half
the second abscissa of radius; posterior legs slender; abdomen com-
pletely polished; the chitinized plate of the first tergite slender,
parallel-sided; the lateral membranous margins of first tergite
broad; second tergite with weakly chitinized areas laterally opposite
the membranous margins of the first tergite; the following tergites
with the apical margins membranous; suturiform articulation rep-
resented by a fine impressed arcuate line, without a suggestion of
foveolae; ovipositor sheaths scarcely half as long as the abdomen.
art. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON MUESEBECK 37
Black; head and thorax black; abdomen black, the membranous
parts of the dorsum paler; legs usually blackish.
Distribution. — Ottawa, Canada ; S. W. Harbor, Maine.
Host. — Unknown.
Known only from the type, and one other fine female specimen
which is in the Boston Societ}^ of Natural History and was taken
by C. W. Johnson at S. W. Harbor, Maine. July 13, 1918.
18. MICROBRACON JUNCICOLA (Ashmead)
Bracon jtmcicola Abhmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 18S9 (18SS), p. 020.
Microbracon sebequanash Viereck, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey,
1917 (1916), pp. 204 and 206.
Type. — Cat. No. 2911, U.S.N.M. The type of sebequanash is in the
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station at New Haven.
Exceedingly like melanaspis in structure, but is probably a dis-
tinct species. The few specimens that have been seen differ mark-
edly in color from the t}-pe of melanaspis, being mostly yellow.
Face yellow ; thorax and abdomen largely yellow ; legs, including all
coxae, yellow ; malar space about as in melanaspis; antennae likewise
are similar, being slender and usually 25 to 30-segmented ; parapsidal
grooves rather strongly pubescent posteriorly; propodeum com-
pletely polished with not even an indication of a stub of a median
ridge at apex; suturiform articulation exceedingly delicate, merely
a fine impressed line; as in melanaspis, the apical margins of the
tergites beyond the second are usually more or less membranous;
ovipositor sheaths hardly half as long as the abdomen.
Distribution. — From Missouri to West Virginia and Connecticut.
Hosts. — Evidently species of Coleophora (Ashmead).
The above notes are based on the types of juncicola and sebequa-
nash? and on several other specimens in the National Museum from
the following localities: Highspire, Pennsylvania; Ohio; West
Virginia; Algonquin, Illinois.
19. MICROBRACON POLITIVENTRIS (Cuskman)
Habrobracon politiventris Cushman, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55, 1919,
p. 517.
Type— Cat. No. 21639, U.S.N.M.
Very similar to pygmaeus, which it very closely resembles in size,
color, habitus, malar space, the sculptured frons and vertex, the
pubescence of the parapsidal furrows, the color and venation of
the wings, and in other points. It is often difficult to distinguish
from that species.
Malar space in the female usually fully as long as the transverse
diameter of the opening between clypeus and mandibles; vertex and
38 PROCEEDINGS OP THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM vol.67
frons closely punctate and opaque; antennae usually 21 to 25-seg-
mented; thorax stout; parapsidal furrows completely strongly
hairy; the surface of the middle lobe of mesoscutum with scatter-
ing pubescence anteriorly; propodeum usually faintly minutely
reticulate over most of its surface; metapleura with long pubsecence;
second abscissa of radius nearly always less than twice the first, and
sometimes only half the third ; the portion of cubitus between recur-
rent and first intercubitus usually about half the first intercubitus ;
abdomen rather broad, smooth and polished; the second tergite
usually considerably longer than the third, polished, and provided
with two short oblique f oveolate furrows medially ; ovipositor sheaths
not or scarcely half as long as the abdomen. Black; head black,
with pale yellow orbital lines; thorax black; wings dusky; coxae
black or blackish; femora usually yellow; tibiae and tarsi mostly
blackish; abdomen black, usually bright yellow laterally.
Distribution. — From Maine to Virginia, and west to Iowa.
Flosts. — Polychrosis viteana Clemens; Eulia triferana Walker;
Archips 'paralella Kobinson or Pandemis lamprosana Robinson. The
parasite is gregarious, several individuals developing on a single host.
In addition to the types the collection of the United States
National Museum contains two specimens reared from Eulia
triferana, at Washington, District of Columbia, under Chittenden
No. 609902; a series reared from a lepidopterous larva on wild
cherry, by R. A. Cushman, at Vienna, Virginia, under Quaintance
No. 7719; a specimen labeled "la. Exp. Sta., Plum curculio"; and
one specimen from Hanover, New Hampshire (C. M. Weed). At
the Gipsy Moth Laboratory there is a series reared by J. V. Schaff-
ner from a collection of two different species of Tortricidae, Archips
paralexia and Pandemis lamprosana taken at Melrose Highlands,
Massachusetts; one or the other of these was the host. The collec-
tion of the Boston Society of Natural History has a specimen
collected at Liberty, Maine, by J. A. Cushman.
20. MICROBRACON PYGMAEUS (Provancher)
Figs. 3, 15
Bracon pygmacus Provancher, Natural. Canad., vol. 12, 18S0, p. 144.
Bracon junci Ashmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 1889 (1SS8), p. 619.
Bracon trifolii Ashmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 1SS9 (18S8), p. 622.
Bracon kansensis Viereck, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., vol. 19, 1905 (1903-04),
p. 2G8.
Microbracon coleophorae Rohwer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, 1915, p. 231.
Microbracon massasoit Viereck, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey,
1917 (1916), pp. 205 and 207.
Type. — Yellow label 555, Museum of Public Instruction, Parlia-
ment Building, Quebec, Canada. The types of junci (Cat. No. 2910)
aet. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON MUESEBECK 39
trifolii (Cat. No. 2916) and coleophorae (Cat. No. 18180) are in the
United States National Museum ; that of hansensis is in the Kansas
University collection; and that of massasoit is in the collection of the
State Agricultural Experiment Station, at New Haven, Connecticut.
Very similar to the preceding as pointed out in the discussion un-
der that species; but the characters given in the table to species will
serve to distinguish between the two.
Malar space in the female as long as the transverse diameter of
the opening between clypeus and mandibles; frons and vertex closely
punctate and opaque; antennae usually 24 to 29-segmented ; thorax
stout; mesoscutum with long and rather thick pubescence along the
anterior lateral margins and in the parapsidal grooves; metapleura
thickly pubescent ; propodeum smooth and shining, not minutely reti-
culate; second abscissa of radius rarely distinctly twice as long as
the first ; posterior tibiae and tarsi slender ; plate of first abdominal
tergite usually a little roughened laterally and across the apex; sec-
ond tergite usually more or less finely granularly sculptured, with-
out oblique foveolate furrows medially toward base; very rarely
third and fourth tergites granular, usually smooth and shining; ovi-
positor sheaths projecting about half the length of the abdomen.
Head black with contrasting yellow inner orbital lines; thorax
mostly black, sometimes ferruginous behind the middle lobe of meso-
scutum and on the scutellum ; wings dusky on basal two-thirds ; coxae
usually black, although sometimes mostly testaceous ; posterior tibiae
at apex and their tarsi fuscous ; abdomen often mostly reddish testa-
ceous with the first tergite and the apical tergites black, but this is
variable, the entire abdomen sometimes being black.
Distribution. — Very widely distributed. Occurs from Canada to
Florida and westward to California.
Hosts. — Coleophora leucochry sella Clemens (Eohwer) ; C. volckei
Heinrich; and various undetermined species of Coleophora.
In addition to the types of pygmaeus, junci, trifolii, coleophorae,
and massasoit, I have seen the following material: In the National
Museum, a series reared from Coleophora volckei at Washington,
District of Columbia, by E. E. Selkregg, under Quaintance No. 7890 ;
another series reared from the same host, at Watsonville, California
by W. H. Volck ; several specimens from a species of Coleophora on
Amaranthus at Washington, District of Columbia; and collected
specimens from Cedar Point, Maryland ; Jacksonville, Florida ; Al-
gonquin, Illinois; Agricultural College, Maryland; Onaga and Riley
Co., Kansas; Vienna, Virginia (E, A. Cushman) ; Ames, Iowa (C.
W. Mally) ; Indiana; Colorado. The Boston Society of Natural
History has one specimen taken by C. W. Johnson at S. W. Harbor,
40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 07
Maine. At the Gipsy Moth Laboratory there is a specimen reared
from a species of Coleopkora taken at Wilmington, Massachusetts.
The original description of kansensis and notes on the type by A. B.
Gahan leave no doubt that this species is pygmaeus.
21. MICROBRACON CONNECTICUTORUM Viereck
Microoracon connect icutorum Viereck, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist.
Survey, 1917 (1916), pp. 205 and 209.
Type. — In the State Agricultural Experiment Station at New-
Haven, Connecticut.
Resembles nuperus and curtus in having the head thin antero-pos-
teriorly, in the smooth and polished frons, the completely polished
propodeum and the smooth abdomen, but differs especially in the
much shorter ovipositor sheaths.
Following are notes made on an examination of the type: Face,
frons and vertex smooth and shining; malar space as long as the
transverse diameter of the opening between clypeus and mandibles;
antennae missing; thorax stout; parapsidal grooves posteriorly, and
the metapleura, thickty pubescent; propodeum completely smooth
and polished, without a suggestion of a stub of a median ridge at
apex ; first abscissa of radius nearly as long as the first intercubitus,
the second abscissa hardly one and one-half times as long as the first ;
the portion of cubitus between recurrent vein and first intercubitus
nearly as long as the recurrent; abdomen smooth and polished, with
a few extremely faint punctures or striae on second tergite; the
plate of the first tergite completely polished; ovipositor sheaths
not projecting half the length of the abdomen.
Distribution. — New Haven, Connecticut.
Host. — Unknown.
Known only from the type.
22. MICROBRACON PSILOCORSI Viereck
Microbracon psilocorsi Viekeck, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 143.
Type.— Oat. No. 14317, U.S.N.M.
Resembles politiventris in habitus, and in some details, but is eas-
ily distinguished. Head thick antero-posteriorly at insertion of an-
tennae; face strongly receding; eyes very short, broad-oval; frons
polished; antennae usually 30 to 33-segmented, tapering distinctly
toward tip; the ten or twelve basal segments of flagellum more
or less subequal ; thorax stout, rather thickly pubescent in the parap-
sidal grooves and on metapleura; scutellum large; radius arising
much before middle of stigma and going to extreme apex of wing;
second abscissa of radius much more than twice the first; the part
of cubitus between recurrent and first intercubitus only half the
length of recurrent; measured along cubitus the third cubital cell
not distinctly as long as the second ; propodeum smooth and polished ;
art. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON MUESEBECK 41
abdomen entirely smooth and polished; second tergite with a basal
median area set off by short oblique foveolate furrows, and some-
times with less distinct longitudinal furrows laterally; second ter-
gite about as long as the third ; ovipositor sheaths less than half as
long as the abdomen. Mostly yellowish; face yellow; frons and
vertex sometimes piceous to blackish; mesonotal lobes, lateral faces
of scutellum, metathorax, propodeum, and pectus more or less
piceous, sometimes thorax mostly blackish except on the pleura;
wings infumated on basal two-thirds; legs yellow, the posterior
coxae sometimes infuscated; abdomen usually yellowish, with first
tergite, and the third and following medially, more or less blackish.
Distribution. — Cuero, Texas.
Host. — (Psilocorsis) Cryptolechia, species.
Known only from the type series.
23. MICROBRACON MEROMYZAE (Gahan)
Bracon (Tropidobracon) meromyzae Gahan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 48,
1913, p. 432.
Type.— Cat. No. 16350, U.S.N.M.
Head rather thick antero-posteriorly, not broad; face and frons
smooth and polished; antennae slender, usually 28 to 32-segmented,
as long as the body in the female, longer in the male; thorax slender,
polished; parapsidal grooves sparsely hairy; propodeum polished,
usually with a nearly complete median longitudinal carina; radius
going practically to extreme apex of wing; second abscissa of radius
twice as long as the first; the chitinized plate of first tergite slender,
rugose laterally and at apex ; second and third tergites finely granu-
lar, shining; rarely the fourth tergite faintly granular in part; re-
mainder of dorsum of abdomen smooth and polished; ovipositor
sheaths less than half the length of abdomen. Head wholly black;
thorax black, pectus sometimes more or less yellowish; wings very
slightly dusky; legs, including all coxae, bright yellow; abdomen
more or less blackish above, second and third tergites mostly yellow.
Distribution. — South Dakota.
Host. — Meromyza americana Fitch.
Known only from the types, and two additional specimens, from
Brookings, South Dakota, in the United States National Museum.
24. MICROBRACON NIGRIDORSUM (Ashmead)
Bracon nigridorsum Ashmead, Can. Ent., vol. 23, 1891, p. 2.
Type.— Oat. No. 6862, U.S.N.M.
Head rather thick antero-posteriorly, the face strongly receding;
temples broad; eyes short, broad-oval; face and frons smooth and
polished; antennae slender, 35-segmented in the type, the first flagel-
12053—25 i
42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
lar segment twice as long as broad, all the following one and one-
half times as long as broad, thorax stout, smooth and polished;
parapsidal grooves sparsely hairy ; propodeum smooth and polished ;
first abdominal tergite somewhat roughened laterally and at apex;
second tergite with a little very faint sculpture medially ; suturif orm
articulation very fine; third and following tergites completely
smooth and polished; ovipostor sheaths projecting hardly half the
length of the abdomen. Head black, with very narrow ferruginous
inner and superior orbital lines; thorax black; wings hyaline; legs,
including all coxae, bright yellow; abdomen in type honey-yellow,
with first tergite and transverse median spots on second, third and
fourth tergites, black.
Distribution. — Ottawa, Canada.
Host. — Unknown.
The type is the only specimen known to me.
25. MICROBRACON ASHMEADI, new name
Macrodi/ctium politum Ashmead, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., vol. 4, 1902, p. 252 ;
[not (Bracon politus Provancher) =M icrohracon nuperus (Cresson).]
Type.— €at. No. 5712, U.S.N.M.
Head not thin antero-posteriorly, face receding; eyes broad; face
and f rons smooth and polished ; opening between clypeus and mandi-
bles small, its transverse diameter not greater than the distance from
the opening to the eye ; thorax long and slender, fully twice as long
as its greatest depth ; parapsidal grooves sparsely hairy ; metanotum
longer than usual ; propodeum long, with a stub of a median carina
at apex and a few short ridges diverging from this; stigma large,
long; both second and third cubital cells long; last abscissa of radius
longer than first and second abscissae combined; posterior tarsi
rather stout, the apical tarsal segment large and fully as long as the
second; abdomen long and narrow; first tergite slender, broadening
gradually toward apex, and a little rugulose laterally and at apex;
second tergite with faint striae medially; suturif orm articulation
very delicate; remainder of tergum polished; hypopygium not at-
taining apex of last dorsal segment ; ovipositor sheaths less than half
as long as the abdomen. Head, thorax and abdomen entirely black ;
wings a little infuscated; legs, including coxae, black; tibiae yellow
on the basal half.
Distribution. — Alaska.
Host. — Unknown.
Known only from the unique type.
art. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON MUESEBECTC 43
26. MICROBRACON UNCAS Viereck
Microbracon uncus Viereck, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, 1917
(1916), pp. 206 and 20S.
Type. — In the State Agricultural Experiment Station, at New
Haven, Connecticut.
Exceedingly similar to ashmeadi, agreeing in habitus, in the small
size of the opening between clypeus and mandibles, in the smooth
f rons, in the form, sculpture and pubescence of thorax ; in the vena-
tion of the wings; in the stout tarsi and large last tarsal segment;
in size, shape and sculpture of the abdomen ; in the hypopygium not
attaining apex of last dorsal abdominal segment; the length of the
ovipositor sheaths, and the general color. Appears to differ only in
the color of the legs, which are yellow, with the posterior coxae a lit-
tle blackish at extreme base. The propodeum has, in addition to the
apical median carina, a slight median longitudinal elevation and
adjoining fine sculpture at base.
Distribution. — New Haven, Connecticut.
Host. — Unknown.
Known only from the type.
27. MICROBRACON ANGELESIUS (Provancher)
Bracon angclcsius Provancher, Addit. faun. Canad. Hymen., 1S8S, p. 372.
Bracon cecidomyiue Ashmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 1SS9 (1888), p. 616.
Bracon euurae Ashmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 1889 (1888), p. 621.
Type. — Yellow label 1486, Museum of Public Instruction, at
Quebec, Canada; the head is broken off, but is mounted on one of
the labels. The types of cecidomyiae (Cat. No. 2903) and euurae
(Cat. No. 2914) are in the United States National Museum.
Distinguished especially by the very slender antennae, the long
ovipositor, the entirely polished abdomen, hyaline wings, and color
of the body. Head rather thick antero-posteriorly ; face receding
rather strongly; antennae of the type, and those of the type of
euurae, are broken at or beyond the middle ; the type of cecidomyiae
has 32-segmented antennae; in all three the first flagellar segment
is nearly three times as long as broad, and all the following seg-
ments are fully twice as long as broad ; f rons polished ; thorax pol-
ished; parapsidal grooves very sparsely hairy anteriorly, more
closely hairy behind; propodeum smooth and polished, with a short
stub of a median carina at apex ; anterior wings of type are missing ;
in the types of euurae and cecidomyiae the radial cell is large and
long, and the second abscissa of radius is not distinctly twice as long
as the first; posterior femora slender; abdomen completely smooth
and polished; ovipositor sheaths one and one-half times as long as
44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM vol.67
the abdomen. Face yellow; vertex and occiput more or less piceous;
thorax yellow, the pectus and the propodeum usually fuscous or
blackish; wings perfectly clear hyaline; legs, including all coxae,
bright yellow, the posterior tibiae at apex and their tarsi more or
less inf uscated ; abdomen yellow or yellowish-ferruginous with trans-
verse fuscous or blackish bands on the second, third, and fourth
tergites.
Distribution. — California.
Hosts. — Euura, species, which forms galls on Salix; and a ceci-
domyid gall on Mimulus.
Known only from the types of angelesius, cecidomyiae, and euurae.
A thorough study of the three types clearly shows them to be
conspecific.
28. MICROBRACON AURIPES (Provancher)
Bracon auripes Provancheu, Addit. faun. Canad. Hymen., 1888, p. 372.
Type. — Blue label 670, yellow label 1571, Museum of Public In-
struction, at Quebec, Canada.
Following are notes made upon an examination of the type : Head
missing; thorax slender, smooth and polished; radius going practi-
cally to extreme apex of wing; second abscissa of radius more than
twice the first, the third longer than first and second combined; re-
current vein more than twice as long as the portion of cubitus be-
tween recurrent and first intercubitus ; first abdominal tergite slen-
der, broadening gradually toward apex, with a finely foveolate
groove just inside the lateral margins; second tergite longer than
third, finely ruguloso-striate ; suturiform articulation very fine; re-
mainder of abdomen highly polished ; ovipositor sheaths very nearly
as long as the abdomen. Thorax*- black with a large testaceous spot
behind middle lobe of mesoscutum, and with the propleura testace-
ous; wings hyaline; legs, including all coxae, wholly yellow; abdo-
men black above, with narrow yellow lateral margins and with a
bright j^ellow spot at the apex; venter mostl}?- yellowish. A homo-
type and other specimens in the same series t>how the species to have
a black, smooth and polished, evenly rounded head, with very slen-
der antennae, which have all the flagellar segments more than twice
as long as thick, and are 27 to 32-segmented. The thorax is some-
times entirely black.
Distribution. — Ottawa, Canada ; Massachusetts.
Hosts. — Lepidopterous larvae boring in various weeds, such as
Amaranthus, Ambrosia, Xanthium, etc.
In addition to the type, I have seen a large series of specimens
reared from such plants as indicated above, at the Corn Borer Labo-
ratory of the Bureau of Entomology, at Arlington, Massachusetts.
art. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON— ^MUESEBECK 45
This material is from Watertown, Maiden, Melrose, Stoneham, Sau-
gus, and Wakefield, Massachusetts. One of these specimens was
compared with the type, designated a homotype, and placed in the
United States National Museum.
29. MICROBRACON RLDBECKIAE, new species
Figs. 2, 22
Female. — Length. 3.3 mm. Head rather thin, not prominent at
insertion of antennae, the face rather flat, not, or very slightly, re-
ceding; eyes small; ocelli small; ocell-ocular line more three times
the diameter of an ocellus; postocellar line about twice the diameter
of an ocellus: opening between clypeus and mandibles large, its
transverse diameter nearly twice the length of malar space; face,
frons, vertex, temples, smooth and polished; antennae 24-segmented,
shorter than the body, basal flagellar segments the longest; thorax
stout, smooth, and polished; the parapsidal grooves sparsely hairy;
propodeum entirely polished, without even a suggestion of a stub
of a carina at apex; second abscissa of radius usually distinctly less
than twice the first ; the third longer than the first and second com-
bined and usually about twice as long as the second, which is but
little longer than the first intercubitus ; the portion of cubitus be-
tween recurrent and first intercubitus more than half as long as the
recurrent; the last abscissa of cubitus considerably longer than the
preceding abscissa; legs slender; last segment of posterior tarsi not
as long as the second ; abdomen a little longer than the thorax ; the
chitinized plate of the first tergite nearly parallel-sided, angled at
the spiracles, smooth and polished, with two fine curved grooves con-
verging toward the base ; second tergite transverse, with conspicuous
membranous areas laterally opposite the membranous margins along
the first tergite. and with a slight tubercle at base and adjoining fine
striae; third and following tergites smooth and polished; ovipositor
sheaths distinctly longer than the entire body. Yellow; vertex of
head and occiput more or less piceous; mesonotal lobes and propo-
deum sometimes a little dusky; wings distinctly infuscated on basal
two-thirds, nearly hyaline at apex; legs including all coxae yellow,
the tibiae usually slightly dusky.
Male. — Antennae 26-segmented. Essentially as in the female.
Type.— Cat. No. 26662, U.S.N.M.
Type-locality. — Mineral Wells. Texas.
Host. — A larva living in the head of Rudbeckia amplex.
Described from 20 female and 2 male specimens reared by C. R.
Jones. The number of segments in the antennae in this series varies
from 23 to. 26.
46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
30. MICROBRACON TENUICEPS, new species
Fig. 7
Very similar in structure to rudbeckiae, but is almost completely
black, has the second abdominal tergite wholly smooth and polished,
and differs in numerous details ; also resembles nuperus, but differs as
noted in the key.
Female. — Length, 3 mm. Head thin antero-posteriorly, scarcely
thicker at insertion of antennae than at the clypeus, the face not or
hardly receding; the frons almost vertical; face, frons, vertex, and
temples smooth and polished; eyes nearly twice as long as broad,
faintly hairy; transverse diameter of opening between clypeus and
mandibles not twice the length of the malar space; post-ocellar Hue
not distinctly twice, the ocell-ocular line not distinctly three times,
as long as the diameter of an ocellus; antennae 23-segmented, the
basal flagellar segment nearly three times as long as broad, the
following gradually decreasing in length, but most of them fully
twice as long as broad ; thorax rather stout, completely smooth and
polished ; parapsidal furrows sparsely hairy anteriorly, more thickly
so posteriorly ; propodeum entirely polished, without even a stub of
a median longitudinal ridge at apex; first abscissa of radius longer
than the recurrent vein ; second abscissa of radius much less than twice
the first, only half the third, and but very slightly longer than the
first intercubitus ; radius attaining wing margin distinctly before the
apex; last abscissa of cubitus a little longer than the preceding ab-
scissa ; legs slender, the posterior femora at least four-fifths as long as
their tibiae ; abdomen about as long as the thorax, completely smooth
and highly polished; the chitinized plate of first tergite broad, and
with two fine impressed curved lines converging toward base; sec-
ond abdominal tergite with a small but conspicuous, more or less tri-
angular, membranous area at either side joining the lateral membran-
ous margins of the first tergite ; second tergite much shorter than the
third ; hypopygium attaining apex of last dorsal abdominal segment ;
ovipositor sheaths fully as long as the entire body. Black ; head and
thorax wholly black; wings strongly infuscated; legs deep black,
except the anterior femora at apex, their tibiae within, and the
middle and posterior tibiae at extreme base, where they are brownish ;
abdomen black except the membranous margins along first tergite,
the membranous areas in the basal lateral angles of the second, and
a very small spot in the basal lateral angles of the third, which are
bright yellow, contrasting strongly with the deep black of the re-
mainder of the abdomen.
Type.— Cat. No. 27142, U.S.N.M.
Type-locality. — Chester, Virginia.
Host. — f Phytonomus nigrirostris Fabricius.
aet. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON MUESEBECK 47
Described from a fine single specimen taken by W. J. Schoene in
connection with studies of the clover weevil, Phytonomus nigrirostris.
C. W. Johnson, of the Boston Society of Natural History, has several
fine specimens of this striking species, which were collected by him
at Bar Harbor, Southwest Harbor, Salisbury Cove, and Mount
Desert, Maine; one small female in this collection has only 18 seg-
ments in the antennae.
31. MICROBRACON NUPERUS (Cresson)
Bracon nuperus Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 4, 1872, p. 187, line 20.
Bracon minimus Cresson, Trans. Amer, Ent. Soc, vol. 4, 1872, p. 187, line 31.
Bracon politus Provancher, Addit. faun. Canad. Hymen., 18S8, p. 373.
Microbracon (Bracon) nuperus Pierce, U. S. D. A., Bur. Ent. Bull. 63, 1909,
p. 44.
Type. — No. 1686, Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania. The types of minimus (Cat. No. 1613, allotype; holo-
type lost) and politus (Cat. No. 19G9) are in the United States
National Museum. The allotype of vernoniae Ashmead, which also
belongs here, is likewise in the National Museum.
Resembles tenuiceps in the general conformation of the head, in
the polished frons, completely polished propodeum, in the dusky
wings and the long ovipositor, but can be readily separated. It is
very closely allied to curtus, and some males can probably be dis-
tinguished only with great difficulty ; the female differs in the longer
ovipositor.
Head thin, the face but slightly receding; eyes shorter than in
tenuiceps; transverse diameter of the opening between clypeus and
mandibles not distinctly one and one-half times the length of the
malar space in either sex; ocell-ocular line at least three times the
diameter of an ocellus; antennae usually 21 to 30 segmented, the
number varying with the size of the insect ; thorax, with propodeum,
entirely highly polished; second abscissa of radius about twice the
first; the third longer than the first and second combined; radius
attaining wing margin before the apex ; last abscissa of cubitus longer
than the preceding abscissa; plate of first abdominal tergite rather
broad posteriorly, smooth and polished, sometimes more or less
punctate along apical margin ; second tergite usually with a polished
elevation medially at base, and more or less rugulose on the basal
two-thirds; suturiform articulation usually slightly arcuate medi-
ally and finely foveolate; second tergite as long as the third; third
and following completely polished ; ovipositor sheaths as long as the
body. Head black, rarely with poorly defined ferruginous inner
orbital markings; thorax wholly black, although rarely with some
ferruginous or testaceous markings; wings strongly infuscated on
48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
basal two-thirds, more hyaline at apex ; legs, at least the coxae, nearly
always black; rarely the coxae mostly ferruginous or testaceous;
femora sometimes testaceous or yellowish-brown, although frequently
mostly black; abdomen varying from entirely ferruginous or testa-
ceous, except at extreme base, to entirely black except more or less
of second and third tergites.
Distribution. — From Montana to Mexico, and from Illinois to
California; apparently more common over the western half of the
United States.
Hosts. — ? Orthoris crotchii LeConte; larva feeding in seed cap-
sules of Vemonia.
In addition to the types, the following material, all of it in the
National Museum, has been examined; the allotype of vernoniae
Ashmead, which is certainly nuperus; two specimens labeled " para-
site on dipteron in seeds of Vemonia, Kirkwood, Missouri, M. E.
Murtfeldt;" one female bearing Bureau of Entomology No. 3557%
and dated May 18, 1885, which are the same data found on the labels
of the allotype of vernoniae; one specimen labeled " Pullman, Wash-
ington, C. V. Piper, Wash. Exp. Sta. No. 010;" and collected speci-
mens from Helena, Montana; Las Cruces, New Mexico (Cockerell) ;
Texas (Belfrage) ; Alameda Co., California; Forest Grove, Oregon
(L. P. Rockwood) ; "40 miles north of Lusk, Wyoming;" Torreon
Coahuilo, Mexico; Algonquin, Illinois. There is one specimen at
the Gipsy Moth Laboratory of the Bureau of Entomology from
Fresno, California (M. E. Phillips). Pierce records the species as
having been reared in very large numbers from Orthoris crotchii,
feeding in the seed pods of Mentzelia nuda at Clarendon, Texas.
32. MICROBRACON CURTUS (Provancher)
Pliylax curtus Provancher, Addit. faun. Canad. Hyiueii., 1886, p. 130.
Zele curtus Provancher, Addit. faun. Canad. Hymen., 1SSS, p. 380.
Type. — Blue label 277, yellow label 127G, Museum of Public In-
struction, Quebec, Canada.
Head thin antero-posteriorly, the face scarcely receding; malar
space, in female, about as long as first flagellar segment; face and
frons smooth and polished ; antennae of type 25-segmented, none of
the flagellar segments twice as long as thick; thorax stout, smooth
and polished; propodeum completely polished, without even a stub
of a median ridge at apex; radius arising before middle of stigma;
second abscissa of radius scarcely twice the first; last abscissa of
cubitus not distinctly longer than the preceding abscissa; abdomen
broad-oval, entirely smooth and polished, with no suggestion of sculp-
ture on the second tergite, in which respect this species appears to
differ from nwperus; ovipositor sheaths slightly longer than the ab-
art. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICEOBRACON — MUESEBECK 49
domen. Head and thorax mostly brownish-black to black; wings
strongly infuscated on basal two-thirds; legs, including coxae tes-
taceous to reddish-brown ; abdomen mostly testaceous to ferruginous.
Distribution. — Ottawa, Canada.
Host. — Unknown.
The foregoing notes are based on the type, and a homotype (de-
termined by Rohwer) ; the latter is in the United States National Mu-
seum; it bears no locality data.
33. MICROBRACON HYSLOPI Viereck
Microbracon hyslopi Viereck, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 143.
Type.— Cat. No. 14316, U.S.N.M.
Head not very prominent at insertion of antennae; face slightly
receding; malar space in female about as long as first segment of an-
tenna! flagellum; the transverse diameter of the opening between
clypeus and mandibles but little greater than the distance from this
opening to the eye; face very faintly punctate; frons weakly punc-
tate just above insertion of antennae; antennae usually 30 to 40
segmented ; the two basal flagellar segments of equal length, all flagel-
lar segments considerably longer than broad, but none of them dis-
tinctly twice as long as broad; oeell-ocular line three times as long as
the diameter of an ocellus; thorax stout, smooth and polished; pro-
podeum with a distinct stub of a median ridge at apex; radius not
attaining apex of wing, second abscissa of radius about twice as long
as the first, the third about as long as the first and second combined ;
the portion of cubitus between recurrent and first intercubitus more
than half as long as recurrent: abdomen robust, mostly smooth and
polished: first tergite rugulose along posterior margin; second ter-
gite more or less rugulose or granular; third tergite rarely faintly
punctate; ovipositor sheaths fully as long as the abdomen. Head
black, sometimes with ferruginous or testaceous inner and superior
orbital markings; cheeks and temples sometimes testaceous; thorax
with mesoscutum and scutellum and more or less of the pleura usually
testaceous ; propodeum and pectus black ; rarely thorax almost wholly
black ; wings rather strongly infuscated, the stigma, at least at base
and along costal margin bright yellow ; all coxae and trochanters, and
usually most of the middle and hind femora, tibiae and tarsi, black;
abdomen usually mostly testaceous, with black median areas on most
of the tergites.
Distribution. — Washington, Oregon, Utah, Colorado.
Host. — Etiella zinckenella schisiicolor Zeller.
In addition to the type the United States National Museum has
three specimens reared from a lepidopteron on Trifolium at Manzan-
50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
ita, Oregon, by L. P. Rockwood, and one specimen from Colorado. At
the Gipsy Moth Laboratory there are two specimens from Salt Lake
City.
34. MICROBRACON NITIDUS (Provancher)
Bracon nitidus Provancher, Natural. Canad., vol. 14, 1SS3, p. 15.
Type. — Yellow label 1026. Museum of Public Instruction, at
Quebec, Canada.
The following notes were made upon an examination of the tpye :
Frons polished ; antennae 28-segmented, stout, the flagellar segments
beyond second only a little longer than broad: transverse diameter
of opening between clypeus and mandibles but very little greater
than the distance from the opening to the eyes; malar space as long
as or longer than the first segment of antennal flagellum; thorax
nearly twice as long as its greatest height, smooth and polished ; pro-
podeum mostly smooth and polished, with a median longitudinal
carina extending from the apex half way to the base, and finely
sculptured along the median line between the end of this carina and
the base, usually also with a little faint sculpture either side of the
median line on the basal half; second abscissa of radius a little more
than twice as long as the first; the third abscissa slightly longer
than the first and second abscissae combined ; first abdominal tergite
broad posteriorly, finely rugulose laterally and a little punctate
along the apical margin; second tergite slightly rugulose over a small
basal middle area, very faintly punctate over most of the remain-
der of its surface, strongty shining, third and following tergites
smooth and polished; ovipositor sheaths about as long as the abdo-
men. Head blackish; face brownish-black; thorax black; wings a
little dusky ; legs reddish-yellow, the coxae black or blackish ; abdo-
men black, the second and third tergites mostly yellowish-ferrugi-
nous; apical margin of third tergite black; base of fourth tergite
reddish.
Distribution. — Canada ; Maine.
Host. — Unknown.
In addition to the type, I have seen a female specimen taken by
C. W. Johnson at Fort Kent, Maine, August 19, 1910, which, fol-
lowing comparison with the type, I designated a homotype. This
specimen is in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural
History. It differs from the type only in having 25 instead of 28
segments in the antennae, and in having the parts that are testaceous
in the type, reddish or reddish-brown. Mr. Johnson has taken two
other female specimens of this species, at Southwest Harbor and
Mount Desert, Maine, respectively. He has very kindly presented
one of these to the National Museum.
art. S REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON MUESEBECK 51
35. MICROBRACON TYCHII, new species
Fig. 21
Somewhat resembles hyslopi, but can be readily distinguished by
the characters given in the key.
Length 3.8 mm. Head rather thick antero-posteriorly at insertion
of antennae; face strongly receding below; temples broad; trans-
verse diameter of opening between clypeus and mandibles but very
little greater than the distance from the opening to the eyes ; malar
space as long as first segment of antennal flagellum, or very nearly ;
antennae shorter than the body, 28-segmented, tapering slightly
toward tip, the basal flagellar segment about twice as long as broad,
all the following considerably longer than broad; postocellar line
about twice, ocell-ocular line three times, as long as the diameter of
an ocellus; face very faintly punctate and clothed with long hairs;
frons smooth and polished; thorax rather robust, although about
twice as long as high, smooth and polished ; parapsidal furrows with
scattered long hairs; propodeum smooth and polished without a
distinct median longitudinal carina posteriorly, but sometimes with
a faint stub of a median ridge at apex; metapleura, propodeum
laterally, and the posterior coxae clothed with long silken hairs;
second abscissa of radius usually decidedly less than twice the first;
the latter about as long as the side of stigma bordering the first
cubital cell; the third abscissa of radius longer than the first and
second abscissae combined; abdomen fully as long as the thorax;
plate of first tergite more or less sculptured laterally and pos-
teriori; second tergite transverse, about as long as the third, with
a low polished tubercle at base in the middle, and the integument
immediately adjoining the tubercle more or less finely sculptured;
the second tergite laterally and posteriorly, and the third and fol-
lowing tergites entirely, smooth and polished; suturiform articula-
tion fine, smooth, not at all foveolate; ovipositor sheaths about as
long as the abdomen or slightly shorter. Black ; head entirely black ;
thorax black, the scutellum usually yellowish or ferruginous at apex
and along its sides, and sometimes poorly defined pale markings
on the mesopleura and pectus; wings dusky toward base, more
hyaline apically; all coxae and trochanters, and more or less of the
femora basally, black; the tibiae and tarsi more or less blackish or
fuscous; abdomen black except along the lateral margins.
Male. — Essentially as in the female. The antennae are 30-seg-
mented; the malar space is a little shorter and the opening between
clypeus and mandibles a little larger, than in the opposite sex.
52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
Type.— Cat, No. 26069, U.S.N.M.
Type-locality. — Los Angeles County, California.
Host. — Tychius semisquamosus LeConte.
Described from 24 specimens reared in May and June. 1892, by
D. W. Coquillet.
36. MICROBRACON PINI, new species
Fig. 14
Closely resembles tychii, but differs in the somewhat shorter malar
space, the larger opening between clypeus and mandibles, in the
presence of a distinct sharp stub of a median longitudinal ridge
at the apex of propodeum; in the first abscissa of radius being
shorter than the inner side of stigma, and in the legs being usually
less black.
Female. — Length, 3 mm. Head much thicker antero-posteriorly
at insertion of antennae than at the lower margin of clypeus ; trans-
verse diameter of opening between clypeus and mandibles greater than
the distance from the opening to the eyes, malar space much shorter
than the first segment of antennal flagellum ; temples not as broad as
in the preceding species, postocellar line scarcely one and one-half
times, ocell-ocular line less than three times, the diameter of an ocel-
lus; antennae 31-segmented, the first flagellar segment about twice
as long as broad, all the following considerably longer than broad ;
face and frons polished ; thorax smooth and polished, parapsidal fur-
rows sparsely hairy; propodeum polished, with a distinct stub of a
median longitudinal ridge at apex; second abscissa of radius de-
cidedly less than twice the first; the third abscissa longer than the
first and second abscissae combined; last abscissa of cubitus much
longer than the preceding abscissa; the portion of cubitus between
recurrent and first intercubitus much more than half as long as the
recurrent; abdomen long-oval; plate of first tergite more or less
sculptured laterally and apically; second tergite reguloso-striate
medially, smooth and shining laterally ; third and following tergites
smooth and polished; rarely the third faintly sculptured; ovipositor
sheaths about as long as the abdomen beyond first tergite. Black;
head and thorax wholly black; wings very slightly dusky; coxae
usually mostly black or blackish, remainder of legs brownish with
more or less inf uscation ; abdomen black ; second tergite usually yel-
lowish-brown except medially where it is black; third tergite usually
somewhat yellowish along basal margin and laterally.
Male, — Agrees with the female except for the usual sexual dif-
ferences. Antennae 33-segmented, the flagellar segments a little
more slender than in the female.
Type.— Cat. No. 27143, U.S.N.M.
Type-locality. — Gardner, Massachusetts.
art. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON — MUESEBECK 53
A Uotype-locality. — Saugus, Massachusetts.
Host. — Pissodes strobi Peck.
Described from 8 female and 4 male specimens reared at the
Gipsy Moth Laboratory, Melrose Highlands, Massachusetts, from
the above-named host, by J. V. Schaffner under Gipsy Moth Labo-
ratory Nos. 12164 H 1-a, and 12164 H 1-b. There are several addi-
tional specimens in the United States National Museum, reared from
Pissodes strobi taken at Rainbow, Windsor, and Portland, Connecti-
cut, by S. N. Spring, B. H. Walden and M. P. Zappe.
37. MICROBRACON SESIAE, new species
Figs. 8, 9
Very similar to nevadensis, but distinguished as noted in the table
to species.
Female. — Length, 4 mm. Head thick at insertion of antennae;
face short, receding below; transverse diameter of tfye opening be-
tween clypeus and mandibles considerably greater than the shortest
distance from the opening to the eyes, and nearly as long as the
distance from lower margin of antennal foramina to the clypeus;
malar space shorter than first segment of antennal flagellum; eyes
broad, very sparsely hairy; ocell-ocular line about three times as
long as the diameter of an ocellus; face finely punctate; frons
very faintly punctate just above antennae; antennae 32-segmented
in type, stout, most of the flagellar segments only a little longer
than broad; thorax stout, smooth and polished; parapsidal grooves
very sparsely hairy; propodeum smooth and polished, with a short
stub of a median longitudinal ridge at apex and a few short lateral
ridges diverging from this; posterior tibiae and tarsi long, the
third segment of tarsi about as long as the fifth, the second much
longer; radius attaining wing margin distinctly before the apex;
second abscissa of radius twice as long as the first; the third fully
as long as the first and second combined and as long as the last
abscissa of cubitus ; the latter is distinctly longer than the preceding
abscissa of cubitus, the third cubital cell being longer, measured
along the cubitus, than the second; abdomen long-oval; the chitin-
ized plate of the first tergite sculptured laterally and along the
apical margin; second tergite usually mostly finely longitudinally
striate with a more or less triangular median embossed area, which
is broadest at the base of the tergite; third tergite nearly always
finely striate toward base; remainder of dorsum of abdomen smooth
and polished; ovipositor sheaths about as long as the abdomen.
Head black, usually with poorly defined ferruginous orbital mark-
ings; thorax black, usually somewhat marked with ferruginous,
especially in the parapsidal furrows and on the propleura; wings
54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM vol.67
dusky, weakly so toward apex; coxae and trochanters black or
blackish; the femora varying from entirely ferrugino-testaceous
to almost entirely black; even in specimens having the posterior
femora wholly ferruginous the hind tibiae are entirely black except
at extreme base and their tarsi are black ; abdomen mostly yellowish
ferruginous, with the first tergite and the embossed area on second
black ; sometimes apex of abdomen is more or less blackish.
Male. — Agrees with the female in all essential characters. The
antennae of allotype are 34-segmented.
Type.— Cat. No. 26663, U.S.N.M.
Type-locality. — Wallingford, Connecticut.
Host. — (Sesia) Aegeria tipuliformis Linnaeus.
Described from 7 female and 8 male specimens reared by B. A.
Porter in the Bureau of Entomology. In this series the number of
segments in the antennae varies from 32 to 37.
38. MICROBRACON NEVADENSIS (Ashmead)
Bracon nevadensis Ashmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 1S89 (1S88),
p. 623.
Type.— Cat. No. 2916, U.S.N.M.
Exceedingly similar to sesiae; but the antennal segments are even
stouter than in that species; the radial cell is shorter; the last ab-
scissa of radius is distinctly shorter than the last abscissa of cubitus ;
and the duskiness of the posterior tibiae is confined to the apical
third. The antennae are very stout, most of the flagellar segments
being not longer than broad and some of them being broader tha-i
long; opening between clypeus and mandibles large; the thorax is
not quite so deep as in sesiae, being twice as long as its greatest
height; in the sculpture of the abdomen and the color of the body
the two species agree almost exactly; the difference in the color of
the tibiae noted above appears to be constant ; the ovipositor sheaths
are about as long as the abdomen.
Distribution. — California; Idaho.
In addition to the type, the United States National Museum has
four specimens recorded as a parasite of Ghrysobothris deleta
LeConte on strawberry, at Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, under Bureau of
Entomology No. 476502.
39. MICROBRACON THURBERIPHAGAE, new species
Microbracon, new species, Webb, Journ. Econ. Ent, vol. 16, 1923, p. 545.
Female. — Length, 2.5 mm.; head rather thick at insertion of an-
tennae ; face strongly receding below ; malar space much shorter than
first segment of antennal flagellum and only a little more than half
the transverse diameter of the opening between clypeus and mandi-
art. S REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBEACON MUESEBECK 55
bles; postocellar line one and one-half times, ocellocular line less
than three times, as long as the diameter of an ocellus ; antennae 23
segmented in the type, shorter than the body, all the flagellar seg-
ments considerably longer than broad, the first twice as long as broad ;
eyes very short-oval, only a little longer than broad; face faintly
punctate, shining; frons closely minutely punctate or reticulate;
thorax compact, smooth and polished ; scutellum large, the furrow be-
tween it and the mesoscutum very fine, minutely foveolate; propo-
deum polished, with a short stub of a median longitudinal ridge at
apex ; radius arising much before the middle of the long stigma and
going to extreme apex of wing; second abscissa of radius twice, or.
nearly, as long as the first, the third about as long as the first and
second combined; abdomen short oval; the chitinized plate of the
first tergite broad posteriorly, more or less rugulose laterally and
faintly sculptured along apical margin; second tergite emarginate
medially behind, mostly smooth, shining, with a small basal median
embossed area set off by short impressions, and usually with two
longitudinal furrows laterally, suturiform articulation arcuate and
finely foveolate; third, fourth, and fifth tergites evenly granular;
ovipositor sheaths a little longer than the abdomen. Yellow; an-
tennae and stemmaticum black ; occipufblackish ; wings very slightly
dusky ; legs yellow, the posterior tibiae at apex and their tarsi dusky ;
abdomen entirely yellow.
Male. — Agrees with the female except for the usual sexual differ-
ences; antennae 23-segmented ; the mesonotal lobes, the propodeum,
and the posterior coxae are somewhat infuscated.
Type.— Cat, No. 26667, U.S.N.M.
Type-locality. — Sabino Canyon, Arizona.
Host. — Thurberiphaga diffusa Barnes.
Described from two female and five male specimens reared by C. H.
T. Townsend, October 2, 1918. The thorax and abdomen are some-
times more or less marked with black, and the middle and posterior
coxae, at least of the males, are sometimes black. The number of
segments in the antennae varies, in this series, from 21 to 23.
40. MICROBRACON PITYOPHTHORI, new species
Female. — Length, 2.3 mm. Head much thicker at insertion of
antennae than at the clypeus, the face strongly receding; malar
space nearly as long as the transverse diameter of the opening be-
tween clypeus and mandibles, but much shorter than the first seg-
ment of antennal flagellum; eyes short oval, hardly one and one-
half times as long as broad ; ocelli small ; postocellar line about one
and one-half times, ocell-ocular line three times, as long as the
diameter of an ocellus; antennae very slender, slightly shorter than
56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
the body. 23-segmented : the first flagellar segment three times as
long as thick, all the following at least twice as long as thick; face
very faintly punctate, shining; frons minutely reticulately punc-
tate; thorax robust, smooth and polished; parapsidal grooves very
sparsely hairy anteriorly, more closely so posteriorly; propodeum
smooth and polished with an exceedingly short stub of a median
ridge at apex ; stigma very long ; veins slender ; radius arising much
before middle of stigma and going to extreme apex of wing ; first ab-
scissa of radius long; second abscissa hardly twice the first; the
third as long as the first and second combined ; abdomen broad-oval ;
chitinized plate of first tergite finely rugulose apically; second ter-
gite delicately ruguloso-striate, with a more or less distinct fine
median raised line down the middle ; suturiform articulation slightly
arcuate medially ,and curving forward strongly at the sides, weakly
foveolate; third and fourth tergites finely granular, smooth later-
ally, the fourth with a fine impressed transverse line at the base:
fifth tergite very faintly punctate, strongly shining; ovipositor
sheaths as long as the dorsum of abdomen beyond first tergite.
Head piceous, the face yellowish ferruginous; thorax dark red-
dish brown ; legs, including all coxae, yellow ; wings perfectly clear
hyaline; abdomen yellowish ferruginous.
"Type.— Cat. No. 27144, U.S.N.M.
Type-locality. — Las Vegas, New Mexico.
Host. — Pityophthorus, species.
Described from two female specimens reared by Barber and
Schwarz from the above host, which was infesting twigs of Pinus
edulis.
41. MICROBRACON LAEMOSACCI, new species
Closely related to the preceding species, as indicated in the key.
but differing especially in the characters there noted.
Female. — Length, 3 mm.; head thick antero-posteriorly at insertion
of antennae; face receding; transverse diameter of opening between
clypeus and mandibles fully twice as long as the malar space, and
much longer than the distance from the opening to the eyes; eyes
broad-oval; postocellar line slightly longer than the diameter of
an ocellus; ocell-ocular line twice the diameter of an ocellus; an-
tennae slender, a little shorter than the body, 27-segmented ; the first
and second flagellar segments nearly three times as long as thick,
all the following at least twice as long as thick; thorax compact,
smooth, and polished; parapsidal grooves thickly hairy anteriorly
as well as posteriorly; propodeum polished, with a short stub of a
median longitudinal ridge at apex; stigma long; radius arising
much before middle of stigma and going practically to the apex of
art. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON MUESEBECK 57
wing; first abscissa of radius longer than the recurrent; the second
not or hardly twice as long as the first; the third longer than the
first and second combined; last abscissa of cubitus longer than the
preceding abscissa; radiella distinct only at base; abdomen broad-
oval; first tergite finely rugulose except at extreme base; second
tergite broadly emarginate behind, strongly longitudinally rugulose,
with a usually distinct fine raised line down the middle; suturiform
articulation very broad, coarsely foveolate; third, fourth, fifth, and
sixth tergites granular, the third more or less longitudinally sculp-
tured ; ovipositor sheaths very nearly as long as the abdomen. Head
testaceous, a large median spot on the front and vertex, and the
occiput black; thorax black, the parapsidal grooves and a large
spot behind middle lobe of mesoscutum f errugino-testaceous ; legs,
including all coxae, yellow ; the posterior tibiae at apex and their
tarsi dusky, wings clear hyaline; abdomen curiously marked: the
first tergite black, the second mostly black, with two small basal
spots and the middle of the apical margin reddish-yellow; third,
fourth, fifth, and sixth tergites black, reddish-yellow medially and
at the sides.
Male. — Agrees with the female in all essential characters; the an-
tennae are 28-segmented ; the sixth abdominal tergite is smooth and
polished.
Type.— Cat. No. 26666, U.S.N.M.
Type-locality. — Altitude, 4,700 feet, Superstition Mountains, Ari-
zona.
Host. — Lasmosaecus, species in Thvrberia.
Described from seven females and sixteen males reared by H. S.
Barber. The number of segments in the antennae varies in this series
from 26 to 29. The series is remarkably constant in the striking
color pattern.
42. MICROBRACON METACOMET Viereck
Microhracon metacomet Viereck, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey,
1917 (1916), pp. 206, 20S.
Type. — In the State Agricultural Experiment Station, at New
Haven, Connecticut.
Face and frons finely punctate; antennae broken at tip, 25 seg-
ments remaining, very slender, the first flagellar segment nearly
three times as long as thick, the remainder twice as long as broad;
thorax smooth and polished; legs slender; first abscissa of radius
long; the second not distinctly twice the first; the third much
longer than the first and second abscissae combined; last abscissa
of cubitus decidedly longer than the preceding abscissa; abdomen
long, very coarsely granular or rugulose, and nearly as coarsely so
nn the fifth tergite as on the third: suturiform articulation broad,
58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
foveolate, and somewhat arcuate mediall}7, the second tergite
being a little emarginate behind; hypopygium large; ovipositor
sheaths nearly as long as the abdomen. Face yellow ; antennae most-
ly yellowish ; f rons, vertex and occiput mostly piceous to blackish ;
thorax wholly black ; legs, including coxae, bright yellow ; wings clear
hyaline; abdomen mostly blackish above, yellow laterally.
Distribution. — New Canaan, Connecticut.
Host. — Unknown.
Known only from the unique type.
43. MICROBRACON ATRICOLLIS (Ashmead)
Bracon atricollis Ashmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 1SS9 (1888), p. 622.
Micro~bracon naioaasorum Vieeeck, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Sur-
vey, 1917 (1916), pp. 205, 207.
Type. — Cat. No. 2917, U.S.N.M. The type of nawaasorum is in
the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station at New Haven.
Very distinct from all other species of the genus. Head thick at
insertion of antennae ; face and f rons minutely granular ; ocell-ocular
line at least three times the diameter of an ocellus; antennae long,
slender, usually about 40-segmented, most of the flagellar segments
twice as long as broad; thorax long, mostly smooth and polished;
parapsidal grooves sparsely hairy ; propodeum finely rugulose ; meta-
pleura granular ; the metapleura and the propodeum laterally thickly
clothed with long hairs ; posterior tibiae and tarsi slender ; last seg-
ment of all tarsi long, stout, the claws large; wings long, the entire
wing membrane uniformly very densely covered with very short
pubescence ; stigma rather long and narrow ; radius arising at or be-
fore its middle and going to extreme apex of wing ; first abscissa of
radius a little longer than the recurrent vein ; the second abscissa of
radius more than twice the first; the third as long as the first and
second combined and almost on a straight line with the second ; the
portion of cubitus between recurrent and intercubitus more than half
as long as the recurrent; lower side of cubital cell decidedly more
than twice the first intercubitus and longer than the lower side of third
cubital cell ; last abscissa of radius longer than last abscissa of cubi-
tus; cubitus and subdiscoideus nearly parallel, the second discoidal
cell not or scarcely broadening toward apex; the chitinized plate of
first tergite strongly rugose; second tergite longer than the third,
finely granularly rugulose, much less strongly sculptured than first
tergite; third, fourth, and fifth tergites very delicately sculptured,
the fifth only faintly; ovipositor as long as the abdomen or a little
longer. Head yellow; thorax mostly yellow; pronotum above, propo-
deum, and metapleura partly, blackish; abdomen yellow, the first
tergite black, the following tergites more or less blackish medially.
art. 8 REVISION OP THE GENUS MICROBRACON MUESEBECK 59
Distribution. — ? Missouri; Connecticut; Illinois.
Host. — Unknown.
Known only from the holotypes of atricollis and nawaasorum,
and one additional female specimen, labeled "Algonquin, 111. 18-12-
95-134, 4855." The only complete antennae are those on the type of
nawaasorum, which have 43 segments. A thorough studj' of the
types shows nawaasorum to be, without doubt conspecific with
atricollis.
44. M1CROBRACON ANALCIDIS (Ashmead)
Bracon analcidis Ashmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 18S9 (18S8), p. 619.
Type.— Cat. No. 2908, U.S.N.M.
Superficially quite similar to sphenophori, but differs especially
in the thorax being smooth and polished, except on the propodeum
which is mostly rugulose. Head thick antero-posteriorly at insertion
of antennae ; face and f rons finely punctate ; opening between clypeus
and mandibles large, its transverse diameter twice as long as the
malar space; antennae 35-segmented, the flagellar segments beyond
second but little or no longer than broad; first flagellar segment
much longer than second; propodeum rugulose, smooth and shining
at base; second abscissa of radius more than twice as long as the
first, the latter about half the first intercubitus ; abdomen long-
first tergite sculptured apically and laterally ; second and third very
delicately granular, the following smooth and shining; ovipositor
sheaths considerably longer than the abdomen. Entirely yellow;
wings nearly hyaline; antennae, and the legs including all coxae,
yellow.
Distribution. — Missouri.
Host. — (Analcis) Tyloderma fragariae Eiley.
Known only from the unique type.
45. MICROBRACON PODUNKORUM Viereck
Microbracon podunkorum Viereck, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey,
1917 (1916), pp. 205, 207.
Type. — In the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station at
New Haven.
Resembles the preceding species in the rugulose propodeum, and
the delicately sculptured abdomen, but differs as noted in the key.
Antennae 31-segmented, stout, most of the flagellar segments but little
or no longer than broad ; face and f rons finely punctate and opaque ;
thorax mostly polished; parapsidal furrows sparsely hairy; propo-
deum completely finely rugulose; second abscissa of radius twice
as long as the first; abdomen a little longer than the thorax; plate
of first tergite rugulose laterally and at apex; second tergite finely
granular with a strongly shining rugulose basal median area; third
60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEL'M vol.67
tergite very minutely granular; fourth and following tergites in-
creasingly faintly sculptured, the fifth and sixth being almost com-
pletely smooth; ovipositor sheaths as long as the abdomen beyond
first tergite. Yellow; propodeum. first abdominal tergite, and a
basal median spot covering the shining rugulose area on the second
tergite, black; wings very nearly hyaline; legs, including all coxae,
yellow.
Distribution. — Branford, Connecticut; Cadet. Missouri.
Host. — Aristotelia absconditella Walker.
Known only from the holotype, and a single female in the National
Collection recorded under Bureau of Entomology number 4575°
which was reared December 30, 1889, as a parasite of Aristotelia
absconditella.
46. MICROBRACON MONTOWESI Viereck
Mierobracon montowesi Viereck, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. anil Nat. Hist. Survey,
1917 (1916), pp. 206, 208.
Type. — In the State Agricultural Experiment Station at New
Haven, Connecticut.
Head not thin, but the temples narrow, receding directly behind
the eyes; head broader than the thorax; eyes unusually large, the
face hardly broader between eyes than long between the antennal
foramina and the lower margin of clypeus; face minutely punctate
laterally, smooth and shining medially ; f rons very weakly punctate,
shining ; antennae as long as the body, 32-segmented, all the flagellar
segments considerably longer than broad; thorax stout, smooth and
polished; parapsidal grooves sparsely hairy; propodeum smooth
and polished, with a very short stub of a median ridge at apex ; first
abscissa of radius about as long as recurrent vein; second abscissa
of radius about twice as long as the first; abdomen broad-oval;
chitinized plate of first tergite almost entirely smooth, slightly
sculptured at the apex; second tergite very delicately granular; third
and following tergites smooth and shining; ovipositor sheaths less
than half as long as the abdomen. Face yellow; frons and vertex
mostly piceous to blackish; occiput black; thorax black, with fine
ferruginous lines in the parapsidal furrows, and with the apex of
scutellum and the propleura, ferruginous ; wings very slightly dusky ;
legs, including all coxae, yellow; the posterior tibiae at apex and
their tarsi dusky ; abdomen yellow except the first tergite and a
basal median spot on the second, which are black.
Distribution. — New Haven, Connecticut.
Host — fPriophorus acericaulis McGillivrav.
The above notes are based on the type. The United States
National Museum has two male paratypes, reared with the type
from maple leaf -stems infested with larvae of the above-named saw-
art. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON MUESEBECK 61
fly. These paratjqoes agree with the type in the essential characters;
the antennae are 28-segmented ; the third and fourth abdominal
tergites are very faintly partly sculptured.
47. MICROBRACON CEPHI Gahan
Fig. 20
Microbracon cephi Gahan, Proc. Eut. Soc. Wash., vol. 20, 1918. p. 19.
Microbracon cephi Griddle, Can. Ent., vol. 55, 1923, p. 3.
Type.— Cat. No. 21772, U.S.N.M.
Transverse diameter of the opening between clypeus and mandibles
much greater than the distance from this opening to the eyes, in the
male at least twice as long as the malar space; frons minutely
punctate or reticulate; antennae rarely with less than 35 segments:
all the flagellar segments considerably longer than broad; thorax
long, rather slender, highly polished; parapsidal furrows sparsely
hairy; metanotum a little longer than is usual in the genus:
propodeum usually longer than first abdominal tergite ; last segment
of posterior tarsi large, usually fully as long as the second tarsal
segment; second abscissa of radius more than twice as long as the
first, the third about as long as the first and second combined;
last abscissa of cubitus usually a little shorter than the preceding-
abscissa ; abdomen long oval ; first abdominal tergite rugulose later-
ally and apicaily; second to fifth tergites in the male, second to
sixth in the female, granular; ovipositor sheaths not distinctly half
the length of the abdomen, usually appearing much less than half.
Yellow; usually entirely yellow, or with the mesonotal lobes,
propodeum and first abdominal tergite piceous to blackish; rarely
with the thorax almost wholly black and the abdomen mostly
blackish above; wings a little dusky; legs, including coxae, yellow.
Distribution. — North Dakota; Minnesota; Manitoba, Canada.
Probably occurs throughout the range of its chief host, the Western
Wheat-stem Sawfly.
Host. — Cephus cinctus Norton.
In addition to the type series the United States National Museum
has considerable material, all reared in the Bureau of Entomology,
by C. N. Ainsiie, from Cephvs cinctvs taken at various points in
North Dakota and Minnesota.
48. MICROBRACON HEMIMENAE Rohwer
Fig. 11
Uierobracon hemimenae Rohwer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, 1915, p. 232.
Type.— Cat. No. 18434, U.S.N.M.
A very distinct species, combining a black head and black coxae
with a sculptured frons and a nearly completely sculptured abdomen.
62 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 67
Malar space in the female nearly as long as the transverse diameter
.of the opening between the clypeus and mandibles ; in the male con-
siderably shorter; postocellar line slightly longer than the diameter
of an ocellus ; ocell-ocular line less than three times as long as the di-
ameter of an ocellus; antennae about as long as the body, usually 24
to 28-segmented, all the flagellar segments much longer than tiroad ;
face and f rons minutely punctate or reticulate, opaque ; thorax stout,
smooth and polished ; radius arising before middle of stigma ; second
abscissa of radius about twice the first; abdomen short and broad,
especially in the female; plate of first tergite broad, more or less
sculptured ; second tergite rugulose, shining ; suturif orm articulation
broad, f oveolate ; third, fourth and fifth tergites granular ; ovipositor
sheaths about as long as the dorsum of abdomen beyond first tergite,
or nearly. Head black, sometimes with ferruginous orbital lines;
thorax black, the parapsidal furrows and a spot behind middle lobe
of mesoscutum sometimes ferruginous; wings strongly infumated,
more weakly so toward apex; coxae and trochanters black; femora
sometimes more or less black ; posterior tibiae black except at extreme
base ; tarsi blackish ; abdomen red, the first tergite black ; sometimes,
especially in the males, more or less of the abdomen beyond first
tergite also blackish.
Distribution. — Plummer Island, Maryland.
Host. — Hemimene flummerana Busck.
In addition to the types the National Museum has a large series
bearing the same data as the type specimens.
49. MICROBRACON OENOTHERAE. new species
Very similar to mellitor, from which it differs in having usually a
complete median longitudinal carina on the propodeum, in the
shorter second abdominal tergite, and the relatively longer flagellar
segments of the antennae.
Female. — Length, 4 mm. ; head rather thick at insertion of anten-
nae ; transverse diameter of the opening between clypeus and mandi-
bles but very slightly longer than the distance from the opening to
the eyes; antennae 35-segmented, the first flagellar segment twice as
long as broad, all the following much longer than broad; face and
frons very faintly punctate; thorax stout, smooth and polished;
parapsidal grooves sparsely hairy ; propodeum polished with a com-
plete median longitudinal carina; second abscissa of radius more than
twice as long as the first ; the third slightly longer than the first and
second combined; abdomen long-oval; plate of first tergite more or
less sculptured apically and laterally; second tergite very short,
much shorter than the third, with a large median shining rugose
area; remainder of second tergite granular; third, fourth, fifth and
art. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON MUESEBECK 63
sixth tergites strongly granular; ovipositor sheaths about as long as
the abdomen. Head, thorax and abdomen yellow; antennae black-
ish ; the median line of propodeum dusky ; legs, including all coxae,
yellow ; the middle and hind tibiae and all tarsi more or less dusky or
blackish ; wings strongly inf uscated, especially toward the base.
Male. — Agrees in most essential characters with the female. An-
tennae broken, 28 segments remaining, the flagellar segments nearly
twice as long as broad ; eyes small ; ocell-ocular line about three times
the diameter of an ocellus; malar space fully one-third the eye-
height; propodeal carina not so distinct as in the type.
Type.— Cat. No. 27145, U.S.N.M.
Type-locality. — Knoxville, Tennessee.
A llotype-locality. — Vienna, Virginia.
Host. — Mompha eloisella Clemens.
Described from 7 females and one male ; the type and two female
paratypes were reared from the above host at Knoxville, Tennessee,
by C. C. Hill in the Bureau of Entomology, under Knoxville No.
16334; the allotype was reared by E. A. Cushman from Mompha,
at Vienna, Virginia, under Quaintance No. 7805* two female para-
types were secured by H. B. Weiss from seed capsules of evening
primrose in Middlesex Co., New Jersey ; and two other paratypes are
labeled "On Oenothera, Glendale, Md., H. H. Bartlett, Oct. 23,
1915." All the specimens agree very closely with the type in color and
structure; the number of segments in the antennae varies from 33
to 36.
50. MICROBRACON PAPAIPEMAE Gahan
Microbracon papaipemae Gahan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 61, 1922, p. 4.
Type.— Cat. No. 24983, U.S.N.M.
Distinguished particularly by the color, the delicate sculpture of
the abdomen, the very fine straight suturiform articulation and the
long ovipositor, the short and stout antennae, and the sculptured
frons. Antennae shorter than the body, 26 to 28-segmented in the
type series; face granular; frons finely reticulately sculptured;
thorax polished ; parapsidal grooves sparsely hairy ; propodeum pol-
ished, with a short stub of a median carina at apex and a few short
ridges diverging from it; second abscissa of radius more than twice
as long as the first; the third fully as long as the first and second
combined and going to the apex of wing ; last abscissa of cubitus no
longer than the preceding abscissa ; abdomen long-oval ; first tergite
sculptured laterally and at apex; second tergite granular with a
finely rugulose area medially ; suturiform articulation very fine, per-
fectly straight; third and following tergites gradually more deli-
cately sculptured, the fourth and fifth faintly so ; ovipositor sheaths
64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM vol.67
nearly as long as the body. Head black, except the face which is
yellow ; thorax black ; wings nearly hyaline ; legs yellowish, the hind
tibiae and tarsi blackish; abdomen black, the membranous margins
of first tergite, the sides of the second tergite and the suturiform
articulation, yellow.
Distribution. — Rye, New York.
Host. — Papaipema frigida Smith.
Known only from the four female specimens of the type series.
51. MICROBRACON APICATUS (Provancher)
Bra con apicatus Provancher, Natural. Canad., vol. 12, 18S0, p. 143.
Type. — In the Museum of Public Instruction at Quebec, Canada.
The transverse diameter of the opening between clypeus and man-
dibles slightly greater than the distance from the opening to the
eyes ; antennae of type broken, 25 segments remaining ; the flagellar
segments stout, those beyond the second but very little longer than
broad ; malar space about as long as the first flagellar segment ;
frons minutely closely punctate or reticulate and opaque; thorax
polished; propodetim polished, with a prominent stub of a median
ridge at apex and a little fine sculpture adjoining this; second
abscissa of radius more than twice as long as the first; abdomen
of type missing; head yellow, with a median spot on front and
vertex enclosing ocelli, and the occiput, blackish; thorax black, the
propleura, lateral anterior angles of mesoscutum, the parapsidal fur-
rows and the space behind the middle lobe of mesoscutum, fer-
ruginous; legs, including all coxae, testaceous; the posterior tibiae
at apex and their tarsi, fuscous.
Distribution. — Canada; ? Maine; ?Long Island, New York.
Host. — Unknown.
The above notes are based on the type. The United States Nation-
al Museum lias two specimens without locality data, one of them
called apicatus by Ashmead, another from Ottawa, Canada, also
named apicatus by Ashmead, and two specimens from Long Island,
New York, all of which appear to be this species although positive
identification is difficult owing to the loss of the type abdomen. The
head and thorax, with their appendages, agree perfectly with the
type in structure and color, and in placing the species in the key I
have considered these specimens to be apicatus. The single complete
antenna has 30 segments; the abdomen is very delicately sculptured
beyond the second tergite; the second is granular; the suturiform ar-
ticulation, straight, finely minutely foveolate ; the ovipositor sheaths
as long as the abdomen. One specimen, with 30-segmented antennae,
in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History, was col-
lected by C. W. Johnson at Bar Harbor, Maine. The abdomen of all
art. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON MUESEBECK 65
of these specimens is somewhat longer than suggested by Provan-
cher's description, and the type may be a different species, but the
agreement of the antennae, and of the structure, sculpture and color
of the thorax, is striking.
52. MICROBRACON NANUS (Provancher)
Bracon nanus Peovancher, Natural, Canad., vol. 12, 1880, p. 143.
Type. — In the Museum of Public Instruction at Quebec, Canada;
bears yellow label 725.
Frons finely reticulately sculptured and opaque; antennae 24-
segmented, the segments of apical half of flagellum scarcely longer
than broad; thorax smooth and polished; propodeum polished, with
a stub of a median longitudinal ridge at apex and a slight longitudi-
nal impression in front of this stub ; radius going nearly to the apex
of wing; second abscissa of radius more than twice as long as the
first; second abdominal tergite finely granular; third tergite with
only a faint suggestion of sculpture; remainder of dorsum of abdo-
men smooth and polished ; ovipositor sheaths as long as the abdomen.
Head mostly blackish, face brownish-black; thorax black; wings
nearly hyaline ; legs, including all coxae, bright testaceous ; abdomen
black above, the second tergite mostly, the third laterally, and most
of the venter, yellow.
Distribution. — Canada.
Host. — Unknown.
The above notes are based on the type. The only other specimen
known to me is a female, without locality data, which is in the United
States National Museum.
53. MICROBRACON MELLITOR (Say)
Figs. 4, 18
Bracon mellitor Say, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1S36, p. 256.
Bracon xanthostigma Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 4, 1865, p. 303.
Bracon vernoniae Ashmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 1SS9, (1SS8), p. 619.
Bracon anthonomi Ashmead, Insect Life, vol. 5, 1893, p. 185.
Bracon mellitor Hunter and Hinds, U. S. D. A., Bur. Ent. Bull. 45, 1904, p.
106, fig. 4.— Pierce, U. S. D. A., Bur. *Ent. Bull. 73, 190S, p. 39.
Microoracon pemoertoni Bridwell, Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc, vol. 4, pt. 1, 1919
(1918), p. 115.
Type. — The type of mellitor is lost; that of xanthostigmus is in the
Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, and bears No. 1687.1 ; the types of
vernoniae (Cat. No. 2909), anthonomi (Cat. No. 1360), and paratypes
of pembertoni (Cat. No. 23615) are in the United States National
Museum.
Say's description of mellitor will fit any one of several other species
of Microbracon as well as this species. But since the name mellitor
12053—25 5
66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM vol.67
has been widely used in literature on economic entomology for the
species here treated under that name, and since it is impossible to
show conclusively that Say did not actually prepare his description
from a specimen of this species, it seems best to continue to use the
name mellitor. There is tremendous variation in the size of indi-
viduals of this species, and with this is combined rather marked vari-
ability in structure and sculpture, particularly in the males, which
it is often very difficult to identify. The malar space in the female
is about as long as the first segment of the antennal flagellum ; it is
considerably shorter in the male; the antennae are rather stout, and
are from 26 to 40-segmented, the smallest number of segments being
found in very small males ; most frequently the antennae are from 32
to 36-segmented ; most of the flagellar segments are usually only a
little longer than broad; the thorax is polished; the propodeum with
a stub of a median ridge at apex; second abscissa of radius usually
not distinctly twice as long as the first ; the third not longer than the
first and second combined; the radius attaining the wing margin
before the apex; abdomen usually broadly oval; the second tergite
varying from strongly granular to mostly rugose, nearly always dis-
tinctly a little emarginate medially behind; the third to sixth ter-
gites in the female, the third to fifth in the male, granular; oviposi-
tor sheaths at least as long as the abdomen, sometimes considerably
longer, a good deal of variation being evident in the same series of
specimens. In color mellitor is nearly always entirely testaceous or
ferruginous, with the propodeum and the first tergite blackish;
rarely the thorax has black markings on the mesonotum and pectus.
Distribution. — Occurs at least from Texas to South Dakota and
eastward to the Atlantic States, where it is found as far north as
southern Massachusetts. Also occurs in the Hawaiian Islands; and
quite probably is much more widely distributed than here noted.
Hosts. — Anthonomus grandis Boheman; A. signatus Say; Poly-
chrosis viteana Clemens; Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders.
Material from these hosts has been examined. Other hosts, re-
corded by Pierce, which records are probably correct, include
Anthonomus albopilosus Dietz, A. eugenii Cano, A. fulvus LeConte,
A. squamosus LeConte, Desmoris scapalis LeConte.
The National Museum has a large quantity of material of this
species reared from the cotton boll weevil, at various points in the
cotton-growing area of the United States; also an extensive series
reared by R. A. Cushman from the grapeberry moth at North-
east, Pennsylvania, in the Bureau of Entomology under Quaintance
numbers, 11100, 11082, 14410, 14472 ; many specimens from the same
host reared by H. G. Ingerson at Sandusky, Ohio ; and collected speci-
mens from points in Kansas, South Dakota, Florida, Texas, New
art. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON MUESEBECK 67
Jersey, Virginia. In the collection of the Boston Society of Natural
History are two specimens from Woods Hole and Horseneck Beach,
Massachusetts, collected by C. W. Johnson. A study of the types
leaves no doubt that xanthostigmus, vernoniae, anthonomi, and
pevibertoni are the same species. The allotype of vernoniae is
nuperus, as stated under that species.
54. MICROBRACON NIGROPECTUS (Provancher)
Bracon nigropectus Provancher, Natural. Canad., vol. 12, 1880, p. 143.
Type. — In the Museum of Public Instruction, at Quebec, Canada.
Malar space about as long as the first segment of antennal flagel-
lum; face and frons minutely granular, opaque; antennae of type
missing beyond 10th segment; the flagellar segments beyond second
but little longer than broad; thorax smooth and polished; parap-
sidal grooves sparsely hairy; propodeum is mostly finely punctate,
and is provided with a stub of a median longitudinal ridge pos-
teriorly, with some short ridges diverging from this stub; second
abscissa of radius not quite twice as long as the first ; first abdominal
tergite sculptured apically and laterally; second tergite granular,
with an irregularly rugose basal median area; third, fourth, fifth,
and sixth tergites finely granular; ovipositor sheaths about as long
as the abdomen. Head yellow, antennae blackish; thorax yellow
except propodeum and mesopectus, which are blackish ; abdomen yel-
low, the first tergite with a blackish spot and third and fourth
tergites weakly infuscated medially; wings nearly hyaline; legs,
including coxae, yellow.
Distribution. — Canada ; Vermont.
Host. — Unknown.
The above description is based on the type. The only other speci-
men which I have seen is a female taken at Bennington, Vermont, by
C. "W. Johnson. This specimen, which is in the collection of the
Boston Society of Natural History, was compared with the type,
and designated a homotype. The male is unknown.
55. MICROBRACON FURTIVUS (Fyles)
Fig. 25
Bracon furtivus Fyles, Can. Ent., vol. 24, 1892, p. 34.
Bracon fungicola Ashmead, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 27, 1895,
p. 46.
Type. — The types of both species are in the United States Na-
tional Museum, furtivus Cat. No. 14762 and fungicola Cat. No. 6864.
This species is extremely variable, especially in color; the speci-
mens of some series are entirely or almost entirely yellow; those
of other series are mostly black ; all intergradations occur. The an-
68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM vol.67
tennae are rather slender, all the flagellar segments being consider-
ably longer than broad, and the two basal flagellar segments usually
being about equal; face and frons finely sculptured; transverse
diameter of the opening between clypeus and mandibles scarcely
greater than the distance from the opening to the eyes, in the fe-
male; malar space long; propodeum smooth and polished, with a
stub of a median ridge at apex; second abscissa of radius usually
more than twice as long as the first; last abscissa of radius not
longer than the first and second abscissae combined ; first abdominal
tergite rugulose apically and laterally; second and following ter-
gites granular, opaque; ovipositor sheaths as long as, or a little
longer than, the abdomen, and slender, but broadening conspicu-
ously on the apical fifth. Color varying from wholly yellow to
mostly black ; but face and legs, including coxae, always yellow.
Distribution. — From Canada to North Carolina, as judged by the
material examined; probably occurs wherever its primary hosts are
found.
Hosts. — Gnonmoschema gallaesolidaginis Riley; G. gallaeasteri-
ella Kellicott.
The above notes are based on the types and extensive series in
the National Museum reared from Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis
by R. A. Cushman, at Vienna and East Falls Church, Virginia, and
northern Pennsylvania, and by R. W. Leiby in North Carolina. At
the Gipsy Moth Laboratory there is a series reared from the same
host taken at Melrose Highlands, Massachusetts. I have been un-
able to separate fungicola from furtivus.
56. MICROBRACON TACHYPTERI, new species
Distinguished especially by combining a sculptured frons and
a short, broad, sculptured abdomen, with a blackish face and very
long ovipositor.
Female. — Length, 3.3 mm. Head not thick; temples not broad,
receding directly behind the eyes; face receding somewhat below;
transverse diameter of opening between clypeus and mandibles
nearly twice as long as the malar space and about equal to half
the width of the face; malar space much shorter than the first
segment of antennal flagellum; ocell-ocular line a little more than
twice as long as the diameter of an ocellus; antennae 32-segmented,
all the flagellar segments much longer than broad, the first two of
equal length and about twice as long as broad; face and frons
minutely granular ; thorax short, stout, smooth and polished ; parap-
sidal grooves sparsely hairy; propodeum polished, with a short
stub of a median longitudinal ridge at apex; stigma large; second
abscissa of radius about twice the first; the third a little longer
than the first and second combined, and slightly longer than the
art. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON MUESEBECK 69
last abscissa of cubitus; radius going practically to extreme apex
of wing ; abdomen short and broad ; first tergite with the chitinized
plate large, strongly elevated posteriorly and rugulose laterally and
along apical margin; second tergite short and broad, slightly
emarginate medially behind, and finely rugulose or granular ; suturi-
form articulation arcuate, f oveolate ; third tergite much more finely
sculptured than the second; fourth, fifth, and sixth tergites very
delicately sculptured, the sculpture becoming faint on the fifth and
sixth; ovipositor sheaths about as long as the entire body. Black;
head including the face, except narrowly along the eyes, black or
blackish; malar space ferruginous; thorax black, the propleura,
parapsidal grooves, and space behind the middle lobe of mesoscutum,
more or less ferruginous; legs, including coxae, testaceous, except
the apical half of posterior tibiae and the posterior tarsi, which parts
are blackish; wings slightly dusky; dorsum of abdomen black, yel-
lowish laterally, the second and third tergites more broadly yel-
lowish laterally.
Type.— Cat. No. 26665, U.S.N.M.
Type-locality. — French Creek, West Virginia.
Host. — Tachypterus quadrigibbus Say.
Described from a single specimen reared by F. E. Brooks under
Quaintance No. 9521. The United States National Museum has
another female specimen of this species labeled " Stony Island, N. Y.,
July 8, 1896."
57. MICROBRACON VARIABILIS (Provancher)
Opius variabilis Provancher, Addit. faun. Canad. Hymen., 1888, p. 382.
Bracon tortricicola Ashmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 11, 1889 (188S), p. 621.
(Opius variabilis Provancher )=Microbracon dorsator Gahan, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 49, 1915, p. 93.
Microbracon dorsator, var. variabilis Viereck, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat.
Hist. Survey, 1917 (1916), p. 207.
Type. — In the Museum of Public Instruction, Parliament Build-
ing, Quebec, Canada. The type of tortricicola (Cat. No. 2915) is in
the United States National Museum.
Head not thick, the temples receding directly behind the eyes ; trans-
verse diameter of the opening between clypeus and mandibles much
greater than the distance from the opening to the eyes, in the male
fully twice as long as the malar space, in the female one and one-half
times as long; face and frons minutely punctate or reticulate; an-
tennae usually 25 to 32-segmented, all the flagellar segments much
longer than broad, the first two usually of about equal length and
twice as long as broad, the apical segments slender ; thorax compact,
smooth, and polished ; parapsidal grooves sparsely hairy ; propodeum
polished, with a stub of a median longitudinal ridge at apex ; second
abscissa of radius more than twice as long as the first ; the third not
70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
distinctly longer than the first and second combined ; abdomen broad-
oval ; chitinized plate of first tergite rugulose laterally and at apex ;
second tergite broad, usually very faintly medially emarginate be-
hind, granular, and usually with a basal median, shining, irregularly
rugose area; suturiform articulation rather broad, foveolate; third
to fifth tergites, and sometimes the sixth in the female, granular ; ovi-
positor sheaths usually about equal to the dorsum of the abdomen
beyond first tergite but sometimes apparently as long as the abdomen.
Yellow, more or less marked with black ; sometimes entirely yellow ;
but more frequently with a spot enclosing ocelli, occiput, mesonotal
lobes, propodeum, pectus, first abdominal tergite and a basal median
spot on second, black or blackish ; face always yellow ; rarely thorax
almost entirely black, and the abdomen largely blackish or dusky
above; wings very slightly dusky; legs, including all coxae, yellow,
the posterior tibiae at apex and all the tarsi more or less dusky. A
study of the types of variabilis and tortricicola has convinced me that
they belong to the same species.
Distribution. — Canada, Missouri, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Vir-
ginia, West Virginia.
Hosts. — Polychrosis viteana Clemens; Conotrachelus nenuphar
Herbst; Tortricid in seeds of Ambrosia (Ashmead) ; larva in seed-
pod of Oenothera biennis; Tachypterus quadrigibbus Say.
The above characterization is based on the types, and on a large
quantity of material in the National Museum. This material includes
extensive series reared by R. A. Cushman from Polychrosis viteana
at Northeast, Pennsylvania, under Quaintance Nos. 11058, 11070,
11432, and 14462; several series reared from Conotrachelus nenuphar
by the same investigator, at Vienna, Virginia, under Quaintance Nos.
7025, 7050, and 7837; also several specimens obtained by Cushman
from the seed pods of the evening primrose, at Vienna, Virginia,
under Quaintance No. 7195 ; and a single female reared from Tachyp-
terus quadrigibbus Say, at French Creek, Virginia, by F. E. Brooks,
under Quaintance No. 9505.
58. MICROBRACON SANNINOIDEAE Gahan
Fig. 12
Micro'bracon sanninoideae Gahan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 53, 1917, p. 196.
Type.— Cat. No. 20374, U.S.N.M.
Differs from mellitor, to which it is quite similar in general ap-
pearance, in having a much larger opening between clypeus and
mandibles; in the shorter malar space; in the second abscissa of
radius being more than twice the first, and the third longer than the
first and second combined; in the posterior margin of the second
tergite being straight, and in the tergites beyond the second being
art. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON MUESEBECK 71
more weakly sculptured. The transverse diameter of the opening
between clypeus and mandibles is usually twice as long as the malar
space; face and frons minutely punctate or reticulate; antennae
usually with 30 to 34 segments, the first flagellar segment longer
than the second, none beyond the first twice as long as broad; pro-
podeum polished, with a stub of a median ridge at apex; radius
going more nearly to extreme apex of wing than is the case in
mellitor; abdomen long-oval, beyond the second tergite usually very
delicately sculptured, the sculpture becoming faint beyond the
fourth tergite; suturiform articulation straight, finely foveolate;
ovipositor sheaths about as long as the abdomen. Usually entirely
yellow, except the antennae and posterior tarsi, but sometimes the
thorax, especially on the mesonotal lobes, propodeum and pectus, and
the abdomen at base, more or less black.
Distribution. — Occurs at least from Connecticut to Georgia, and
westward to Kansas and Arkansas.
Host. — ( Sanninoidea) Aegeria exitiosa Say.
In addition to the types the National Museum has the following
material: 2 specimens reared from A. exitiosa at Indianapolis, Indi-
ana, by F. N. Wallace; 1 obtained from the same host hy E. M.
Craighead, at Chambersburg, Pennsylvania; 1 taken on peach at
Hamden, Connecticut, by M. P. Zappe; 1 from Riley Co., Kansas
(Marlatt) ; 6 reared from the peach borer at Fort Valley, Georgia,
by C. H. Alden ; 15 from the same host at Rogers, Arkansas ; many
specimens reared by E. B. Blakeslee from A. exitiosa, at Winchester,
Virginia, and collected specimens from Harrisburg and Enterline,
Pennsylvania.
59. MICROBRACON HOBOMOK Viereck
Microbracon hobomok Viereck, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey,
1917 (1916), pp. 206, 20S.
Type. — In the State Agricultural Experiment Station, at New
Haven, Connecticut.
The following notes are based on the tj^pe : Malar space nearly as
long as the first segment of antennal flagellum ; antennae broken, 20
segments remaining, the flagellar segments beyond the first scarcely
as long as broad; frons finely sculptured; thorax polished; parap-
sidal grooves sparsely hairy; propodeum mostly polished, with a
stub of a median ridge at apex, a few short ridges diverging from
this stub, and the median part of the posterior face somewhat punc-
tate ; last abscissa of radius a little longer than the first and second
abscissae combined; abdomen long-oval; the first tergite rugulose
along the apex; second tergite finely granular; suturiform articula-
tion fine, straight; third to fifth tergites very delicately sculptured,
the sculpture becoming faint on the fourth and fifth; ovipositor
72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
sheaths as long as the abdomen beyond first tergite. Face yellow;
vertex and occiput somewhat piceous; thorax mostly black, the
pleura ferruginous; legs, including all coxae bright testaceous;
wings very slightly dusky; abdomen yellowish, the first tergite, and
a basal median spot on the second, blackish ; apical tergites more or
less brownish. This species is very similar to apicatus, but differs
especially in the shorter ovipositor. I have seen no males of either
species; doubtless it will be found almost impossible to separate the
two species on the basis of this sex.
Distribution. — Branford, Connecticut.
Host. — Unknown.
Known only from the holotype.
60. MICROBRACON CAULICOLA Gahan
Fig. 13
Microbracon caulicola Gahan, U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 61, 1922, p. 2.
Type.— Cat. No. 24982, U.S.N.M.
Closely resembles mellitor, but differs in the shorter ovipositor, in
the longer flagellar segments of antennae, the usually straight pos-
terior margin of second abdominal tergite; in the second abscissa of
radius being much more than twice as long as the first, in the radius
going more nearly to the extreme apex of wing, and in the propodeum
being usually minutely reticulated over most of its surface. The an-
tennae are usually 29 to 35-segmented, the two basal flagellar seg-
ments usually twice as long as thick; propodeum usually delicately
reticulated, sometimes granular and more strongly sculptured on the
median line; abdomen broadly oval; the first tergite rugulose later-
ally and at apex, the second coarsely granular or rugulose; the third
to sixth tergites in the female, the third to fifth in the male, granular,
much less strongly sculptured than the second; ovipositor sheaths
nearly as long as the dorsum of the abdomen beyond first tergite.
Usually entirely yellow; rarely the propodeum and first abdominal
tergite more or less fuscous; wings dusky, the stigma nearly always
yellow except at apex; in some small male specimens the stigma is
brownish; legs, including all coxae, yellow.
Distribution. — Evidently occurs throughout the eastern half of the
United States wherever its principal hosts are found.
Hosts. — Pyrausta ainsliei Heinrich; P. penitalis Grote; P. nubilalis
Huebner.
In addition to the types and the other material mentioned by
Gahan as being contained in the collection of the National Museum,
there are two specimens received from R. W. Harned, of Mississippi,
bearing his No. S4750. At the Corn Borer Laboratory of the Bureau
of Entomology, at Arlington, Massachusetts, there is a large quantity
of material of this species, most of it reared from Pyrausta ainsliei,
art. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON MTJESEBECK 73
from Champaign and Urbana, Illinois. There is also a series in this
collection, recorded as probably from Pyrausta nubilalis. the intro-
duced European Corn Borer, taken at Woburn, Massachusetts; and
a single specimen reared from Pyrausta ainsliei by H. W. Allen, at
Agricultural College, Mississippi.
61. MICROBRACON NIGER (Provancher)
Ophts niger Pkovancher, Addit. faun. Canad. Hymen., 1888, p. 381.
Microbracon niger Gahan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, 1915, p. 93.
Type. — In the Museum of Public Instruction at Quebec, Canada.
The following notes are based on the type : Head not thin ; f rons
distinctly finely punctate; opening between clypeus and mandibles
small, circular, its transverse diameter scarcely greater than the dis-
tance from the opening to the eyes; antennae broken, only 13 seg-
ments of one remaining, the other entirely missing; flagellar seg-
ments slender, very nearly twice as long as thick; thorax stout,
smooth and polished ; parapsidal furrows sparsely hairy ; propodeum
polished, with a short stub of a median ridge at apex and a few
short ridges diverging from this stub; radius arising much before
middle of stigma ; second abscissa of radius fully twice as long as the
first ; second cubital cell long ; third abscissa of radius hardly as long
as the first and second abscissae combined; last abscissa of cubitus
scarcely as long as the preceding abscissa ; second abdominal tergite
minutely granular, finely striate medially; third tergite finely punc-
tate; remainder of dorsum of abdomen smooth; ovipositor sheaths
about as long as the abdomen behind first tergite. Head black, the
face brown; thorax black; wings strongly infumated on basal half;
legs yellowish, the coxae more or less dusky above, the posterior tibiae
and tarsi dusky ; abdomen piceous. A very small specimen.
Distribution. — Cap Rouge, near Quebec, Canada.
Host. — Unknown.
Known only from the unique type.
62. MICROBRACON AEQUALIS (Provancher)
Bracon aequalis Provancher, Natural. Canad., vol. 12, 1880, p. 141.
Type. — In the Museum of Public Instruction, at Quebec, Canada.
The following notes are based on the type: Face and frons finely
sculptured; flagellar segments of antennae considerably longer than
broad, the first nearly twice as long as broad; thorax smooth and
polished ; propodeum with a median carina extending from the apex
nearly half way to the base; second abscissa of radius fully twice as
long as the first; first tergite sculptured apically and laterally; sec-
ond tergite finely striate either side of the middle, punctate lat-
erally; third and following tergites faintly punctate; ovipositor
74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM vol. 67
sheaths as long as the abdomen beyond second tergite. Face yellow ;
frons, vertex, and occiput more or less piceous or blackish; thorax
black; legs, including all coxae, yellow; wings nearly hyaline; ab-
domen yellow, first tergite black, the apical tergites brownish.
Distribution. — Canada.
Host. — Unknown.
The unique type is the only specimen of this species that I have
seen.
63. MICROBRACON ARGUTATOR (Say)
Fig. 10
Bracon argutator Say, Journ. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist, vol. 1, 1836, p. 233.
Type. — Lost.
The species here regarded as argutator agrees very well with Say's
description, and it seems more desirable to identify it as that species
than to describe it as new. Head rather thick at insertion of an-
tennae ; temples broad ; malar space in the female nearly as long as
the first segment of antenna! flagellum ; antennae normally 25 to 30-
segmented, shorter than the body in the female ; eyes short-oval ; face
and frons finely punctate; thorax smooth and polished; parapsidal
grooves weakly hairy ; propodeum usually mostly weakly reticulately
sculptured, and more or less rugulose along the median line; second
abscissa of radius about twice as long as the first, the third slightly
longer than the first and second combined; abdomen long-oval, the
first tergite sculptured apically and laterally; the second granular,
usually as long as the first and longer than the third, more than half
as long as broad at base ; third, fourth and fifth tergites much more
delicately sculptured, shining; ovipositor sheaths projecting the
length of the abdomen beyond second tergite or a little more. Yel-
low ; sometimes entirely yellow, with only a spot enclosing the ocelli
black; the abdomen often of a paler yellow than the thorax; some-
times the occiput, mesonotal lobes, propodeum, pectus and first ab-
dominal tergite more or less blackish; wings slightly dusky, the
stigma more or less yellowish ; legs, including all coxae, yellow.
Distribution. — Indiana ; Missouri.
Host. — " Lepidopterous larva boring in Elymusf Saluria, species.
The United States National Museum has considerable material
reared from the above hosts at Lafayette, Indiana and Charleston,
Missouri, by C. N. Ainslie, in the Bureau of Entomology, under
Webster Nos. 14705 and 14781.
64. MICROBRACON GERAEI, new species
Very similar to argutator, but distinguished as noted in the table
to species.
Female. — Length, 3 mm. Head rather thick at insertion of an-
tennae ; malar space much shorter than first flagellar segment of an-
art. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON MUESEBECK 75
tennae ; transverse diameter of the opening between clypeus and man-
dibles very much greater than the distance from the opening to the
eyes, and at least one and one-half times as long as the malar
space; face and frons very delicately punctate; antennae usually 27
to 33-segmented, slender, usually as long as the body, the first flagellar
segment about twice as long as broad; thorax smooth and polished;
propodeum finely reticulate or minutely granular and opaque or sub-
opaque; second abscissa of radius hardly twice as long as the first,
the third a little longer than the first and second combined; last
abscissa of cubitus longer than the preceding abscissa; abdomen
long-oval ; first tergite rugulose laterally and at apex ; second tergite
large, about as long as third, and about twice as broad at base as
long, granular, often a little rugulose medially; third, fourth, and
fifth tergites, and sometimes the sixth, exceedingly delicately sculp-
tured; ovipositor sheaths nearly as long as the dorsum of the abdo-
men beyond first tergite. Yellow ; usually the frons, vertex, occiput
and mesonotal lobes more or less black; even in the specimens which
have these parts deep black, the propodeum and the abdomen in-
cluding first tergite are almost invariably yellow ; wings very slightly
dusky ; legs including coxae, yellow, the apical tarsal segment black.
Male. — Antennae of allotype 31-segmented; other males vary in
this respect, the number of segments being usually 27 to 32. Some-
times the thorax is almost entirely black, although usually at least
the pectus and the propodeum are pale ; face occasionally with a quad-
rate blackish spot. In some specimens the fourth and following
abdominal tergites are entirely polished.
Type.— Cat. No. 26668, U.S.N.M.
Type-locality. — Sioux City, Iowa.
Host. — " Geraeus larva in Panicum."
Described from eight female and three male specimens reared by
C. N. Ainslie in the Bureau of Entomology, under Webster No.
8885. In addition to the type series there is considerable material
in the National Museum, all of it reared from Panicum by C. N.
Ainslie, at Sioux City, Iowa and Elk Point, South Dakota.
65. MICROBRACON LUTUS (Provancher)
Bracon lutus Provancher, Natural. Canad., vol. 12, 18S0, p. 142.
Dracon lixi Ashmead, Canad. Ent, vol. 25, 1893, p. 67.
Type. — In the Museum of Public Instruction at Quebec, Canada.
The type of lixi is in the United States National Museum (Cat. No.
2145).
Very closely related to variabilis and often very difficult to distin-
guish from that species; it is generally more robust, has longer an-
tennae, a slightly longer malar space, and usually slightly shorter
ovipositor sheaths. A study of the types of lutus and lixi has con-
76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.67
vinced me that they are the same species. Eyes very broad, not dis-
tinctly one and one-half times as long as broad, in the female;
malar space, in the female, very nearly half as long as the distance
from the lower margin of antennal foramina to lower margin of
clypeus; antennae usually 36 to 40-segmented ; all the segments
at least one and one-half times as long as broad; face and frons
finely punctate, opaque; thorax stout, smooth and polished; pro-
podeum mostly polished ; second abscissa of radius a little more than
twice as long as the first; the third slightly longer than the first
and second abscissae combined; second abdominal tergite granular,
with a shining irregularly rugose area on basal middle; third,
fourth, fifth, and in the female, the sixth, tergites finely sculptured ;
suturiform articulation rather broad, foveolate, usually a little arcu-
ate medially; ovipositor sheaths as long as the abdomen beyond sec-
ond tergite or a little longer. Yellow; spot enclosing ocelli, and
occiput usually blackish; thorax varying from mostly black to
blackish only on the mesonotal lobes and propodeum; wings usually
slightly dusky; legs, including all coxae, yellow; abdomen yellow,
with first tergite and a median spot on second, black; apical ter-
gites usually brownish.
Distribution. — Canada; Virginia; New York; Massachusetts;
Pennsylvania.
Hosts. — Lixus scrobicollis Boheman, in Ambrosia triftda; Papai-
pema nebris Guenee.
But little material of this species, in addition to the types, has
been seen. The United States National Museum has two specimens
reared by H. Bird at Rye, New York, from Papaipema nebris; and
a collected specimen from Natrona, Pennsylvania. The Corn-Borer
Laboratory of the Bureau of Entomology has two specimens reared
from Ambrosia at Manchester, Massachusetts. All these specimens
are females.
66. MICROBRACON CERAMBYCIDIPHAGUS, new species
Fig. 16
Very similar to the preceding in habitus, structure and sculpture ;
it will frequently be found difficult to distinguish them. The char-
acters given in the key together with the description should, how-
ever, suffice to separate these two species, at least in the female sex.
Female. — Length 3.5 mm. Head about as in lutus; temples reced-
ing directly behind eyes; malar space as in lutus; postocellar line
hardly exceeding the diameter of an ocellus; antennae of type 37-
segmented, the two basal flagellar segments and also the apical seg-
ments twice as long as thick ; thorax stout, smooth and polished ;
propodeum a little roughened medially toward apex ; second abscissa
of radius more than twice as long as the first; the third a little
art. 8 REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROBRACON — MUESEBECK 77
longer than the first and second abscissae combined; abdomen
broadly oval; first tergite with the chitinized plate broad and
sculptured apically; second tergite broad, nearly three times as
broad at base as long, not at all emarginate posteriorly, granular,
with an irregularly rugose area on its basal middle; suturiform
articulation straight medially, curving forward a little laterally;
third to sixth tergites finely granular; ovipositor sheaths about as
long as the abdomen beyond second tergite. Head, thorax and
abdomen completely yellow; wings very nearly hyaline; legs, in-
cluding all coxae, wholly yellow.
Male. — Essentially as in the female; the antennae of the allotype
are 36-segmented ; the malar space is much shorter than in the fe-
male; stemmaticum, occiput, mesonotal lobes, pectus, propodeum
and spot on first tergite, black.
Type.— Cat. No. 2G670, U.S.N.M.
Type-locality. — Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
Host. — Oberea, species in Crataegus and Prunus.
Described from ten female and two male specimens reared by
H. B. Kirk.
The color is more or less variable, but even in the darkest speci-
mens of the type series the abdomen beyond first tergite is entirely
yellow.
67. MICROBRACON CINCTUS (Provancher)
Phylax cinctus Provancher, Natural. Canad., vol. 12, 1880, p. 175.
Zele cinctus Provancher, Addit. faun. Canad. Hymen., 1888, p. 380.
Type. — In the Museum of Public Instruction, at Quebec, Canada..
The following notes are based on the type, which is a male : Head
not thin; frons polished; transverse diameter of opening between
clypeus and mandibles a little longer than the distance from the
opening to the eye; antennae broken, 16 segments remaining, non&
of the flagellar segments twice as long as thick; thorax smooth and
polished; parapsidal grooves sparsely hairy; propodeum polished,
with a short stub of a median ridge at apex and a slight impression
just before the stub; first abscissa of radius fully as long as the inner
side of stigma ; the second abscissa of radius less than twice the first ;
abdomen missing; head and thorax black; wings dusky; legs, in-
cluding all coxae, yellow. Somewhat resembles meromyzae, but
the thorax is not so long and slender as in that species, the first
abscissa of radius is longer, and the propodeum is without the-
median carina which is usually distinct in meromyzae.
Distribution. — Canada.
- Host. — Unknown.
Known only from the broken holotype.
78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM vol.67
68. MICROBRACON WAWEQUA Viereck
Microhracon wawequa Viereck, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey,
1917 (1916), pp. 204, 206.
Type. — In the State Agricultural Experiment Station at New
Haven, Connecticut.
Following are notes made upon an examination of the type, a
male specimen in good condition : Head rather thick at insertion of
antennae; face and frons smootii and polished; antennae 34-seg-
mented, all the flagellar segments longer than broad, the first dis-
tinctly longer than the second; thorax long, rather slender, appar-
ently twice as long as high, smooth and polished; propodeum pol-
ished, with a short stub of a median ridge at apex; first abscissa of
radius very long, about three-fourths as long as the first intercu-
bitus and more than half the second abscissa of radius ; last abscissa
of cubitus longer than the lower side of second cubital cell ; abdomen
long; plate of the first tergite with two elongate pits laterally at
apex; medially at apex this tergite is polished; second and follow-
ing tergites completely polished; suturiform articulation very fine,
not punctate or foveolate. Head and thorax wholly black; abdomen
piceous black; wings very strongly infumated; all coxae, and fore
and middle femora mostly, black; posterior femora black at base on
the outer side.
Distribution. — New Haven, Connecticut.
Host. — Unknown.
Known only from the unique type.
69. MICROBRACON SULCIFRONS Ashmead
Microbracon sulcifrons Ashmead, Bull. 1, Colo. Biol. Assoc, 1S90, p. 15.
Type.— Cat. No. 13638, U.S.N.M.
Head rather prominent at insertion of antennae, the face receding
below ; face medially, and the frons, smooth and polished ; antennae
rather stout, none of the flagellar segments twice as long as thick;
thorax stout, smooth and polished ; propodeum with a median carina
extending nearly half way from the apex toward base and with a
few short ridges diverging from this stub; legs of type missing be-
yond coxae; metacarpus nearly twice as long as the stigma; second
abscissa of rad 
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